Petrochemical industry is a fundamental and pillar industry of the national economyAs China’s largest refiner and distributor of petroleum and petrochemical products，China Petrochemical Corporation（Sinopec）has become one of the world’s largescale energy and chemical companiesIts achievements are closely connected with comprehensive development of process system engineering(PSE) technology，which plays a major role in Sinopec’s restructuring，technological innovation，energy saving，cost and consumption reduction，environment protection，safety in production and scientific decisionmaking，effectively promoting scientific and technological progress and production growth，and enhancing Sinopec’s competitivenessEnterprise resource planning(ERP) has been successfully applied and a supply chain system has been preliminary establishedThe production and operation management system has been established in Sinopec headquarters and ecommerce system has maintained longcycle online operationSinopec adheres to the scientific concept of development to promote sustainable development by emphasizing structure readjustment，technological revamping and significant energy consumption reduction.Clean production has been comprehensively promoted with focus on prevention from the sourceEfforts have been made in energy conservation and consumption reduction to enhance resource and energy efficiencyHealth，safety and environment management system has been established and improved continuouslyIt is an internal requirement and necessary choice for Sinopec to focus on research and application of PSE technology.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates（PHAs）are environmentalfriendly biothermoplastics with the potential of wide applicationPHAs synthesis by activated sludge is costsaving and beneficial for waste recycleThe monomer composition and content of PHAs determine the physicochemical characteristics of the polymerBased on the technology of optimizing PHAs production，the process manipulation and biochemical metabolism for regulating the hydroxyvaleryl content in poly（3hydroxybutyrateco3hydroxyvalerat（PHBV）by activated sludge were summarizedLiterature review indicated that under aerobic condition the nature of carbon substrate was crucial to the final composition of PHBVGenerally，decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration（DO）led to hydroxyvaleryl [JP2]content enhancement，and variation of sludge source，pH and carbon to nitrogen and/or phosphorus ratio all tended to alter hydroxyvaleryl content.The effects of the above parameters on hydroxyvaleryl content were interrelated with each otherFurther research to regulate the composition of PHAs from activated sludge was forecasted.

The orientation indices and group corresponding indices of 210 molecular structures of polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs）and biphenyl were calculatedBy combining these indices with seven thermodynamic properties reported in literature of such PCBs， including standard entropy （S₀），standard enthalpy（H ₀），standard free energy（G₀），total energy（E_T），thermal energy correction（E_th），zeropoint vibration energy（E_zpv）and constant volume molar heat capacity （C⁰_V）， a series of quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) equations were built up by the multiple regression methodAll the correlation coefficients were larger than 099These models could better explain the change of thermodynamic properties for the PCBs，and the QSPR models had high correlation coefficients，good stability and good predictabilityA modified leaveoneout procedure test was performed to validate model robustness，and predict the S₀，H₀，G₀，E_T，E_th，E_zpv，C_⁰V of other PCBs molecules by the regression equation，and the error analysis were discussedThe results showed better agreement between the values predicted by the model developed and the observed values of the thermodynamic properties.

A knowledge based geneticsimulatedannealing method for optimizing the tube circuit of finandtube heat exchangers was presented by introducing specialized knowledge and the simulated annealing method into the existing method.Case studies were performed on a practical finandtube heat exchangerThe optimization target is to obtain maximum heat exchange capacity of the heat exchanger with the constraint conditions of practical manufactureThe test results showed that after optimization;all paths of the optimal tube circuit were uniformly distributed in the airflow field and contained equal number of tubes;and the imbalance of heat transfer among the paths was avoidedThe heat exchange capacity of the heat exchanger was 22% larger than that before optimization;and was 103% larger than that obtained by the existing puregeneticalgorithmbased optimization method.

The research on heat transfer pinch point (between refrigerant and heat-transfer fluid) was carried out in a condenser with airconditioning operation to investigate the change in temperature difference from condenser inlet to outlet and to avoid the occurrence of pinch pointFirstly, a model of refrigerants condensation was built, and the condition of pinch point occurrence was determinedThe condensation parameters of 15 commonly used refrigerants were decided for standard airconditioning operationSecondly, the equations of state of refrigerants were used to compute and obtain some relationships between temperature and enthalpy and the probability of pinch point occurrence of 15 refrigerants was obtainedLastly, the ranges of temperature difference from condenser inlet to outlet were recommended to avoid the occurrence of pinch point for 10 refrigerantsSuch information might be helpful to choosing refrigerants and adjusting the operation of condenser in airconditioner units.

