Starting with a basic concept of balance in engineering theories，a generalized differential expression of balance for various theoretical models in reaction engineering is described mathematically in terms of accumulation，divergence and source（reaction term）.The distributions of physical variables related to the intrinsic reaction kinetics，namely the mass field and the non-mechanical energy field in the reaction system will finally determine the macroscopic result of reaction.The common speciality of electrochemical systems is the existence of both electrochemical source and charge transport process in the systems，and hereby the generalized theoretical model of porous electrodes can be developed through reasonable simplifications.The mathematical model is a boundary problem of a set of non-linear second order differential equations to describe the coupled non-linear relationships among the concentration，ohmic and activation polarizations.The four dimensionless parameters in the model，s，μ，α and γ，can give the gist of the similarity of kinetics and transport process between porous electrode systems.Furthermore the Adomian decomposition method（ADM）and the parameterized ADM mathematica code（PAMC）developed by the author for automation of ADM，which are used for the approximate solution of the non-linear model，are briefly introduced.As an example，computation results of theoretical polarization curves for cylindrical and annular porous electrodes are presented.In conclusion，the study of nonlinearity and complexity in reaction systems will contribute to the further development of reaction engineering theory.

Mixed-mode chromatography is a new kind of chromatography technology for bioseparation.The special ligand combines two or more interaction modes, commonly hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.Mixed-mode chromatography can directly capture target protein from moderate-ionic-strength feedstock without the need of dilution or other additives, which certainly improves the process efficiency and reduces the cost of primary recovery in the downstream process.This paper reviews the current advances in mixed-mode chromatography, as well as technical history and some applications.The future development and application areas are also discussed.

To describe the chemical reaction system (CRS), enthalpy analysis expresses merely the quantitative energy utilization, exergy analysis is only the static description of energy activities, while the exergy transfer approach can perform the dynamic description for CRS.Some reaction system characteristics were analysed and obtained by using exergy transfer theory.The transform unit of chemical exergy acts as a leading role in the whole CRS, the reaction exergy resource with a high temperature is a common exergy resource for all exergy transport units, which belong to the parallel connection frame of radiation type.In view of the above, the exergy transfer model which clearly displays the formation characteristics and basic features of general exergy transfer model of CRS was established.It is a series-parallel connection composite model, consisting of a chemical exergy transform unit with exergy transport units group.Based on the chemical equilibrium and exergy balance equations and exergy transfer theory, the exergy transfer equation was established.It reveals the properties of exergy fluid rates for reactants, reaction products, impurities,etc., and the quantitative connection that these parameters transform into and transfer with each other.Accordingly, the quantitative and qualitative description of exergy transfer mechanism may be obtained.Proceeding to the next step, the exergy transfer analysis and calculation for CRS could be made.

The velocity distribution among equal-width microchannels was studied with an established equation set concerning the relationship of pressure drop and flow rate between microchannels and manifolds. The results indicated that it was feasible to achieve velocity uniformity by changing the microchannel width.A model of unequal-width microchannels was developed in this work.The microchannel widths were not equal to each other, and an optimization procedure was proposed to work out the value of each microchannel width for realizing velocity uniformity.The results showed that the optimal model might be an equal-width or unequal-width one, and the distribution of optimal microchannel widths was likely to be symmetrical or asymmetrical.The optimal model could achieve relatively ideal velocity distribution, but was hardly uniform distribution due to the errors in calculations and the selection of dimensional variables.

A new shell structure of converged-diverged tube bundle supported by twisted-leaves in shell-and-tube exchanger is proposed.The characteristics of heat transfer and flow resistance of converged-diverged tube bundle supported by four types of twisted-leaves and ring respectively for air turbulent flow in the longitudinal direction were investigated experimentally and compared with each other.The results indicated that the compound heat transfer enhancement of the converged-diverged tube bundle supported by 270-20.3 or 180-20.3 twisted-leaves was obvious.Especially for 270-20.3, the heat transfer enhancement valuation factor was higher than that of converged-diverged tube bundle supported by ring by 18% when Reynolds number was in the range from 2000 to 20000 for air turbulent flow.

