Acetylene dimerization is one of the key processes for production of neoprene via monovinylacetylene (MVA). In traditional acetylene dimerization process, much divinylacetylene (DVA), even polymer appeared catalytic system due to the high activity of Nieuwland catalyst for the formation of coordination compounds with MVA. In order to realize energy saving and emission reduction it is required to control the activity of Nieuwland catalyst and the formation of DVA and polymer, and to improve selectivity of MVA. So, LaCl₃ selected as modifier and added into Nieuwland catalyst system to control its reaction activity for acetylene polymerization. The results show that LaCl₃-Nieuwland catalyst can inhibit DVA formation and reduce polymer amount, leading to improvement of MVA selectivity. The ratio of MVA/DVA in gas phase product increases from 6 to 19, and MVA selectivity goes up from 80% to 95% at 80℃. While at 60℃ the modified catalyst shows excellent low temperature activity, and MVA content in gas product is 10%. A theoretical calculation shows that the reaction energy barrier of MVA and acetylene to form DVA is higher than that of acetylene dimerization, which is 379.8 kJ·mol^-1 and 686.07 kJ·mol^-1 for traditional Nieuwland catalyst and for LaCl₃-Nieuwland catalyst, respectively, indicating that the latter is of ability to intensify selectivity of acetylene dimerization to MVA.

With polyaniline and metal nitrate as precursors, M-N-C (M=Fe, Co) catalysts were synthesized by heat treatment. The performance of the prepared M-N-C catalysts for cathode catalysts of anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell (AFBMFC) was examined. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical characteristics were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV). Using the catalysts as the cathode catalysts for AFBMFC, the electricity generation performance of the AFBMFC was examined. The maximum power of AFBMFC operating with Fe-N-C cathode catalyst was 166.82 mW·m^-2, 10% higher than AFBMFC with Pt/C catalyst. The open circuit voltage was up to 636.0 mV. Fe-N-C as a microbial fuel cell cathode catalyst has good activity and broad prospect.

Modified ion exchange resin (IER) was obtained by impregnating IER into the saturated LiCl or MgCl₂ solution, filtering, washing and drying sequentially. The desiccant coating was produced by means of electrostatic spraying and thermocuring the mixture of the pulverized modified IER and powder coating on aluminum foil surface of finned tube heat exchanger. XRD spectra showed that IER structure had no obvious change after modification. SEM images revealed that the desiccant coating could be uniformly and closely dispersed on the surface of aluminum foil and its thickness was about 120 μm. EDS analysis showed the composition and content of the desiccant coating. TG curves indicated that the mass loss of desiccant coating mainly happened in the range of 30—150℃ and 400—600℃. The former was associated with IER desorption, while the latter was related to thermal decomposition of IER and power coating. The static and dynamic adsorption curves of the modified desiccant coating indicated that adsorption performance was improved significantly after modification. Hygroscopic repeatability test demonstrated that the desiccant coating still had excellent stability for adsorption and desorption.

In order to study the effect of colloidal seam blocking and adsorption and migration of uranyl ions in situ leaching of uranium, aluminum nitrate and ammonia hydrate were used as the starting materials for preparation of Al(OH)₃, and that prepared at pH = 6 was used to adsorb U(Ⅵ) from the solution. The effects of pH value, initial uranium concentration, and contact time on the adsorption were investigated. The pseudo-first-order, composite-second-order and Elovich dynamic models were used to analyze the adsorption data. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models were applied to experimental equilibrium data. The properties of Al(OH)₃ were determined by SEM and laser particle size analyzer. The adsorption kinetic parameters obtained shows that the Elovich dynamic model describes the adsorption of uranium on Al(OH)₃ colloids well, so the adsorption appears on external surface. The equilibrium data agree well with the Langmuir model.

For the sake of improving the reliability of measured data, the bi-sensors data fusion method is widely applied to obtain the information on product status in the process control field, and the linearly unbiased estimation theory used as the data fusion method is widely adopted to deal with measurement data. For any estimation process, both variance and bias are the significant indices evaluating the performance of the measurement data. Because the unbiased measurement data possesses unbiased merit, variance can be used to represent the reliability of the unbiased measurement data. However, we can not believe that the unbiased measurement data must be highly reliable. In order to enhance the measurement reliability of the bi-sensors, a novel data fusion method arising from biased estimation was proposed. First, the conclusion that biased measurement could increase the reliability of a single-sensor was proved. Second, the convex combination method was used to derive biased estimation data fusion given the bi-sensors. Finally, the conclusion that the proposed fusion process was always superior to single-sensor measurement in terms of mean square error was proved. Simulation and application in a real plant illustrated that the biased estimation fusion could improve the reliability of the measured data effectively.

Intelligent optimization methods are playing an increasing role in dynamic optimization in chemical engineering due to their simplicity and good global search ability. Unfortunately, traditional intelligent optimization methods often suffer from a relatively slow convergence rate. An iteratively adaptive particle swarm optimization (IAPSO) approach for dealing with general chemical dynamic optimization problems was proposed. A dynamic optimization problem was first converted into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem through control parameterization (CP); then the proposed IAPSO approach was used to solve the NLP. The proposed IAPSO approach had a faster convergence rate than the conventional particle swarm optimization approach mainly for two reasons: IAPSO updated parameters adaptively according to population distribution characteristics; IAPSO executed adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm iteratively by reducing search space to get a more accurate solution. Several benchmark dynamic optimization problems were explored as illustration and the results showed that the proposed IAPSO approach was simple, efficient, and considerably outperformed the conventional PSO method in terms of convergence rate.