The field coordination between velocity and heat flow fields in a tube inserted with twistedleaves discontinuously was analyzed in detail，and the field coordination number F_C of four kinds of twistedleaves was compared with each other respectively by numerical simulationThe results indicated that the sequence of twistedleaves was 270-38.1（a type of twistedleaf with twist angle α=270° and swirl angle β=381°），180-38.1，270-20.3 and 180-20.3 based on F_C from high to low in the same value of Re，and it was in agreement with that based on heat transfer performance from high to lowIt was an effective method for heat transfer enhancement to improve field coordinationThe inserted twistedleaves effectively improved the coordination between velocity and temperature gradient fields in the tube,thereby the heat transfer performance was enhanced.

A 3ω method was developed for the simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of nanofluidsThe principle was presented in the frequency domainThe 3ω system was established by using a Pt wire as the heater and sensorThe system was calibrated by using water with known propertiesThe thermal oscillation signals satisfied the heat conduction equations well in frequency domainIt showed that the microconvection effect of the liquid could be reduced effectively by periodical heatingThe multispherical Brownian motion(MSBW) model was used to predict the thermal conductivities of nanofluidsThe thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of TiO2/water and Al₂O₃/water at different temperatures were proved to increase linearly with the temperature at a low volume fractionThe results showed that temperature dependence played an important role in the enhancement of thermal transport in nanofluidsAt 18—65℃，the enhancement of heat transfer for nanofluids was mainly due to the thermal conductivity increment of water and the microconvection effect.

The concept of dimensionless temperature-difference uniformity optimization factor was proposedThe application of this factor to path arrangement was studied.The study showed that dimensionless temperaturedifference uniformity optimization factor was an effective evaluation criterion of path arrangement of multi-stream heat exchangers and the design of multistream heat exchangers could be guided by this factor.

he turbulent flow field generated in a baffled stirred tank with a Rushton turbine was computed by large eddy simulation（LES）.The dynamic subgrid model was used to model the unresolved scalesThe spatial discretization of the governing equations was performed on a cylindrical staggered gridThe momentum and continuity equations were discretized by the finite difference method with a third order QUICK scheme for the convective termsThe interaction between rotating impeller and static baffles was accounted for through the improved innerouter iterative algorithmThe phaseresolved predictions were compared with the experimental data of references and good agreement was observed both for mean resolved fields and turbulence quantities.

An investigation was conducted to study the hydraulic characteristics of internal loop fluidized bed with crossshape baffle setting on the bottom of the reactorAccording to the properties of multiphase mixing and collision, the crossshape baffle leads to the transformation of chaotic to orderly, offering a new way for controlling hydrodynamicsThe liquid circulation velocity and mixing time of the reactor were measured by the conductivity method, and compared with the conventional fluidized bed to indicate the fact of promoting gasliquidsolids mixingIt was shown that the liquid circulation velocity in the riser and that in the downcomer were increased by 9.5%±1.0% and 11.8%±1.0% of those without the crossshape baffleWhen superficial gas velocity was less than 0.86 cm·s^-1, liquid mixing time increased with setting the crossshape baffleLiquid mixing time decreased when superficial gas velocity was above 0.86 cm·s^-1.Frictional loss coefficient at the bottom section reduced from 4.13 to 2.75 with setting the crossshape baffle, resulting in obvious decrease of energy dissipation due to flow collisionBased on an energy balance over the loop, a correlation equation between liquid circulation velocity and frictional loss coefficient was establishedFor the threephase system, the prediction values from the above correlation equation agreed .

