层次孔碳材料：结构设计、功能改性及新能源器件应用

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200226

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发展电化学能源存储与转换技术是我国的长期重大需求。作为电化学能源器件中的关键材料，多孔碳材料已成为当前能源材料与化工领域的研究热点。层次孔碳材料是一类新型的多孔碳材料，同时兼具不同尺寸与功能的微孔、中孔或大孔。研究者通过对层次孔碳材料可控设计，已制得一系列孔结构、孔骨架及表面化学性质和微/纳拓扑形貌各异的新型层次孔碳及其复合材料，极大地提升了其能源存储和转化性能。本综述总结了近年来有关层次孔碳材料的结构设计、可控制备及其在电化学能源器件应用领域等方面的研究进展，并对其未来发展提出了建议与展望。

关键词: 层次孔, 碳材料, 储能, 电催化, 纳米结构, 多尺度, 复合材料

Abstract:

The development of electrochemical energy storage and conversion technology is a long-term significant demand in China. As a key material in electrochemical energy devices, porous carbon materials have become a hot research topic in the field of energy materials and chemical engineering. Hierarchical porous carbon materials are regarded as a new class of porous carbon materials, which contain micro-, and meso-/macropores with different sizes and functions. Researchers have controllably designed and synthesized a series of novel hierarchical porous carbon materials and their composites, which possess various pore structures, pore skeletons, surface chemical properties and micro/nano-topologies. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of these emerging materials in energy storage and conversion applications has been significantly enhanced. This review summarizes the recent progress on structure design and controllable synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon materials, as well as their applications in the electrochemical energy devices. Furthermore, suggestions and prospects for their future development are presented.

Key words: hierarchical pore, carbon material, energy storage, electrocatalysis, nanostructure, multiscale, composites

中图分类号:

TQ 127.1

林羲栋, 唐友臣, 苏权飞, 刘绍鸿, 吴丁财. 层次孔碳材料：结构设计、功能改性及新能源器件应用[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(6): 2586-2598.

Xidong LIN, Youchen TANG, Quanfei SU, Shaohong LIU, Dingcai WU. Hierarchical porous carbon materials: structure design, functional modification and new energy devices applications[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(6): 2586-2598.

图/表 10

图1 IUPAC基于孔尺寸对孔的分类和层次孔的离子传输路径示意图

Fig.1 IUPAC classifications of pores based on pore width and schematic illustration of an ion diffusion pattern in a typical hierarchical pore

图2 多孔碳球的制备过程以及基于多孔碳球的层次孔氧正极的示意图[25]

Fig.2 Schematic illustration of synthesis process of porous carbon spheres (PCSs) and hierarchical porous oxygen cathode made of PCSs[25]

图3 利用全有机毛发状纳米颗粒作为构筑单元，通过模板法合成富氮纳米多孔碳[37]

Fig.3 Templated synthesis of nitrogen-enriched nanoporous carbons using all-organic hairy nanoparticles as building blocks[37]

图4 以蚕茧制备层次孔碳微米纤维的示意图[41]

Fig.4 Schematic illustration of the approach to fabricate hierarchical porous carbon microfibers from silk cocoon[41]

图5 新型粉末状碳气凝胶的制备示意图[53]

Fig.5 Schematic illustration of fabrication of novel powdery carbon aerogels[53]

图6 氮掺杂多腔体碳微球的制备示意图(a)及其氮气吸脱附等温线(b)和在不同电流密度下的比电容(c) [65]

Fig.6 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of multichamber carbon (MCC) (a); N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of MCC-N and MCC-xH (b); Specific capacitances at different current densities for MCC-xH and MCC-N (c) [65]

图7 氮/硫共掺杂碳微球的制备示意图[66]

Fig.7 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of N/S codoped carbon microspheres[66]

图8 钴/氮共掺杂碳基双壳层中空纳米笼的制备示意图(a)及其双效氧还原/氧析出催化性能(b)[69]

Fig.8 Schematic illustration of the synthesis process (a), ORR and OER catalytic performance of NC@Co-NGC DSNCs (b) [69]

图9 SA-Fe-HPC的电镜照片[(a),(b)]及其在0.1 mol·L-1 KOH(c)和0.1 mol·L-1 H2SO4(d)中的线性扫描伏安曲线[71]

Fig.9 Electron microscopy images of SA-Fe-HPC[(a),(b)]; the linear sweep voltammetry curves of SA-Fe-HPC in 0.1 mol·L-1 KOH (c)and 0.1 mol·L-1 H2SO4 (d) [71]

图10 基于具有特殊双螺旋结构的卡拉胶制备金属硫化物/碳气凝胶的示意图[76]

Fig.10 Schematic illustration of fabrication of MxSy/CAs from a carrageenan with a special double-helix structure[76]

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