Deioned water, used as working fluid, flowed through the quartz glass microtubes with inner diameters of 45 μm, 92 μm and 141 μm, respectively, and the influence of viscous dissipation on convective heat transfer was experimentally studied.The microtube was heated by an electrified brass wire that was coiled evenly up around the microtube.As the Reynolds number varied in the range from 100 to 2000 in the experiments the corresponding Nusselt number was obtained.The quantity of heat generated by viscous dissipation was calculated by considering electrical double layer (EDL) effect.The experimental results showed that the influence of viscous dissipation on convective heat transfer was small at a low Reynolds number.With the increase of Reynolds number and the decrease of microtube inner diameter, viscous dissipation apparently affected convective heat transfer.For the microtube with an inner diameter of 45 μm, the quantity of heat generated by the viscous dissipation could account for about 14.1% of the quantity of convective heat transfer when Reynolds number reached 2000.The influence of viscous dissipation on convective heat transfer was so small that it could be neglected for microtube with an inner diameter of 141 μm when the flow was laminar.

The experiment aimed at the flow and heat transfer characteristics of different forms of nanometer particles in the oscillating heat pipe（OHP）.At the same pressure，the same inclination of heat pipe and different liquid filling rates,the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Cu-H₂O nanofluids were investigated and compared with distilled water to study the effect of multiphase flow of steam，fluid and different forms of nanometer particles on heat transfer in heat pipe.The experiment indicated that multiphase flow of steam，fluid and different forms of nanometer particles in the OHP strongly affected heat transfer，and under specfic condition，heat transfer could be enhanced.

Tetra-n-butyl-ammonium bromide（TBAB）solution turns into clathrate hydrate slurry（CHS）when it is chilled in the temperature range of 0—12℃.This is well compatible with the temperature range of common air-conditioning operation.Thus，it is considered as an ideal heat-transport and cold-storage medium.Due to the phase change，TBAB slurry has far higher cold-loading density than water under the same temperature difference.Moreover，TBAB slurry behaves as fluid，so it can be easily transported through pipeline.Therefore，it is very promising to use TBAB slurry in air conditioning or district cooling system for its energy-saving advantages.In this paper，the heat transfer characteristics of TBAB slurry were investigated in a horizontal copper tube.The convectional heat transfer coefficients were measured and analyzed at different Reynolds numbers and constant heat flux.It was found that both the perturbation of solid particles and the decrease of apparent viscosity could destroy or thin the momentum boundary layer of slurry flow，which consequently contributed to a better heat transfer coefficient.The influence of volume fraction of solid phase（Φ）on Nusselt number seemed slight in spite of the change of Reynolds number.The comparison with references showed that the Nusselt numbers measured in CHS were consistently higher than those of the ice slurry and even single phase water. A correlation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number was presented.

Using an improved rotary indirect agitated drying laboratory rig operating with recirculation gas in a closed system, this study investigated the influence of drying temperature on drying efficiency, calorific heating value and volatile solid content(VS) of the dry solid and total organic carbon (TOC) content of the condensate.In the meantime, the relationship between water evaporation rate and water content was also investigated.Experimental results indicated that when the drying temperature was under 160℃, water evaporation rate was very low and about two hours were needed for water content decreasing from 80% to 60%.However, the water evaporation rate increased significantly when the temperature reached 180℃ because hydrolysis and cytolysis of microorganism cells in sewage sludge occurred and the form of water existence was changed.The calorific heating value of dried solid decreased and the TOC of the condensate increased as a result.The condensate belonged to highly concentrated organic wastewater and must be treated before discharging to meet the effluent COD standard.

The granular flow in a particle moving bed with a side exit at the bottom was simulated by using a three-equation discrete element method(DEM) model that considers rolling friction.It was demonstrated that the computational granular dynamics (CGD) method can accurately predict the flow behavior of the particles in the complex granular systems, including the time averaged velocity field and the velocity fluctuations.The granular flow had certain similarities to fluid flow, such as the random fluctuation of velocities.However, the physical mechanism for the intermittent behavior in the granular flow was different from fluid flow.The granular flow showed great discontinuity.The friction coefficients of particles, which greatly affected the dynamics in the granular flow were discussed in the numerical simulations.