Various external heat exchangers (EHE) are widely used with largescale circulating fluidized bed(CFB) boilerThe solids mass flow rate diverted from the standpipe to the EHE or the loop seal can be controlled and the flow of hot particles into the EHE passes through all heat exchanger chambers in successionSo it is not feasible to control the quantity of heat transfer of different and multilevel heat transfer surfaces in the EHEA new type of pneumatically controlled EHE was developed in this paperThe major feature of this EHE system was that the solids flow to two heat transfer chambers could be controlledThereby the distribution of the quantity of heat transfer could be easily adjustedSimultaneously, the EHE and recycle device were connected in order to recycle the solid back to the furnace steadilyExperiments completed in the visible cold EHE test rig showed that the solids mass flow rate to the EHE or the loop seal, to two heat transfer chambers, to two exports of solids could be controlled by the aeration airflow into each chamber and geometrical dimension like the height of partitionAt the same time, the flow characteristics of solids in heat transfer chambers were investigatedBy measuring the visible transport disengagement height (TDH), the design principle of the relative height of partition of heat transfer and distributing chamber was proposed.

Isothermal crystallization behavior of highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) was studied experimentally by using a rotary rheometer with parallel plates fixturesIt was found that the crystallization rate depended on the surface roughness of the fixtures with the same chemical compositionAs the surface roughness increased，the crystallization rate first increased then decreased which meant that there was a range of surface roughness where the crystallization rate could reach a maximum valueSurface roughness effectively enhanced the interfacial area and decreased heat resistance, but possibly trapped air pockets in the valley of the rough surface produced a considerable interfacial heat resistance，both affecting the crystallization rate of HDPEThe isothermal crystallization rate decreased in sequence as the HDPE specimen contacted with aluminum，brass and stainless steel plates whose surface roughness were on the same levelThe sample crystallizes more quickly on the fixtures with higher heat conduction coefficient, thus lowering heat resistance.

Solid base catalysts used in the transesterification for biodiesel production can simplify the technological processes, especially the separation process of productsBy screening metal oxides, calcium oxide was found to be a potential catalyst for the transesterification of rapeseed oilImpregnating calcium acetate solution onto MgO carrier and calcining the impregnated sample obtained a CaO/MgO catalyst containing 165%(mass) of calcium oxide, which exhibited a high activity in the transesterification reactionBy using this catalyst, under the condition of 64.5℃, a methanol/oil molar ratio of 18∶1 and a catalyst dosage of 2%, oil conversion reached 92% in 3.5 h, which was close to the oil conversion using the traditional NaOHFurthermore, the solid catalysts obtained were characterized with XRD, AAS, XPS and CO2-TPDThe results showed that the basicity of the catalysts greatly affected their activitiesProperly selecting the carrier, precursor and Caloading could increase the strong basic sites, and therefore increase their catalytic activity.

Carbon aerogels (CAs) supported Pt catalysts were prepared separately by directly loading of Pt on the surface of CAs and simultaneously loading of Pt during the synthesis of CAs respectivelyXRD, TEM, ICP and electrochemical cyclic voltammograms were used to evaluate and comparatively discuss the effects of method of loading on the properties of CAs supported Pt catalystThe results showed that simultaneous loading led to large Pt particle size, poor Pt dispersion and low Pt loading quantity, resulting in poor catalytic performance for methanol oxidationOn the contrary, high performance CAs supported catalyst with well dispersed small Pt particle size could be obtained via direct loading.

Based on the fact that reactant phenol is immiscible with water at room temperature, while it is soluble at the reaction temperature, and the products cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol are slightly soluble in water, water as the green solvent instead of volatile solvents of organic compounds is proposed and used for phenol catalytic hydrogenationFor this process, the reaction rate is not limited by the solubility of reactant into water, and the products can be easily separated from the solvent water by phase separation technique after reactionMeanwhile, the solvent water after reaction could be reused, which indicates that it is an environmental benign processFurthermore, it might be a potential approach to increasing the reaction rate of organic hydrogenation and improving the selectivity to desired products due to the different adsorptiondesorption properties of reactants and products on the surface of catalyst in various solventsFor example Raney Ni is of more powerful adsorption to H₂ in water than in organic solvent.

Based on the operators of DNA computing, a multiobjective nondominated sorted genetic algorithm（DNA-NSGA-Ⅱ）was proposed to optimize the radial basis function (RBF) networkBoth the structure complexity and the approximation performance were optimizedOnce a group of Pareto optimal solutions were derived, the appropriate RBF network could be chosen in terms of the sum of absolute values of the testing errorsSimulation results of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and pH neutralization process showed that the proposed method is an efficient black box dynamic modeling approach.