The whole margin of a chemical process can be evaluated by the economic benefits of operation optimization, and based on steady-state optimization and dynamic optimization it can be further divided into control margin for dynamic operation and process margin for achievable economic benefits, both of which are relevant to control performance of the chemical process. In this paper, multi-objective dynamic optimization was implemented for a chemical process with design margin, whose optimization objectives were the achievable economic benefits of operating point and the control performance of dynamic process. The control structure described by 0-1 variables and control parameters were the optimization variables to form a mixed-integer dynamic optimization. Constrained NSGA-Ⅱ was used to solve the multi-objective dynamic optimization problem. Based on the Pareto optimal solution set, the relationship between control margin, process margin and control performance was analyzed. The case study of FCCU showed that, for a chemical process with design margin, when control performance was improved, the process would need more control margin but less process margin, which meant less achievable economic benefits from operation optimization. Through the trade-off between control margin and process margin, an optimum operating point and control scheme could be found to fulfill both process and control demand.

For input and input increment constraints multivariable systems, a weight-varying based multivariable generalized predictive control of diagonal controlled auto-regressive integrated moving average (CARIMA) model was proposed to improve control performance. Because the matrices C and A of a diagonal CARIMA model are chosen to be diagonal, the prediction problem of a multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) process was transformed into generating a set of optimal predictions for a series of multi-input single-output processes, which simplified the predictive controllers and weakened the coupling of outputs in some measure. According to the difference of the model prediction value and the reference trajectory, the weight coefficients of different output tracking errors in cost function were real-time adjusted to further reduce the coupling disturbance among the outputs. The basic idea of weight coefficients adjusting was that when one output prediction was deviating from its reference trajectory at some sampling time point along the predictive horizon, the weight coefficients of all other outputs' tracing errors in the cost function increased according to the square tracing error of that output at that time point, which increased other loops' input increments at the next sampling point to eliminate the possible disturbance caused by that output deviating. Simultaneously, amplitude constraints of inputs and input increments expressions were analyzed. The validity and superiority were demonstrated by comparing simulation results for a Shell heavy oil fractionators control using common multivariable generalized predictive control (MGPC) and disturbance rejection multivariable generalized predictive control of diagonal CARIMA model proposed in the paper.

With increasing importance of batch processes, its monitoring and fault diagnosis technology has become a research focus. An envelope surface model of normal and fault operation conditions based on kernel Fisher analysis technique was proposed, and also an online fault diagnosis program was presented in this paper. With kernel Fisher discriminant analysis's characteristics for classification, envelope surface models for normal data and each fault data were built. Compared with multiway Fisher discriminant analysis (MFDA), the proposed method unfolded the process data batch-wise, so it could deal with unequal batch length and did not require to predict the whole production trajectory when implementing online fault diagnosis. Also kernel function could deal with nonlinear problems. Finally, the proposed method was tested in the simulation platform of penicillin fermentation process. The simulation results comparing with the improved MFDA showed that the proposed method could diagnose the fault early, and also had self-learning ability for new fault.

It is difficult to accurately describe probability distribution and to do correlation analysis of operating multiple parameters in aluminum reduction cells. A correlation analysis method based on mixed Copula model was proposed to resolve the problem. First of all, non-parametric kernel density estimation method was used to establish edge density function of variables in the case of unknown distribution type. Secondly, proportion of contribution of different Copula functions could be adjusted by weight parameters in the joint distribution function of multiple parameters. Finally, the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the mixed model parameters. By using 1824 groups real data of 170 kA operating aluminum smelter from a factory, test results showed that this method was better than other single Copula function because three distance indicators were 0.3169, 0.6239 and 0.9276. It was an effective way under super-low-voltage condition to do multi-parameter correlation analysis with non-steady-state and non-uniform features.

It is of significance to reduce the total operational cost of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) system through the system engineering approach. In this work, based on the formulation of the full flowsheet model including process equations and total operational cost equation, an operational optimization strategy with time varying parameters was proposed. First, according to the solution-diffusion principle and variable parameter characteristics of the whole system, the RO process model, storage tank model and related parameter equations were established. Then, based on full flowsheet of SWRO process and composition of operational cost, the model of total operational cost was obtained as well as the full flow sheet's cost per cubic meter water. The optimization problem was formulated with the objective function to minimize total operational cost, and with the equations and various bound constraints. And then simultaneous approach wherein the differential and algebraic variables were fully discretized leading to a large-scale nonlinear programming (NLP) problem was used for the solution technique, and interior point optimizer (IPOPT) was used as the large scale solver. A case study was then performed to demonstrate the effect of the proposed strategy; computing results demonstrated that the proposed strategy could largely reduce the total operational cost of the SWRO system. Through solutions of the optimization problem, the optimal operating pressure and flowrate curve as well as the key performance profiles were obtained under different environmental parameters. This work is of significance to improve the performance and reduce the operational cost of the SWRO system.