Aiming to resolve the problems of the electrodynamic sensor’s deficiency in absolute mass flow rate measurement and the effect of flow regime on the output of the sensor, a multi-modeling based non-linear soft sensor for particle mass flow rate is introduced.In the dense phase pneumatic conveying system under high pressure, abundant experimental data could be obtained by using the electrodynamic sensor and the signal characteristics of the experimental results could be extracted.The characteristic data space is partitioned into some local regions by the fuzzy clustering algorithm firstly, then a non-linear sub-model is established for each local region by using the radial basis function (RBF) neural network.Finally the whole soft measurement model could be accurately described by a set of fuzzy rules based sub-models.The soft model reduces the influence of flow regime on the measurement results and provides an effective solution to on-line mass flow rate measurement of pneumatically conveyed solid particles.

Based on the good texture expression abilities of the gray level co-occurrence matrix，a flow regime identification method based on gray level co-occurrence matrix and support vector machine was proposed.Gas-liquid two-phase flow images were captured by digital high speed video systems in a horizontal pipe.The image gray level co-occurrence matrix texture feature was extracted by using image processing techniques.Then，the image gray level co-occurrence matrix texture feature eigenvectors of flow regime were established.The support vector machine was trained by using those eigenvectors as flow regime samples and flow regime intelligent identification was realized.The test results showed that the support vector machine could quickly and accurately identify seven typical flow regimes of gas-water two-phase flow in the horizontal pipe.The whole identification accuracy was 100%，and an estimation of the process time was 1.7 s for flow online identification by using the new and effective method.

Two optimization strategies for methanol synthesis were proposed to deal with the decreasing activity of the catalysts and were compared by simulation using a plug-flow model.In both strategies the methanol productivity remained constant in the early months by minimizing the operating pressure and was maximized for the remaining months.In the first strategy, the coolant temperature and space velocity were adjusted simultaneously with time on stream to the optimal values.In the second strategy, space velocity was kept constant all the time, while operating pressure was increased until it reached the upper bound and then coolant temperature was optimized.The results showed that the second strategy yielded a slightly smaller methanol productivity.However, since pressure and coolant temperature were adjusted independently, this simpler strategy was more acceptable by the industry.

Ni-W/CYCTS4 catalysts for coking gas oil(CGO) hydrotreating were prepared by the isovolumic impregnation method using nickel-tungstate as active metals.The composite supports were composed of TiO₂-SiO₂ complex oxides and modified Y zeolites.The properties of the catalyst modified by citric acid in the impregnation solution and the catalytic performance of hydrotreating coking gas oil were examined.The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were investigated with BET, FT-IR, XRD, UV-Vis DRS and TG-DSC.The results indicated that citric acid as complexing agent could increase the dispersion degree of active species in catalysts.At the same time, citric acid could change the state of active metals and promote the formation of single polytungstate species and highly active nickel species in octahedral sites.The hydrotreating performance of the Ni-W/CYCTS4 catalysts modified by citric acid for coking gas oil was remarkably promoted, especially the hydrodenitrogenation performance.

A novel technique combining photoelectronic microscopy and computer imaging tracing was used to investigate the synthesis of thioether(2-[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-pyridine-2-(methylsulfanyl)]-1H-benzoimidazole), which is an intermediate for lansoprazole.Visualization in sub-microcosmic surroundings was realized to study interfacial phenomenon.The reaction kinetics study by a visualization technique was carried out in a mini-reactor, and the concentration-gray scale standard curves for thioether were obtained by analyzing the gray scales of digital images.Based on the concentration-gray scale standard curves, the reactant concentrations at different times were calculated, and the reaction kinetics curve and reaction rate equation were obtained.Also the total mass-transfer resistance from bulk phase to interface of sodium imidazole and bromopyridine was obtained.Liquid-liquid interface of synthesizing thioether was observed and its mass transfer mechanism was discussed.

The catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) to syngas was studied on a rhodium coated foam monolith catalyst.The influences of reactor temperature, space velocity and methane/oxygen ratio were investigated and discussed.The reaction could be maintained auto-thermally after ignition.Under the conditions of high space velocity (8.0×10⁵ h^-1) and methane/oxygen ratio of 1.8, the methane conversion, hydrogen selectivity and carbon monoxide selectivity exceeded 90%, 90% and 95%, respectively.Heat supply to the reactor increased methane conversion and selectivity to hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

This work involves the investigation of the effects of different metal ions loaded on activated carbon (AC)on the activation energy for desorption of dichloromethane.Texture parameters of the modified activated carbons were measured with Micromeritics ASAP 2010M.TPD experiment was conducted to measure the activation energy for dichloromethane desorption.The variation of the desorption activation energy of dichloromethane on activated carbons was discussed with the help of the hard soft acid base(HSAB) principle.The results showed that the desorption activation energy of dichloromethane on Al(Ⅲ)/SY-6AC, Li(Ⅰ)/SY-6AC, Mg(Ⅱ)/SY-6AC, Fe(Ⅲ)/SY-6AC and Ca(Ⅱ)/SY-6AC was larger than that on the original AC, however,the activation energy for dichloromethane desorption from Ag(Ⅰ)/SY-6AC was lower than that on the original AC.In comparison with the original activated carbon, the loading of Al³⁺, Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺ or Ca²⁺enhanced the interaction between dichloromethane and the surfaces of modification activated carbons because Al³⁺, Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺ or Ca²⁺ are hard acid and dichloromethane is a hard base, and the loading of Ag⁺ weakened the interaction between dichloromethane and the Ag(I)/AC surfaces because Ag⁺ is a soft acid.

The refining process of fluorene by melt crystallization was experimentally studied.The effects of the cooling rate, final temperature in the crystallization process, heating rate and final temperature in the sweating process on the purity and yield of the product were investigated.The optimum conditions of the refining process of fluorene by melt crystallization were determined and a product with purity of 97.4% was obtained.The binary solid-liquid equilibrium phase diagram for fluorene and 2-methyl-diphenylene oxide is analyzed according to the experimental results.

The determination of isotherm and prediction of retention values are the basis of the optimization of separation conditions of preparative chromatography.In this paper, the isotherms of ginsenoside Rg₁ and Re from Panax ginseng were studied.Ginsenoside Rg₁ and Re were prepared by chromatography column from Panax ginseng raw material, and the isotherms of ginsenoside Rg₁ and Re were determined by frontal analysis (FA) on spherical C₁₈ solid phase.The adsorption parameters G and b were set based on the competitive Langmuir model .In the mean time, the retention time of ginsenoside Re was obtained with the results of nonlinear chromatography theory.The calculated retention time were compared with that of experimental results with average relative error 3.68%.Additionally, some problems related to fitting based on the competitive Langmuir model were found and discussed.

An adaptive kernel learning (AKL) network classifier, as a natural extension of AKL identifier, was proposed based on the unified least-square kernel learning (ULK) framework.The backward decreasing and forward increasing algorithms of AKL classifier were derived, both in recursive forms.The memory length of the classifier was thus under control so as to quickly adapt to the change of process dynamics.The AKL classifier did not require the support from the historical fault database and can learn from the beginning of the process operation.Numerical simulations for diagnosis of Tennessee Eastman (TE) process showed that the proposed ULK framework and the resulting AKL classifier were valid, and satisfying diagnosis performance was observed.

This paper presents a new approach to targeting minimum freshwater and minimum effluent treatment flow rates of a water allocation network.A grand composite curve based on the concept of Wang and Smith’s limiting composite curve was constructed firstly to determine the waste water line with minimum flow rate.Then, the waste water line was modified for the case of regeneration-reuse.The minimum treatment target was obtained through a waste water composite curve, which was generated from the grand composite curve.The proposed approach could be applied to the fixed flow rate as well as the fixed contaminant load problems with a single contaminant.Finally, the reuse, regeneration-reuse and waste water treatment problems could be solved in a single concentration versus contaminant load diagram.

The corrosion electrochemical behavior of composite coatings system composed of inorganic zinc-rich primer，epoxy middle paste and chlorinated rubber top coating in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）.The effect of UV irradiation on the electrochemical behavior was investigated.The results showed that the corrosion process of the composite coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution could be described in the form of four equivalent circuits.The R_c of composite coatings decreased linearly at a rate of 2.2×10⁷ Ω·h^-1 and 808 Ω·h^-1 before and after 120 h respectively，but the C_c of the coatings increased linearly.UV irradiation could accelerate the aging of the coatings but did not affect the electrochemical behavior in the solution.