The failure process of zinc-rich epoxy/chlorinated rubber coatings on Q235 steel was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)In the initial period of exposure, EIS spectra showed that the protection effect of the coatings mainly came from the chlorinated rubber topcoatBut after a longer time of exposure, by increasing the zincrich epoxy primer thickness properly, the porosity of the coatings, the diffusion rate of ions and the absorbance of water in the coatings decreased remarkablyThe best protection was obtained for the coating systems with the thickness ratio of primer/topcoat about 2∶1For the systems of single primer or single topcoat, the protection effect of the coatings decreased quickly.

The crop straw resources are very plentiful in natureIn this paper the crop straws were used as raw material for acetylation after activation with unpolluted steam explosionAccording to different solubilities of acetylated products, cellulose acetate were prepared by solvent extractionThe results indicated that the reaction activity increased dramatically after steam explosion, and the best reaction condition was that the straws were acetylated at 123℃ for 2 h in the presence of 7% catalystAfter pretreatment of steam exploded straw with a neutral detergent, good result of acetylation for crop straw could be obtainedThe acetylationconversion and mass increase were enhanced most for wheat strawThe degree of polymerization and substitution of cellulose acetate achieved were over 120 and 2.80 respectivelyThe product was characterized with IR and 1H NMRCompared with high α-cellulose as raw material, not only the cost was very low ,but also the process was simplified greatly.

The characteristics and configuration of hepatocyte growthpromoting factor freeze-dried powder injection were studied with optical micrography and X-ray diffraction analysis，and the suitable freezedrying time of hepatocyte growthpromoting factor for injection was determined by the freezedrying testThe results indicated that the bulk drug and dextran had amorphous configurations and mannitol was crystalline and the freezedried powder included tiny mannitol crystals dispersed in the powder uniformlyThe crystal form of mannitol in the freezedried powder injection changed and the grains became tinierWhen the time for freezedrying was less than 30 h，the powder configuration was not homogeneousThe amorphous dextran was used as the protective agent and disperser for hepatocyte growthpromoting factor，the grains of mannitol constituted the framework of freezedried powder injectionIt was necessary to take 36 h to produce a good form of hepatocyte growthpromoting factor freezedried powder injection.

The present work relates to a new synthesis process for the preparation of 3-（1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl）-amino］-2，3，4，5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1H-1-benzazepine-1-acetate tert butyl ester（EPTAB），the precursor of benazepril HClThe reaction conditions were optimized.The diastereomeric products were separated by flash column chromatography.The structures of the products were characterized with IR and NMR.

A numerical experiment platform was established according to Fletcher〖DK〗’s classical heterogeneous nucleation theory, and the critical saturation of water vapor nucleation on fine particles was simulated.The simulation results were compared with experiment results from literature.It was found that the simulated critical saturation agreed well with experimentsBased on the above calculation, the free energy of embryo formation, critical embryo radius, nucleation rate, and the critical saturation of water vapor (with and without wetting agent vapor) nucleation on PM2.5 from coal combustion were numerically predicted, combined with the physical and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 from coal combustion as well as the values of contact angle and surface tension tested by experimentsThe results showed that the presence of wetting agent in water vapor could lead to lower free energy of embryo formation and smaller critical embryo radius, and cause the magnitude of nucleation rate to increase dramatically and the critical saturation of water vapor to decrease remarkablyThus, with wetting agent in water vapor, the nucleation and condensation capabilities of water vapor were greatly enhanced, but the effects of the five wetting agents used were different, among them SDS and Silanol w22 were desirable choices.

A Chinese bituminous coal was firstly separated into three density fractions, heavy (>2.0 g·cm-3), medium (1.4—2.0 g·cm-3) and light (<14 g·cm-3) by using the floatsink methodNext,the combustion and pyrolysis of each density fraction were carried out in a laboratoryscale drop tube furnace to understand the emission, elemental composition and formation mechanism of inhalable particulate matter (PM10)PM10 was collected with a 13 stages low pressure impactor (LPI) having aerodynamic cutoff diameter ranging from 10.0 μm to 0.03 μm for a sizesegregated collectionThe experimental results indicated that density affected PM10 emission significantly in combustion,and decreasing coal density led to the formation of more PM10The mineral particle size of the light fraction was the smallest and that of the heavy fraction was the largestThe swelling ratio, total pore volume and BET surface area of char produced from each fraction were differentThose from the light fraction were the largest and those from the heavy fraction were the smallest.The elemental composition of PM10 collected from each density fraction had the same trendIn the submicron particulate matter (PM1): element S+alkali metals+others>refractory metals， in the supermicron particulate matter (PM1—10): the mass percent of refractory metals were greater than 80% and exceeded other three types of element.