Lubricating gas is generally considered as ideal gas in the study of dry gas seal. However, the behavior of real gas is quite different from that of ideal gas under high pressures. In this study, the virial equation was used to express the behavior of gas to obtain a Reynolds equation for gas lubricating, modified by the effect of real gas. The Reynolds equation was solved by perturbation method and finite difference method to obtain the pressure distribution, and the dynamic characteristic parameters of dry gas seal, such as gas film stiffness and gas film damping, were obtained. As to the T-groove dry gas seal, carbon dioxide (CO₂), hydrogen (H₂) and nitrogen (N₂) were taken as examples to analyze the influence of real gas upon the gas film stiffness and gas film damping of T-groove dry gas seal, which were compared with those of ideal gas. The results show that the gas film stiffness and gas film damping of the three real gases and ideal gas increase with the squeeze number. Gas film stiffness of the real gas and ideal gas increase with the increase of frequency number, while the gas film damping decreases. The deviations of the film stiffness and gas film damping of real gas from those of ideal gas increases with the derivation of compressibility number Z from ideal gas (Z=1). For CO₂ (Z<1), its gas film stiffness is larger than that of ideal gas, while the gas film damping is smaller. For H₂ (Z>1), its gas film stiffness is smaller than that of ideal gas, but the gas film damping is larger. For N₂ (Z≈1), both the gas film stiffness and gas film damping are approximately equal to those of ideal gas.

The spiral groove dry gas seal generates a certain amount of heat when running at high speed and pressure, which will lead to the thermo-elastic deformation of the sealing ring. Consequently, unstable operation and leakage increase will appear. The gas film pressure and velocity can be obtained based on the boundary condition of velocity-slip and the energy equation for the gas film is derived in this paper with the boundary condition of temperature-jump. The temperature distribution in the gas film can be solved by using the film pressure, velocity and energy equation with the numerical calculation of the software Matlab. The results show that the gas film velocity decreases first and then increases as the gas flows from the external into the interior and the velocity is smaller near the groove root, while the film temperature increases first and then decreases and the temperature is higher near the groove root. The film temperature distribution has little difference with and without considering the temperature-jump. The effect of the temperature-jump on the gas film temperature could be ignored.

A series of water based environmental-friendly fluxes were prepared with succinic acid and malic acid compounded (w=2.00%) as activator, glycol, isopropanol and ethylene glycol butyl ether compounded (w=3.00%) as co-solvent, polyethylene glycol 6000(w=0.25%) as film-forming reagent, and imidazole (IM), benzimidazole (BIA), benzotriazole (BTA) as corrosion inhibitor respectively. The corrosion inhibition performance of imidazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole on the copper in the flux was investigated with the static weight-loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosion inhibition efficiency increased firstly with the increase of concentration of inhibitor, but decreased over the optimum concentration. With 0.08% benzotriazole as inhibitor, the inhibiting rate was up to 88.78%, metal film resistance R_f was up to1.25×10⁶ Ω·cm² , and the flux showed better corrosion inhibition. The research also indicated that inhibiting rate was up to 94.25% and R_f was up to 2.26×10⁶ Ω·cm², when the content of the compounded inhibitor remained as 0.08% and the mass ratio of BIA and BTA was 1:1 in the flux. These results indicated that there was a good synergistic effect after BIA and BTA compounded as inhibitor. A tight absorbed protective film was formed after the addition of compounded corrosion inhibitors together, which might be the main reason that inhibited and reduced copper corrosion. The data of spreading area of flux also indicated that the suitable amount of compounded corrosion inhibitors was 0.04% BIA and 0.04% BTA.

Three sulfonate sodium-containing Gemini surfactants, 6,6'-(propane-1,3-diylbis(oxy)) bis(3-nonenzenesulfonate sodium) (9B-3-9B), 6, 6'-(butane-1, 4-diylbis(oxy)) bis(3-nonylbenzenesulfonic sodium) (9B-4-9B) and 6, 6'-(pentane-1, 5-diylbis(oxy)) bis(3-nonylbenzenesulfonate sodium) (9B-5-9B), were synthesized through two-step reaction using nonylphenol (NP), 1, 3-dibromopropane, 1, 4-dibromobutane, 1, 5-dibromopentane and chloro sulfonic acid as main starting materials. The influence of reaction temperature and time on the yields of 9B-m-9B was studied. The structures of 9B-m-9B were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis, and their abilities to lower water surface tension were also evaluated by surface tension measurement. The yields were 59.94%, 65.27% and 53.91% for 9B-3-9B, 9B-4-9B and 9B-5-9B, respectively, when the reaction condition was at 0℃ for 6 h. Three synthesized surfactants 9B-m-9B (m=3, 4, 5) showed surface properties superior to conventional monomeric surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were 0.14, 0.11 and 0.12 mmol·L^-1, g_CMC were 29.43, 29.26 and 28.22 mN·m^-1 for 9B-m-9B(m=3, 4, 5), respectively.