The oscillation of the liquid membrane formed by water（aqueous mixtures of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide（CTAB）and n-butanol）/oil（nitrobenzene-picric acid）/water（aqueous solution of glucose）was investigated.A hollow glass tube device was designed for this study.The effects of the concentrations of CTAB，picric acid or other cooperative additives on the oscillation were examined.It was found that the oscillation frequency decreased with the increase of CTAB concentration.The oscillation could not be observed when CTAB concentration was below 3 mmol·L^-1.The oscillations frequency became higher with the increase of the concentration of picric acid，and front oscillation disappeared when the concentration exceeded 1.5 mmol·L^-1.The cooperative additives also affected the regularity and repeatability of oscillation.Specially，both the curves of current-time（I-t）and potential-time（E-t）were measured firstly.It was found the I-t curve and E-t curve showed similar variance，indicating that the oscillation could also be examined by monitoring current.By using our hollow glass tube device，we could obtain the oscillations at 50～200 mV range conveniently，and get the results more repeatedly.The results were explained in terms of Marangoni effect and chemism.

Cobalt sulfate and sodium borohydride were used to prepare the nano-Co-B alloy functional film by electroplating or electroless plating.The deposition rate by electroplating was faster than by electroless plating，with the influence of affecting factors the same for both electroplating and electroless plating.The higher the pH value and temperature，the faster the deposition rate，the higher the concentration of complexing agent，the slower the deposition rate.Also，deposition rate increased with increasing concentrations of cobalt sulfate and sodium borohydride，but decreased when the concentrations of cobalt sulfate and sodium borohydride exceeded a maximum value for electroless plating.XRD results showed that the nano-Co-B alloy functional film prepared was amorphous.The structure was not affected by the kind of plating method.SEM，STM and AFM showed that the amorphous film was formed by the secondary micrometres particles that were constituted by the initial nano particles.The particles were smaller by electroless plating.All particles for both methods were not larger than 3 μm.

In this work, the anti-corrosion performance of 304 stainless steel (304SS)in HCl and NaCl media was evaluated after the black and blue-black oxide skin was electrolytically cleaned.The dynamic potential polarization technique was employed to measure pitting breakdown potentials of 304 stainless steel in both solutions.The long-term anti-corrosion behavior of 304SS in 0.5 mol·L^-1 HCl was evaluated with the potential step polarization technique.The result showed that 304SS demonstrated enhanced corrosion resistance.It was found that Mn element was enriched to a great extent about 10% (mass) which was 9 times larger than that in 304 stainless steel matrix based on the energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis.At the end, the possible role of Mn richness in enhanced corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel was discussed.

This paper aims to reveal the mechanism of droplet movement on the surface with gradient surface energy.The microscopic contour of the gradient energy surface，which was fabricated on a base of silicon chip by diffusion-controlled silanization of alkyltrichlorosilanes，was measured with atomic force microscope.It was found that there existed numerous silane groups with hydrophobic behavior on the fabricated surface whose distribution density increased with the increase of the distance from the diffusion source of silane This is the main reason for the formation of gradient surface energy.By using visual experiments，the mechanism of droplet movement on the gradient energy surface was investigated based on the analysis of the system free energy transform of the droplet.With the high speed imaging system，the effect of liquid film lubrication on droplet movement was studied visually.The experimental results showed that the energy consumption of droplet movement was compensated by the release of the system free energy caused by the gas-solid interface replaced by the liquid-solid interface of the droplet when it was moving towards the hydrophilic side of the gradient energy surface.Liquid film lubrication was favorable to the droplet movement on the gradient energy suface.

The dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method and experimental study were used to investigate the mechanism of poly-lactic acid (PLA) microspheres formation.Nifedipine was used as the model drug, PLA as the carrier, and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as the stabilizer, respectively.The mechanism of PLA microspheres formation was developed.The forming process of PLA microspheres consisted of four steps: (1) high dispersion, (2) aggregation of PLA molecules, (3) nifedipine molecules dispersion into the PLA matrix, (4) formation and stabilization of PLA microspheres, sequentially.Based on the mechanism analysis, it was pointed out that there was a maximum of the nifedipine content that the PLA matrix could carry.If the content of nifedipine was below the maximum, almost all the nifedipine molecules dispersed into the PLA matrix.However, when the nifedipine content exceeded the maximum, some nifedipine molecules would be repulsed outside the microspheres, resulting in surplus nifedipine molecules aggregation.