The removal of C.I.Direct Red 23 (4BS) in aqueous solution with ozonationenhanced electrocoagulation was investigated by laboratoryscale experimentsOperation parameters were optimized based on the decolorization efficiency of 4BSAnalysis of 4BS in aqueous solution was performed by using an ultravioletvisible spectrophotometer equipped with a photoelectric detector at 500 nmExperimental results showed that, ozonation combined with electrocoagulation process was effective for the decolorization of 4BS, and up to 94% of color decay was obtained at 20℃ after 50 min reaction with a current density of 15 mA·cm^-2, a pH of 100, an initial dye concentration of 100 mg·L^-1, a supporting electrolyte concentration of 3000 mg·L^-1, and an ozone flux of 06 L·h^-1The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) followed pseudosecondorder kineticsA simplified model for COD reduction was derived by accounting for the contribution of initial COD in the system.

The biomass pyrolysis process usually could be expressed by a threepseudocomponent modelThe value of reaction order in the traditional threepseudocomponent model is set as 1 or 3In this study, the kinetic parameters of three pseudocomponents (activation energy, prefactor and reaction order) were calculated from the threepseudocomponent model with undefined reaction order by the nonlinear least square fitting methodThe analysis result showed that the reaction order of cellulose decomposition was close to one, which agreed with the conclusions of other researchersThe reaction order of lignin decomposition was related to the type of biomass sample, and was close to one or threeThe most complex process was hemicellulose decompositionThe reaction order of hemicellulose decomposition changed in the range of 1.5 to 4Several threepeseudocomponent models based on the weight average activation energy calculated by the Ozawa method were comparedThe threepseudocomponent model with undefined reaction order was more accurate than the other two models to describe the biomass pyrolysis process.

Nitrification is a crucial step in the biological removal of nitrogen from wastewaterTo investigate the mechanism of the effect of anoxic stress on nitrification, nitrification activity, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and the H₂O₂ resistance of nitrifying activated sludge were determined after 0h, 12h, and 24h exposure to anoxic environmentAfter 12h and 24h anoxic treatment, the average specific ammonia oxidation rate decreased from 0894 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1 to 0.453, 0.387 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1, respectively, at a decrease of 46.8% and 49.8%， meanwhile, average specific nitrite oxidation rate decreased from 0761 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1 to 0.485, 0.459 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1， respectively, at a decrease of 36.3% and 39.7%he results showed that anoxic stress could decrease nitrification activity of nitrifying activated sludgeThe longer the duration of anoxic stress, the lower the nitrification activityAmmonia oxidation activity was inhibited more seriously than nitrite oxidation activityAnoxic stress could influence antioxidative enzyme activityPOD and CAT activities decreased by 10%, 17% for 12hanoxic treatment, 24％, 21％ for 24hanoxic treatmentThe longer the nitrifying activated sludge exposed to anoxic environment, the lower the antioxidative enzyme activityAnoxic stress could weaken the toxicity resistance of reactive oxygen, leading to the decrease of nitrification rate.

Nonthermal plasma processing using a dielectric barrier discharge（DBD）plasma was studied as a method for the degradation of the alizarin red，a kind of anthraquinone dye，dissolved in waterThe effect of several parameters，such as discharging gap，input voltage and the pH values of solution，were investigatedThe results showed that the DBD plasma could degrade the stubborn anthraquinone dye effectivelyIt was found that the concentration of alizarin red solution decreased to 0.26 mg·L^-1 from an initial concentration of 100 mg·L^-1 at the pH value of 84 in 40 min，while the concentration decreased to 1.61 mg·L^-1 at the pH value of 5.8 and 570 mg·L^-1 at the pH value of 7.0 in 45 minIt was also found that the optimum operation condition required a gap of 8 mm and an input voltage of 8 kV，which facilitated generating symmetrical discharging channels，the primary cause of degradation，as well as active speciesThe concentrations of O₃ in the aqueous phase in the presence of buffer solution with different pH values were measuredFurthermore，the experimental results showed that the change of alizarin red concentration was related to the concentration of O₃，an active species with strong oxidation ability，which was important to facilitate the breakdown of organic pollutant.