To further enhance hydroxylation ability with indole of P450 BM-3, site-directed mutagenesis with V445A was introduced to the mutant D168L/E435T obtained in earlier research, and mutant D168L/E435T/V445A was obtained. Compared with D168L/E435T and V445A, mutant D168L/E435T/V445A exhibited lower affinity with indole, but higher improved turnover rate (k_cat). Correspondingly, catalytic efficiency (k_catK_m^-1) was increased to 1.53 times and 1.47 times respectively. The electronic coupling rate of the mutant was also improved by 24.7%, 39.5% higher than that of D168L/E435T and 64.7% higher than that of V445A, showing better efficiency of electronic utilization of this new mutant enzyme. Mutant D168L/E435T/V445A also displayed improved regioselectivity with indole in indigo synthesis, with the proportion of by-product indirubin 41.7% of that of D168L/E435T and 30.6% of that of V445A.

Zein peptide-maltodextrin (pep-MD) conjugates were prepared by the Maillard reaction. Pep-MD conjugates co-assembled with α-tocopherol (TOC) to create composite nanoparticles by the desolvation method. The effect of fabrication parameters on nanoparticles was investigated. The size and ζ-potential of nanoparticles were affected by concentration of conjugates, ratio of zein peptide and TOC, and pH. Nanoparticles could be controlled between 80—100 nm with negative surface charge (-23 to -32 mV) through adjusting fabrication parameters, as evidenced by dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential. Compared with zein peptide and zein peptide/maltodextrin (pep/MD) mixtures, pep-MD conjugates provided better loading efficiency of TOC and protection against the change of pH.

Circulating fluidized bed combustion experiments of three typical coals (lignite, bituminite and anthracite) were performed in a bench-scale combustor. Mercury migration between flue gas and fly ash in three typical coals was studied. The mercury migration for different coals were similar under different conditions of furnace temperature, wind speed, and coal grain size. With decreasing temperature in the furnace dense-phase zone and increasing empty section wind speed, the conversion of fly cash particles mercury (Hg(p)) increased, and the conversion of flue gas gaseous elemental mercury Hg⁰(g) into Hg²⁺(g) and Hg(p) also increased. As coal feed increased, Flue gas gaseous mercury Hg^T(g) content and elemental mercury content decreased, however fly ash particles mercury Hg(p) levels increased, meanwhile the transformation of Hg⁰(g) was affected. An appropriate coal grain size could promote the conversion of Hg⁰(g) and the migration of flue gas Hg^T(g) to fly ash. Hg^T(g), Hg(p) and Hg⁰(g) contents of lignite, bituminite and anthracite had similar changing trend, but differed widely under different combustion conditions. Meanwhile, the percentages of flue gas elemental mercury Hg⁰(g) in total flue gas mercury Hg^T(g) were also different, and that of anthracite was much higher than those of lignite and bituminite under various combustion conditions.

Sludge was conditioned with Fenton's reagent(Fe²⁺+H₂O₂), CaO and coal, followed by deep dewatering. Seven factors, including four conditioner components, temperatures, flow rate and moisture, were studied by using Plackett-Burman(P-B) experimental scheme method. The results show that six factors had influences on sludge pyrolysis except for H₂O₂. Among them, temperature exerted the most significant effects. High temperature was favorable for combustible gas generation while fast flow rate decreased the gas yield. In addition, CO and H₂ production could be improved by the presence of CaO, coal and moisture. Conditioner CaO and coal promoted the combustible gases generation from sludge, which was more efficient than physical mixture of sludge and CaO or coal. For generation of combustible gas the internal residual moisture in sludge was more effective than free water, which was significantly influenced by temperature. In conclusion, deep dewatered sludge pyrolysis has some advantages for generation of combustible gas.

A newly water-sparged aerocyclone (WSA) reactor was employed for treatment of Cr(Ⅵ)-containing wastewater by direct reduction using sulfur dioxide（SO₂）, and a satisfactory result obtained. The results show that a removal efficiency above 99.9% of Cr(Ⅵ) is achieved after 6 min of cycling treatment by gas of SO₂ concentration 3582 mg·m^-3 for the wastewater containing Cr(Ⅵ) 1134 mg·L^-1. Alkaline of wastewater is beneficial to absorb SO₂, go up SO₂ utility, and enhance the efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction. Initial concentrations of SO₂ and Cr(Ⅵ) have significant influence on the efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) removal, whereas the effect of wastewater jet velocity is less. The efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) removal increase with increasing SO₂ concentration and decrease with increasing initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration. Comparing with the SO₂ reduction process conducted in traditional gas-liquid reactors like packed towers, this reduction process in WSA has some obvious advantages, such as no need for adjusting pH of wastewater to 2—3 before SO₂ reduction, easy operation and no Cr(OH)₃ deposition in reactor. So, this investigation could be a basis for developing new reduction process using SO₂ for treating Cr(Ⅵ)-containing wastewater.

Natural gas hydrate (NGH), a high quality, clean and efficient new energy, has received worldwide attention. Among the NGH dissociation methods, depressurization has been considered as an effective way. However, the result of depressurization dissociation is different for NGH with different saturations. A home-made one-dimensional experimental system is used for studying formation and dissociation behavior of NGH. At simulation marine geological conditions, NGH with different saturations is formed in the simulated porous media. Then they are dissociated by depressurizing slowly. Dissociation performance and saturation influence of NGH are analyzed. The results show that: the NGH dissociation by depressurization can be divided into three stages: free gas production in the early stage, gas release from hydrate dissociation in the second stage and surplus free gas release in the third stage. In the second stage, with NGH saturation increasing from 16% to 48%, the average rate of gas production increases first and then decreases. It shows that the effect of NGH saturation on gas production rate by NGH dissociation is of non-linear relation. Higher NGH saturation results in a large range of temperature decrease. Within the range of our experimental conditions, the dissociation rate of NGH with medium saturation (32%) is relatively larger, so depressurization is a appropriate method for NGH reservoirs with medium saturation.