The fermentation process of glutathione production in flasks by Candida utilis WSH 02-08 under different agitation rates and diverse media volumes were studied.It was concluded that dissolved oxygen (DO) was one of the most important factors in the cultivation of the strain by influencing cell growth and glutathione production.Based on this result, batch fermentation of glutathione under constant agitation rate of 300 r·min^-1 and constant DO concentrations of 20%, 35%, 50%, 65% and 80% were investigated.Dry cell weight (DCW) and glutathione production both increased evidently under constant DO concentrations rather than those obtained under constant agitation rate of 300 r·min^-1.As a result, DCW and glutathione production increased under constant DO concentration of 35% by 22% and 30%, respectively.Then the reason for the increase of DCW and glutathione production was quantitatively described in detail by the comparison of parameters obtained from fermentation kinetic models, together with the distribution of flux for metabolites in metabolic network of glutathione production by Candida utilis WSH 02-08.

For the sake of searching new methods of high-throughput screening of mutant strains, the strains were screened by applying the technology of metabolomics.Through using Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscope (FTIR) accompanied with Principal Component Analysis (PCA ) and Hierachical Cluster Analysis (HCA), the experiment successfully distinguished Streptomyces lydicus AS 4.2501 strains at different times of fermentation, and found the possible biomarkers when Streptomyces lydicus AS 4.2501 synthesized streptolydigin.The experiment, which attempted to use FTIR accompanied with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to forecast Streptomyces lydicus AS 4.2501 mutation strains with different capacities of streptolydigin biosynthesis also obtained satisfying result.The results suggested that the combination of FTIR of metabolomics analysis with the data analysis of stoichiometric methods have prospective future in high-throughput screening of mutant strains.

A novel OSC-KPCA based pattern analysis method was proposed to improve the clustering and predictive performance of the metabolomics.The strong nonlinear pattern recognition power and the predominance in dealing with small high-dimensional data of the Kernel Principal Component Analysis（KPCA）were used here to analyze four genotypes of the important model plant—Arabidopsis thaliana.In order to improve the performance of PR（Pattern Recognition），the Orthogonal Signal Correction（OSC）method was used to filter the original data firstly to eliminate the interference of noise.The PR results showed that the OSC-KPCA based PR method could reveal the underlying relationship between genotypes and metabolites successfully.The paternal genotypes（Co10 and C24）and the two F1 progeny C24×Co10 and Co10×C24 could be 100% correctly discriminated.More importantly the predictability was also as high as 100%.

Production of lipase by Rhizopus arrhizus was studied in a rotating biological contactor（RBC）with polyurethane foam（PUF），as a porous biomass support，attached on both sides of the RBC disks.The effects of aeration rate，rotating rate of discs，volume of broth and the number of discs on the lipase activity were studied in the 6 L RBC，and the optimum fermentation condition was as follows：4 L·min^-1 aeration rate，100 r·min^-1 rotating rate，3.5 L medium with three discs in 6 L RBC.Repeated batch fermentation by immobilized mycelium was tested and it was found that immobilized cells showed high stability for repeated use.Five repeated batches could be carried out in 6 L RBC and the lipase productivity increased from 3125 U·h^-1 in batch fermentation to 9512 U·h^-1 in repeated batch fermentation，which was 3 times as high as that in batch fermentation.

The effect of different surfactants on α-arbutin bio-catalytic synthesis by Xanthomonas maltophilia BT-112 was investigated.Tween80 was the best when compared with different kinds of surfactants at different concentrations and times of surfactant addition.Experimental results showed that the suitable conditions were as follows: adding 3 g·L^-1 Tween80 during the 12 hours from the start of fermentation, fed-batch in three times, 1 g·L^-1 every time.Under the conditions mentioned above, the product yield reached 96.2% against hydroquinone and increased by 3.53% and hydroquinone concentration reached 60 mmol·L^-1 and increased by 25.0% as compared with the case without adding surfactant.The fermentation period was 36 h, 25% less than the case without adding surfactant.