Dagang vacuum residue (VR) and its supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation (SFEF) tailing were separated into four group compositions (SARA) by chromatographyThe molecular structural features of the asphaltenes from VR and SFEF tailing were investigated with ruthenium ion catalyzed oxidation (RICO)By means of GCMS and GC analysis, the homologous series of n-alkanoic acids (C₄—C₃₃) and α,ω-di-n-alkanoic acids (C₄—C_24) were detected and measured quantitativelyThe distribution of these carboxylic acids obtained from the oxidation reaction was useful in determining the distribution of polymethylene bridge bonds and alkyl side chainsThe results indicated that the molar concentrations of n-alkyl side chains and polymethylene bridges decreased with the increase of chain length, and were characterized by eventoodd carbon number preferenceSFEF tailing asphaltene had less C₂₅₊ but more C₁₇—C₂₅ n-alkyl side chain than VR asphalteneFurthermore, the polymethylene bridge concentration of VR asphaltene was about 25 folds of SFEF tailing asphalteneThe above information demonstrated that cracking reaction might occur in the SFEF process.

Combined with the characteristics of spiral upflow reactor（SUFR）system, the nutrient removal of the SUFR system with a prolonged sludge age was analyzed through test comparison The operation of the SUFR system（θ_c=32 d）showed that the effluent COD was less than 40 mg·L^-1 and the effluent TN was less than 10 mg·L^-1The removal of TP in the SUFR system（θ_c=32 d）was less than 1 mg·L^-1, although the decrease of TP removal coupled with a longer sludge age was observedThe specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR) of the SUFR system（θ_c=32 d）was in the range of 10～18 mg·g^-1·h^-1The results of CFD simulation showed that the volume ratio of plug flow reactors in the flow model was estimated to be about 63%, showing that the major flow pattern of the spiralup flow reactor was plug flowIt was indicated that the negative effect of a longer sludge age was compensated by the hydraulic characteristics of the SUFR, which was similar to plugflowreactorThe optimal sludge age range of the SUFR system could be wider.

Based on a laboratoryscale anaerobicanoxicoxic (A/A/O) process acclimated with municipal wastewater as carbon source, the effect of internal return ratio on denitrifying phosphorus removal in the system was investigated at internal return ratio of 100%, 200% and 300%, and anaerobic/anoxic batch experiments were performed to study sludge characteristicsThe results indicated that the contribution of anoxic P removal to total P removal became larger, denitrifying phosphorusaccumulating organisms’ (DNPAOs) anoxic P uptake and denitrification capacity per polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) utilized increased firstly, and then decreased, while anaerobic P release capacity per PHAs accumulated and aerobic P uptake capacity per PHAs utilized were rarely influenced by increasing internal return ratioWhen internal return ratio was set at 200%, denitrifying phosphorus removal and biological nutrient removal efficiency were the highestThe results in the batch experiments also showed that higher or lower nitrate concentrations at the beginning of anoxic stage could influence DNPAOs’ anoxic P uptake and PHAs utilization rates, but their intrinsic characteristics were almost never affected.

Preliminary research indicated that oscillations of residual glucose, ethanol and biomass were effectively attenuated after the tubular bioreactors were packed with wood chips, and the corresponding mechanism was speculated to be due to cell immobilization, microenvironmental change, and change in dilution rateIn this work, the change in dilution rate was excluded from the main reason for the oscillation attenuationThrough the comparison with the performance of the tubular bioreactors packed with polyurethane particles, Raschig rings and glass beads, it was found not only high biomass concentration resulted from cell immobilization, but also most importantly, the high yeast cell viability achieved in the system packing with wood chips effectively attenuated the oscillationsFurther investigation revealed that the ethanol tolerance of yeast cells in the wood chip packing system was improved compared with that in nonpacked system, which might further contribute to the oscillation attenuation.