A comparison study for extraction of rare earths from waste Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) phosphors was carried out before and after dilute acid pretreatment process. The results show that the optimum conditions for the pretreatment process are as follows: hydrochloric acid concentration 0.8 mol·L^-1, reaction temperature 65℃, and leaching time 2 h. Compared with the untreated sample, extraction rate of rare earths for pretreated sample increases from 21.18% to 60.17%, whereas for impurities the rate decreases from 45.21% to 10.43%. The rare earth products obtained after precipitation and sintering are mainly Y₂O₃ and Eu₂O₃, total content of rare earth oxides 98.20% among them Y₂O₃ 90.25%, which are of cubic crystal, and close integration of lamella crystals to form a compact structure. The dilute acid pretreatment process can not only improve the efficiency of rare earth extraction and achieve sustainable and efficient utilization of rare earth resources, but also reduce the consumption of reagent and provide research foundation and technical support for comprehensive utilization of waste electronic products.

To ensure the water quality in long distance pipeline transportation, the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) on water quality and recovery process after aeration oxygenation were studied in a pipeline reactor that could simulate this long distance pipeline transportation. The results showed that the decrease of DO could reduce the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), and the lower DO concentration was the more unfavorable removal of NH₄⁺-N, the slower recovery after aeration oxygenation was. The removal rate of NH₄⁺-N declined from 90% to 21% and 85% after reactor run 95 h at DO=0.5 mg·L^-1 and 1.5 mg·L^-1, and the recovery after aeration oxygenation took 54 h and 3 h respectively. The accumulation of nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N) increased significantly as DO reduced, and the lower DO concentration was the more favorable accumulation of NO₂^--N, the slower recovery after aeration oxygenation was. At DO=0.5 mg·L^-1 nitrite nitrogen increased from 0.02 mg·L^-1 to 0.354 mg·L^-1 after reactor run 95 h, and the recovery after aeration oxygenation took 54 h. While the maximum value of nitrite nitrogen was 0.112 mg·L^-1 after reactor run 32 h at DO=1.5 mg·L^-1, and the recovery after aeration oxygenation took only 4 h. The decrease of DO concentration could lead to rise of UV₂₅₄. UV₂₅₄ increased by 70.8% and 20.8% after reactor run 2 h at DO=0.5 mg·L^-1 and 1.5 mg·L^-1, respectively, and both recovery took 32 h, and then it was relatively stable after aeration oxygenation. Therefore, DO is of important impact on water quality in long distance pipeline transportation, and could used for the regulation of water quality.

Chlorothalnial and chlorpyrifos are widely used in China, so they are likely to be present in source water, but the traditional drinking water treatment process cannot removal them well. In view of the polluted water sources, there has been a number of new drinking water treatment technologies, and among them bioactive rapid filter (BARF) has the vast application prospect in China. There are few reports about chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos removal from drinking water by BARF, so the effect and mechanism of chlorothalnial and chlorpyrifos removal by BARF were studied in this paper with a pilot test device of BARF, and raw water was simulated effluent of settling tank of traditional drinking water treatment process, empty bed contact time (EBCT) is a key design parameter for BARF. The experiments for the influence of EBCT were conducted in the temperature range of 24℃ to 27℃, and the results showed that BARF could remove chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos significantly when EBCT was in the range of 7.5 min to 30 min. Chlorothalonil removal rate ranged from 66.7% to 86.2%, chlorpyrifos removal rate ranged from 69.6% to 93.0%. Increasing EBCT tended to increase removal rates of the two substances, but the increase was not obvious beyond 15min. Water temperature may have seasonal change, so chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos removal by BARF was investigated in three temperature ranges (15—20℃, 10—15℃, <5℃) when EBCT was 15 min. Removal rates of chlorothalonil were 84.2%, 79.3%, 59.8%, and removal rates of chlorpyrifos were 92.7%, 91.4%, 80.3% respectively. It was shown that a low temperature seemed to be unfavorable for the removal of the two substances and water temperature affect chlorothalonil removal more intensely. In general, BARF could remove chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos effectively. For test water quality, when temperature of raw water was above 15℃ and EBCT was 15 min, the concentrations of chlorothalnial and chlorpyrifos of effluent could meet the current water quality standard for drinking water of China. Adsorption tests showed that activated carbon used in this study could adsorb chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos well, contributing to high removal rates of the two substances at the start of BARF pilot test. When biofilm was stabilized, biological function played a greater role in chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos removal.