A transparent PEM single cell with a single straight channel was used to investigate the liquid water transport in the cathode channel.The direct relationship between liquid water removal and pressure-drop between inlet and outlet of the channel was obtained.A diagnostic method was developed to evaluate liquid water accumulation and removal in the channel by combining visualization and pressure-drop measurement.With the increase in humidification temperature, the region of liquid water extended from the lower part of the channel towards the inlet.For a given flow channel, there was a specific velocity, at which the droplet critical diameter was comparable with the channel size and liquid water accumulation in the channel was the highest.Under the study conditions, the specific velocity was 2 m·s^-1.To discharge the liquid water in time, gas velocity should not be lower than 3 m·s^-1.

Based on chemical looping combustion, a system for hydrogen production from sorption-enhanced coke-oven gas steam reforming is presented.The system includes three reactors, namely sorption-enhanced coke-oven gas steam reforming reactor (SECOGSR), fuel reactor and air reactor.The system realizes direct production of high-purity hydrogen (93.23%) with inherent CO₂ capture.Aspen Plus was used to simulate the sorption-enhanced coke-oven gas steam reforming process and the whole system.The optimized operating conditions, such as temperature, pressure, calcium to carbon ratio, and steam to carbon ratio of the SECOGSR were 650℃, 1.5 MPa, 1 and 4, respectively.In order to achieve the heat balance of the whole system with no additional heat supply, 1 mol input of coke-oven gas of SECOGSR consumed 0.139 mol coke-oven gas, 0.648 mol air in the fuel reactor and 3.11 mol oxygen carrier in the air reactor, which was composed of NiO, Y₂O₃ and ZrO₂ with the ratio of 0.73/0.022/0.248 (mol).1 mol coke-oven gas generates 1.30 mol hydrogen and 0.355 mol pure CO₂ without additional separation process in the system.

Based on commercial CFD software Fluent, numerical simulations of the coal gasification process for a Texaco gasifier was investigated with a comprehensive model, which contained several simplified sub-models.Chemical process was described with assumed PDF model.In this model, coal slurry was defined as the fuel stream, pure oxygen was defined as the oxidizer stream.According to the numerical simulation of the cold flow field, the mesh mainly composed of hexahedral structure was adopted and realizable k-ε turbulent model was used.The coupling effect between gas phase and discrete phase was considered by using Particle Source In Cell (PSIC) model.A stochastic tracking method was used to simulate turbulent dispersion of the particles.P-1 model was also adopted to include the radiation in the gasifier.Heterogeneous reactions, including carbon with O₂, H₂O, CO₂ and H₂, were considered by User Defined Functions (UDF).The comparison between the industrial performance and the prediction data showed that the model could describe the gasification process correctly.The gasification process in an industrial gasifier could be regarded as in kinetic equilibrium.

The flow characteristics of pulverized coal from a glass aeration silo was investigated.There existed a critical surface above the joint of bin and hopper during discharging.Plug flow was discovered above the critical surface in the experimental research, while pulverized coal flowed spirally under the critical surface randomly.The results showed that aeration gas had a great effect on mass flow rate and flow stability.There existed an appropriate location of aeration gas supply and superficial velocity.Gas pressure balance arching would form easily when the aeration gas supply was too low.Flow rate could be increased and flow stability could be improved by increasing silo pressure.Also increasing silo pressure could decrease the effect of the location of aeration gas supply and superficial velocity on flow rate and stability and could prevent the formation of gas pressure balance arching.

Calcium lignosulfonate(CLS) was separated by ultrafilter and was characterized with IR spectroscopy.The effects of CLS with different relative molecular masses(M) on the properties (fluidity, fluidity loss, stability, setting time) of the mortar for the shield tunneling method was investigated.The results showed that the effects of CLS₃ (the fraction with medium-to-high M) were the most evident.When 0.4% (mass) CLS₃ was added, water reduction of the mortar was 9.4%, fluidity was enhanced from 193 mm to 243 mm, relative fluidity loss after 3 h was reduced from 71.6% to 43.0%, and the bleeding after 2 h decreased from 5.1% to 1.0%.Medium-to-high molecular mass of CLS was proposed to modify CLS as the admixture of the mortar for the shield tunneling method.