The experiments on NO reduction by the reburning of pulverized Yanzhou bituminous coal were conducted separately with different amounts of water vapor added in a fixedbed reactor，through which the effect of water vapor on NO reduction by pulverized coal reburning was studiedIt is found that NO reduction by pulverized coal reburning was accelerated by adding water vapor，but NO reduction per unit mass of coal decreased with the increase of water vapor since the burnout of pulverized coal was also accelerated at the same timeMoreover，the rates of CO production，CO₂ production and O₂ consumption were increased separately by water vapor，and CO₂ production was promoted more significantly during the reaction stage dominated by volatile matter，but CO production was promoted more significantly during the reaction stage dominated by charHowever，CO₂ production and O₂ consumption decreased separately and CO production increased when they were counted by per unit mass of pulverized coalThe burnout time of coal reburning could become shorter with increasing water vapor，for example the burnout time was shortened by 25.9% at 2% water vapor，and was shortened by 47.8% at 4% water vaporAdding a certain amount of water vapor into the reburning zone could not only improve NO reduction by pulverized coal reburning but also increase burnout ratioThe optimum amount of water vapor could be obtained through experiments on the basis of coal properties of coal，NO concentration in the main combustion zone，the proportion of reburning coal，the excess air coefficient of the reburning zone，and economic appraisal in engineering practice.

Cottonseed as raw material was processed by twophase solvent extractionNon-toxic crude protein was produced, and at the same time the nonpolar solution containing high quality crude cottonseed oil was used for transesterification reaction with methanol to produce fatty acid ester and glycerolThe effect of mass ratio of petroleum ether to crude cottonseed oil on the fatty acid ester content and the quantity of water needed for washing the product were investigatedIt was confirmed that the best mass ratio of petroleum ether to crude cottonseed oil was 3Under this condition, the water consumption was halvedThe effect of methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and time were also studiedThrough orthogonal analysis, the optimum conditions were obtained as follows: the molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, the amount of catalyst 1.1%, reaction temperature 60℃ and reaction time 120 minThe results of parallel tests showed that under such optimum condition the cottonseed oil conversion could reach 97.7%.

Silica nanotubes with high yield，uniform size and large aspect ratio were synthesized from hydrodyzing tetraethyl orthosilicate（TEOS）using ammonium D，L-tartrate as templateThe prepared products were characterized with transmission electron microscopy（TEM），scanning electron microscopy（SEM），energy dispersive Xray analysis（EDX）and powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）The formation mechanism of the silica nanotubes and the influence of synthesis conditions on the formation of the silica nanotubes were investigatedThe results revealed that the morphology and yield of the silica nanotubes were sensitive to TEOS addition speed，aging time after TEOS addition and ammonia concentration，but not sensitive to reaction temperature.

The purpose of this paper was to describe hollow plastic microspheres filling with D2 which served as inertial confinement fusion（ICF）targetsThe microspheres were 300 μm in diameter and were composed of three layers：PS with 5—7 μm wall thickness，PVA with 3—5 μm and CH with 4—6 μmThe primary experiments showed that the equilibrium time was 20—40 h at 50℃，while 7—12 h at 70℃ and 2—4 h at 90℃The equilibrium time increased by about 10 times from 90℃ to 50℃The deuterium permeability of hollow plastic microspheres was （3.0—4.2）×10^-19 mol·m^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1 at room temperature（25℃）.This corresponded to the half time for D2 retention to be about 28—37 h.

By using Ca〖DK〗(NO3)2·4H2O, Mg〖DK〗(NO3)2·6H2O and Si〖DK〗(OC2H5)4 as precursors, the mechanism of Mg/CaSiO3 prepared by the solgel method was studiedBased on phase composition, micromorphology and calcination temperature, a model of phase formation and grain growth was establishedThe results showed that network of gel was formed through the hydrolysis and aggregation of Si(OC₂H₅)₄Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were embedded in the gel networkWhen the calcination temperature of the gel was below 800℃, a small amount of crystal phases were formed, and the grain size reduced gradually with increasing calcination temperature due to the break of Si—O—Si bond in the networkWhen the calcination temperature was higher than 900℃, a large amount of crystal phases were formed and the grains grew with the increase of the calcination temperature.