Integrated anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process with biological aerated filter, AAO-BAF system was used to treat domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio of about 4. By adjusting influent flow rate of the AAO reactor and aeration rate of BAF, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and aeration rate on the performance of the AAO-BAF system was investigated. The results showed that air/liquid ratio and hydraulic load rate (HLR) of BAF had great influence on NH₄⁺ removal. At air/liquid ratio 3:1, NH₄⁺ removal rate decreased to 72%. Further, when HRT = 4 h and HLR of BAF was 3 m³·m^-2·h^-1, NH₄⁺ could not be removed completely even with a high air/liquid ratio of 8:1. This work confirmed that there was an obvious relationship between PO₄^3- and NH₄⁺ removal efficiencies in the AAO-BAF system. The NH₄⁺ removal should reach 98% for over 90% of the PO₄^3- removal. When HRT of the AAO reactor was greater than 6 h, and air/liquid ratio of BAF was greater than 4:1, the average removal efficiencies of COD, NH₄⁺, TN and PO₄^3- could reach 87%, 99%, 80% and 95% respectively.

Comparing with coagulation membrane filtration(C-MF) process, the circulating flocculation membrane filtration (CF-MF) process is a combination of circulating contact flocculation with membrane filtration. The differences of membrane fouling development in the two processes were investigated in this study. SUVA was used as an evaluation index of hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties for organic matters to assess the effect of process variation on SUVA as well as to find relation between SUVA and index of comprehensive membrane fouling. The results indicated that there exists a good liner relationship between SUVA in membrane filtration and membrane fouling. The higher SUVA was, the more serious membrane fouling was. In the optimal operation conditions, SUVA in membrane filtration effluent and coagulation process supernatant were 1.74 L·mg^-1·m^-1 and 1.18 L·mg^-1·m^-1 for CF-MF process, the removal of organic matters increased by 17% and 29%, comparing with C-MF process, indicating that the removal of hydrophobic organic matters and the control of fouling formation on membrane from them was better for CF-MF than C-MF. Comparing with C-MF process, the CF-MF is more effective for removing organic matters. With coagulant dosing of 6 mg·L^-1 and reflux floc concentration of 10 mg·L^-1, the removal rate of UV₂₅₄ and DOC were 58.75% and 49.7% respectively.

The sorption properties for U(Ⅵ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions, alone or mixed, onto raw sunflower straw were systematically evaluated in a series of batch experiments by varying solution pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time and initial ion concentration. The kinetic data were examined with pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the equilibrium data obtained were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm equations. It was shown that the positive and negative enthalpy change suggested the endothermic and exothermic nature of U(Ⅵ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions sorption, respectively. The kinetic data followed pseudo-second-order equation, indicating that the chemical process (adsorption) was rate-limiting step. The equilibrium adsorption data of alone U(Ⅵ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions could be well described with Langmuir-Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. While for mixed U(Ⅵ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions Langmuir-Freundlich equation was better for U(Ⅵ) ion at Cu(Ⅱ) concentration more than 60 mg·L^-1, but Langmuir model was best for Cu(Ⅱ) ion at U(Ⅵ) concentration more than 200 mg·L^-1. Obviously, sunflower straw is of an excellent adsorption selectivity toward U(Ⅵ) over Cu(Ⅱ) in terms of distribution coefficient and separation factor, which was likely related to itself properties of metal ion. Furthermore, these results obtained by FT-IR, SEM and EDX revealed that the adsorption mechanism of U(Ⅵ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions onto sunflower straw is likely to ion exchange and complexation.

A new emerging hormone pollutants in aquatic environment, phthalic acid monoesters can lead to potential human health and ecological risks. In the present study, the adsorption performance of NXD-2（a hydrophilic bifunctional polymeric resin with tertiary amine groups）for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) was studied by means of isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics and dynamic column adsorption-desorption experiments. An analysis for sorption isotherms and thermodynamics showed that the adsorption of NXD-2 for MBP relied mainly on contribution of hydrogen bonding. The equilibrium adsorption capacities and adsorption rates increased with the increasing temperature in the range of 288—313 K. The results of continuous column adsorption demonstrated that at the condition of inflow with high concentration of MBP 300 mg·L^-1，the removal efficiency of NXD-2 could make the MBP content in effluent lower the detection limit (10 mg·L^-1) for first 100BV of effluent. Furthermore, NXD-2 was of good desorption performance, adsorbed MBP could be completely desorbed when adsorption volume reached 20BV. These results showed that NXD-2 could be an effective sorbent for the removal of phthalic acid monoesters in aqueous solution.

Soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were sampled from a typical coking plant in southeast Beijing, China, and tested by thermal desorption under the controlled condition of 50—450℃ heating temperature and 30 min constant residual time using an indirect rotary heating laboratory equipment. After each thermal desorption program, decontamination level, residual contamination of 16 EPA priority PAHs and changes in soil characteristics, i.e. total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), surface area (SA) and soil particle size distribution, were investigated for low PAHs concentration soil (S1) and high PAHs concentration soil (S2), respectively. The results showed that with increasing heating temperature, the decontamination level of LPAHs (low molecular weight PAHs, sum of Nap to Pyr), HPAHs (high molecular weight PAHs, sum of BaA to BgP) and total PAHs increased significantly (p<0.01), which was governed successively by heating temperature, PAHs molecular weight and contaminant concentration due to the F values based on a multivariate analysis. The decontamination level began to increase significantly around the melting point and for the isothermal desorption the significant difference of decontamination level between LPAHs and HPAHs existed only below 300℃ for S1 and 400℃ for S2. It was revealed that the thermal desorption process were evidently associated with the form of PAHs in soils and the bioavailable PAHs were almost removed at 200—300℃. The decontamination level reached 91.3% and 98.4% at 450℃ heating temperature where the eight target residual PAHs concentration ranged from 0.07 mg·kg^-1 to 0.71 mg·kg^-1 for S1 and from 0.26 mg·kg^-1 to 40.20 mg·kg^-1 for S2, whereas several PAHs species still exceeded the corresponding screening levels for soil environmental risk assessment of residential land in Beijing. After thermal desorption at 450℃, it was also found that TOC decreased by 51.4% (p<0.05) for S1 and by 23.1% (p<0.05) for S2, simultaneously with an inverse change trend in DOC between S1 and S2. Moreover, surface areas of S1 and S2 after heating were smaller than that before heating, which coincided with the slight increase in soil particle size and agglomeration existing at an electron scanning program.

The purpose of this paper is to develop maleate improvers and additive，based on the mechanisms improving cold flow property of diesel fuel and the characteristics of biodiesel. The terpolymer AAS was prepared by copolymerizing maleic anhydride (MA), acrylamide (AM) and styrene and the preparation conditions were optimized using orthogonal experiments. CF was prepared with cyclohexanol and fatty acids. The products obtained were identified by IR, and its cold flow property evaluated. The best preparation conditions: n(MA):n(AM):n(S)=2:1.5:0.75, initiator BPO 1.5% (based on total mass of monomers, mass), copolymerization temperature 75℃, copolymerization time 5 h, catalyst dosage 1.0%( base on total mass of alcohol, mass), n(MA):n(alcohol)= 7:12, alcoholysis time 3 h. When AAS dosage was 0.3% (base on based oil, mass), the CFPP drop of biodiesel from soybean oil was 4℃. When AAS mixed with CF in mass ratio of 1:1, the CFPP of biodiesel from soybean oil and biodiesel from rapeseed oil could be reduced by 6℃ and 5℃ respectively.

A heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic system, consisted of 3A-Fe zeolite catalyst that was prepared in the laboratory and characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD, and H₂O₂ was used for degradation of nitrobenzene-containing wastewater. The effects of pH, H₂O₂ and nitrobenzene concentration, and catalyst dose on degradation of nitrobenzene were studied. An attempt to reveal the degradation mechanism was also done. The results showed that nitrobenzene had been significantly degraded in this Fenton-like system provided that pH value of wastewater was in the range of 2 to 10. No dissolved Fe(Ⅱ/Ⅲ) was detected for the Fenton-like system, indicating that nitrobenzene was directly degraded on surface of 3A-Fe zeolite catalyst rather than by the aqueous Fenton system. The 3A-Fe zeolite catalyst exhibited good stability in repeat use and the degradation rate of nitrobenzene could reach 94.1%, and the removal rate of COD_Cr and TOC, under the optimal conditions, were 78.6% and 60.5% respectively.

The extrusion molding method was used to prepare WPP/WPCBN composites from waste polypropylene (WPP) and non-metallic powder recycled from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBN). The effects of the composites on flame retardant and mechanical properties were investigated. The mechanism of improvement of WPP/WPCBN interface compatibility and mechanical properties by KH550 and MAPP were investigated using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to analyze the structure of WPCBN before and after modification and impact fracture morphology. The composites were self-extinguishing when the content of WPCBN was greater than 10 phr. The interface bonding strength between WPP and WPCBN was improved after modification by 1.5 phr KH550, and tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength increased by 6.5%, 6.25%, and 17.9% respectively. When mass ratio of WPP to WPCBN, and to MAPP was 100/30/9, the maximum increments of tensile and flexural strengths were 37.5% and 48.8%, respectively. Compared with new polypropylene (NPP)/WPCBN composites, tensile and flexural strengths of WPP/WPCBN were only less by 16.8% and 20.4%.

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with different molecular weights of soft segment and different contents of hard segment were synthesized by using polyethylene glycol adipate diol (PBA), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the main raw materials. The crystallization behavior of WPU films under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions were characterized by DSC, and their crystallization kinetics were investigated by Avrami equation and Mo Zhishen equation, respectively. The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics results showed that the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics parameters F(T) increased with the increase of relative crystallinity, which suggested that enhancement of activation temperature could improve the crystallization rate and initial bonding strength of WPU adhesive. The isothermal crystallization kinetics results indicated that a correspondence could be found between isothermal crystallization kinetics parameters t_1/2 of WPU films and the open time of WPU adhesive. The larger the t_1/2 of WPU films was, the longer the open time of WPU adhesive would have.