The graft copolymers hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) ［HPAM-g-P(NIPA-co-DMAM), HGPID］ with different compositions and molecular masses of the side chains were prepared by the macromonomer copolymerization method.These graft copolymers had amphiphilic properties and showed thermo-associating characteristics as the temperature of their aqueous solution was higher than the association temperature.The association temperature was dependent on the cloud point of the side chain polymer, which was determined by the side chain composition.By changing the mole ratio of NIPA and DMAM in the side chain, the graft copolymers with the association temperature in the range of 37—63℃ were obtained.Above a certain concentration of the graft copolymers, their salt aqueous solutions exhibited thermo-thickening behavior.The effects of the composition and length of the side chain, the concentrations of the polymer and the added salt on the thermo-associting and thermo-thickening behavior were studied.

The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of pure polyamide 1010 (PA1010) coating and PA1010/nano-ZrO₂ composite coating prepared by flame spraying, was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at various cooling rates.The Avrami analysis modified by Jeziorny and a new Mo method could describe the non-isothermal crystallization processes of PA1010 and PA1010/nano-ZrO₂ composite coating very well.The values of Z_c and n increased with increasing cooling rate.The value of kinetic parameter F(T) increased, and the values of a had no significant change with increasing degree of crystallinity for PA1010 and PA1010/nano-ZrO₂ composite coating, respectively.The difference in the value of exponent n between PA1010 and PA1010/nano-ZrO₂ composite coating suggested that the nano-ZrO₂ act as nucleation agents of PA1010.The values of half-time of crystallization and crystallization rate coefficient (CRC) showed that the crystallization rate of PA1010/nano-ZrO₂ composite coating was faster than that of PA1010 at a given cooling rate.

Polycarbonate（PC）was prepared by transesterification between bisphenol-A（BPA）and diphenyl carbonate（DPC）in supercritical carbon dioxide（ScCO₂）.In the process，phenol formed from the reaction was dissolved and diffused into ScCO₂ phase.The structure of the synthesized product was characterized by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR.The results of GPC show that there are two different reaction mechanisms，linear condensation and cyclic reaction in the synthesis process，and the molecular weight（M_W）reaches 1.17×10⁵ and P_d is 1.33.The DSC curves show that supercritical carbon dioxide can plasticize PC so that the T_g of PC decreased.Under the pressure of 10 MPa，the effects of reaction time，rotary speed of the propeller and reaction temperature on PC molecular weight were investigated.The optimal operation conditions are reaction time of 50 h，rotary speed of 800 r·min^-1，reaction temperature of 120℃，respectively.

The b-oriented TS-1 films on α-Al₂O₃ substrates were synthesized by using in situ crystallization by the inducing effect of the chitosan thin film.The synthesized TS-1 films were characterized with XRD and SEM.The functional groups on the chitosan film surface and the interactions between the chitosan film and synthesis solution were described by using diffuse-reflectance FT-IR and contact angle measurements.It was shown that the b-oriented TS-1 film could be synthesized with the help of the chitosan thin film, whereas the randomly oriented TS-1 film was obtained on the α-Al₂O₃ substrate without chitosan induction.The XRD patterns of the synthesized films revealed that the crystals possessed TS-1 zeolite structure.The diffuse-reflectance FT-IR spectrum and contact angle measurements exhibited that the functional groups were abundant on the surface of the chitosan thin film, which could attract organic and inorganic compounds.Therefore, a transitional layer could be formed on the chitosan film, with nucleation and crystal growth to sheet-shaped TS-1 crystal grains, eventually leading to the formation of the multilayer b-oriented TS-1 film.

The process of preparing 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile, as one of the important intermediates for synthesis was studied.Beginning from the raw material—vanillin, the title compound was prepared, via protection of hydroxyl, reduction, chloridization and nitrilation.The influences of various reaction conditions on the yield were investigated, and the optimal reaction conditions (reagent, temperature, time and yield) were as follows: acetic anhydride as acetylation reagent, reacting at room temperature for 3 h and yield was 99%; Raney Ni as catalyst, reaction time was 8 h at room temperature, and yield was 96.8%; dropping thionyldichloride at 0℃, then reacting at room temperature for 2 h, and the yield was 78%; refluxing with sodium cyanide for 9 h, and the yield was 78.5%.The products were characterized with MS, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis.The results showed that the process proposed overcame the defects of traditional synthesis route.