The oligomerization of endodicyclopentadiene（endo-DCPD）in a continuousflow reactor at elevated pressure was studied to produce tricyclopentadiene（TCPD）that was the precursor of highenergydensity fuelThe composition of the products and possible reaction pathway were analyzed，and the effects of reaction conditions were evaluatedCompared with the batchwise reaction at atmospheric pressure，the continuousflow process could significantly enhance the reaction，increase the exo/endo ratio of TCPD，and produce a new product exo-DCPDThe exo/endo ratio was linearly dependent on the selectivity of exo-DCPDA high pressure of above 1.2 MPa was necessary to facilitate the reactionThe conversion of endo-DCPD increased with the increase of temperature，while the yield of TCPD reached the highest value at 160℃But the exo/endo ratio decreased with the increase of temperatureThe conversion of DCPD and the yield of TCPD increased when the residence time was increased，but the reaction rate decreasedA short residence time was favorable，because it led to a high exo/endo ratio for TCPDThe effect of feed concentration was limitedUnder the optimal condition，the conversion of endoDCPD was 82.2% and the yield of TCPD was 41.7%.

This paper deals with the preparation of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/silicon dioxide (SiO₂₎ composites as shapestable, solidliquid phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage and determination of their thermal propertiesThe result showed that it was successful to keep the same shape in the solid state by making PEG adsorbed on microporous SiO₂ network even when the temperature of the PCM was over the melting pointThe PCM also had favorable heat capacity and high thermal conductivity, which could be used in solar energy and some other applications.

Hydrophylichydrophobic polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP）semiIPNpolycaprolactone（PCL）hydrogels were prepared through free radical polymerization of N-vinyl pyrrolidone（NVP）in ethyl acetateThe melting temperature T_m kept unchanged and that was resulted from the formation of PVP-semi-IPN-PCLThe influences of some factors，such as PVP content，initiator and crosslinking agent on the swelling properties of hydrogels were investigatedIt was found that the equilibrium swelling ratio（ESR）of hydrogels increased and the bond water content in hydrogels increased with increasing PVP contentBecause of cage effect，the ESR of hydrogel with azodiisobutyronitrile（AIBN）as initiator was lower than that initiated by benzoyl peroxide（BPO）at a low initiator concentrationAs compared with NMBA crosslinking agent，hydrogels with glutaric dialdehyde（GDA）as crosslinking agent had a higher ESR at a lower concentration while had a lower ESR at a higher concentrationThe swelling kinetics of hydrogels were discussed with the Fick model and n value calculated were 0.854，0.471，0.466，0.253 with PVP content (mass)20%，40%，60%，80%, respectivelyIt could be concluded that the swelling properties of hydrogels fit the Fick model well at a proper PVP content.

The kinetics of vinyl chloride suspension polymerization with a novel peroxide, 3hydroxy1,1dimethylbutyl peroxyneodecanoate (Lup 610) as a single initiator at 51.3℃ and 56.8℃ and tbutyl peroxyneoheptanoate (Lup 701) or thexyl peroxyivalate (HPV) as a single initiator at 61.8℃, was studied The initiation efficiency at each temperature was obtained by selecting the kinetic model value that best fitted the experimental valueThe initiation efficiency of initiator Lup 610 was 0.80 at 51.3℃ and 0.75 at 56.8℃, that of initiator Lup 701 and HPV was 0.55 and 0.50 at 61.8℃, respectivelyThen the kinetics of polymerization with these novel peroxides mixed with di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate or t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate as initiators was also investigatedIt was found that the experimental data were in good agreement with the model value.

The effect of kneading clearance on the mixing performance of vertical kneading mixers was investigated by using the CFD methodsFirstly，the mixing field in the kneading tank was simulated numerically after analyzing the movement of mixer blade and the rheological properties of the materialNext，some macro mixing performance evaluation indices of the device were proposedLastly，the effect of kneading clearance on mixing performance was studiedThe results indicated that a small kneading clearance could improve the mixing performance of vertical kneading mixers and better kneading efficiency could be achieved with a uniform kneading clearance.