A liquid vinyl silicone resin was prepared. Its structure was confirmed by FT-IR, GPC, ¹H NMR, ²⁹Si NMR. The curing kinetics of vinyl silicone resin/ phenyl hydrogen silicone oil system was studied by isothermal DSC. The activation energy of this system was obtained by the Kissinger method and advanced iso-conversional method proposed by Vyazovkin. The non-isothermal reaction kinetics was investigated based on the model-fitting Málek method. The curing parameters were obtained by the T-b extrapolation method. The results showed that the apparent activation energies of the curing reaction were 85.3 kJ·mol^-1 and 84.0 kJ·mol^-1 calculated by Kissinger method and Vyazovkin method, respectively. The Šesták-Berggren(m,n) model was found to be appropriate to describe the curing kinetics of the studied silicone resin system and the theoretically calculated curve agreed well with the experimental data. The characteristic temperatures of the resin system were approximate gelling temperature of 89.1℃, curing temperature of 127.8℃, and post-processing temperature of 157.6℃.

The textile fabric possessing superhydrophobic surface can exhibit excellent self-cleaning performance. In this work, PET nonwoven fabric was used as substrate and a route to fabricating superhydrophobic coating possessing hierarchical micro/nano structures with a sol-gel method on the pretreated PET fabric surface was explored. The microstructure and wettability of the modified PET fabric surfaces were characterized with SEM and water contact angle measurement. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of the modified PET fabric against E. coli and S. aureus were evaluated and analyzed via the bacterial transfer method and the inhibition zone test, respectively. The results indicated that the hierarchical micro/nano structures could be successfully constructed on the PET fabric surface by the in-situ formation of SiO₂ nanoparticles on the alkali-treated PET fabric surface, which was conducted via the modified Stöber sol-gel process, and the subsequent surface modification with n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) bearing long hydrophobic chain followed by appropriate heat treatment. The as-prepared PET fabric surface could exhibit superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 163°. Besides, the prepared superhydrophobic PET fabric could suppress bacterial growth and reproduction on its surface, thus showing obvious antibacterial activity.

TiO₂ nanotube prepared via the hydrothermal method was modified with KH-570 and then the modified TiO₂ nanotube was used as an emulsifier to fabricate PS/TiO₂ nanotube composite microspheres via Pickering emulsion polymerization. The TiO₂ nanotubes and composite microspheres were characterized by IR, optical microscope, HRTEM, FESEM and XPS. The surface wettability of TiO₂ was measured with contact angle meter. When the value of m_KH-570/m_TiO2 was 0.15, the modified TiO₂ nanotube possessed the best surface wettability and it could satisfactorily stabilize the St-in-water Pickering emulsion polymerization. And then the composite microspheres with PS nucleus and dense, homogeneous TiO₂ nanotubes shells could be obtained via Pickering emulsion polymerization.

The research aimed to produce diatomite supported nano-Cu(OH)₂ wettable powder from aqueous solution with the anolyte from cupriferous etching wastewater as raw material after membrane electrolysis. The influences of such factors as NaOH addition amount, diatomite addition amount and type of stabilizer on the preparation of nano-Cu(OH)₂ were also discussed. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were as follows: waste etching liquor 10 ml, NaOH (2 mol·L^-1) 45 ml, diatomite (44 mm) 1.6 g, stabilizer (5% tributyl phosphate solution) 100 ml. The powder prepared under optimum conditions was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Under those conditions, the OH^-/Cu²⁺molar ratio of the final product was 1.872, the content of copper hydroxide was about 66.03%, and the size of particle was about 45 nm, which met the performance requirement for the nano- Cu(OH)₂ product. The experiment proved that the preparation technology was feasible and easy to operate, and could be an effective way for recycling waste etching liquor.

Emergency relief systems for reducing risk of runaway reactions are being used as one of the most cost-effective technical measures. Therefore, in order to design the pressure relief system sizing, research on a 38.6% methanol-acetic anhydride was carried out based on the bench-scale Phi-TEC Ⅱ calorimeter apparatus. Parameters of thermal behavior were measured with thermal inertia 1.1. Results show that self-heating decomposition temperature tends to be around 37℃, with its corrective heat of the reaction being 205.2 kJ·kg^-1. The fitting equation obtained from experimental data is basically in accord with Antoine equation. The reactive system can be identified as a vapor system. The mass flow capacity and the average two-dimensional flowing capacity per cross-section unit area of the vent-line were determined by Leung's method and ERM. Thus, the required relief area was determined to be 1.36×10^-3 m². Thus, it is proved that the Phi-TEC Ⅱ calorimeter can be used to supply the basic runaway chemical reaction data and in turn provide technical supports for the emergency relief system, which is helpful to improve the reliability of the safety relief design.

The experiments were performed on safety discharge of gas explosions in a vessel with a vent duct. Pressure variations and the flame development in the duct during the ducted vented explosion process were studied. The influence of initial pressure on the venting process was analyzed. Comparative study of confined explosions, simply vented explosions and ducted vented explosions were conducted. It is shown that peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise increase with the initial pressure for isolated closed explosion. For simply vented explosion, with the increase of initial pressure, the peak pressure increases first, then reduces, and finally increases. For ducted vented explosion process, higher initial pressure results in higher peak pressure, higher rate of pressure rise, higher positive pressure difference, and higher flame speed in duct entrance, and explosion intensity in the vessel is more sensitive to the change of initial pressure. Compared to closed explosion and simply vented explosion, with the increase of initial pressure, the difference between peak pressure for ducted vented explosion process and that for simply vented explosion is getting larger, while the difference between the peak pressure for ducted vented explosion process and that for closed explosion is getting smaller, with the rate of pressure rise obviously higher than that for closed explosion.