无霜空气源热泵技术研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200268

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在传统空气源热泵（ASHP）机组上耦合空气除湿设备，实现其无霜连续高效稳定运行，有利于ASHP在低温高湿度地区清洁供暖中的推广应用。在对三类结霜过程进行分析的基础上，总结了各种无霜ASHP技术原理，并将其分为三大类：固体除湿型无霜技术、液体除湿型无霜技术和其他无霜技术。重点概括了固体和液体除湿型无霜ASHP技术的研究现状。指出了各种无霜技术存在的问题及局限性并给出了推荐研究和不同环境条件下的发展优先级，提出今后应主导做好影响无霜热泵系统投资成本和运行性能相关的各方面研究，进而开发性能良好且地域限制较小的多功能无霜ASHP技术。

关键词: 热泵, 无霜, 除湿, 再生, 热源塔, 传热传质

Abstract:

Coupling the air dehumidification equipment on the traditional air source heat pump (ASHP) unit to achieve its frost-free continuous high-efficiency and stable operation is conducive to the popularization and application of ASHP in clean heating in low temperature and high humidity areas. Hence, based on the analyses of three types of frosting processes, the principles of various frost-free ASHP technologies were summarized and divided into three categories in the present paper as follows: frost-free ASHP technology with integrated solid desiccant dehumidification, frost-free ASHP technology coupling with liquid desiccant dehumidification, other frost-free ASHP technologies. Then the research status of the first two frost-free ASHP technologies was reviewed, respectively. Finally, the problems and limitations of these frost-free technologies were pointed out, and the research recommendations of various methods and their development priorities under different environmental conditions were given, respectively. Meanwhile, it was suggested that all aspects of researches affecting the investment cost and operation performance of frost free heat pump system should be mainly carried out, and thereby develop the multi-functional frost free ASHP technology with high performance and small regional restrictions in the future.

Key words: heat pump, frost-free, dehumidification, regeneration, heat-source tower, heat and mass transfer

中图分类号:

TU 831.6

张毅,张冠敏,冷学礼,屈晓航,田茂诚. 无霜空气源热泵技术研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(12): 5400-5419.

ZHANG Yi,ZHANG Guanmin,LENG Xueli,QU Xiaohang,TIAN Maocheng. Research progress on frost-free air source heat pump technology[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(12): 5400-5419.

图/表 16

图1 水的三相图（a）[6,34-35]和空气源热泵结霜图（b）[5]

Fig.1 Phase diagram of water (a)[6,34-35] and frosting map of ASHP (b)[5]

图2 无霜空气源热泵技术分类

Fig.2 Classification of various frost-free ASHP technologies

图3 吸附床预除湿型无霜技术示意图[47]

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of a frost-free technology with adsorption bed pre-dehumidification[47]

图4 内冷型预除湿无霜空气源热泵热水器示意图[38]

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of a frost-free ASHP water heater system with internal cooling pre-dehumidification[38]

图5 蓄热除湿耦合型无霜空气源热泵热水器示意图[49-50]

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of a novel frost-free ASHP water heater system coupling with thermal storage and dehumidification[49-50]

图6 蓄热除湿型无霜空气源热泵系统主要部件损失率[55]

Fig.6 Exergy loss rates of main components of a frost-free ASHP system coupling with thermal storage and dehumidification[55]

图7 液体除湿与再生循环耦合型热泵系统示意图[57-58]

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of a heat pump cycle system coupling with liquid dehumidification and regeneration cycle[57-58]

图8 混合式无霜空气源热泵系统原理示意图[59]

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of a hybrid frost-free ASHP system[59]

图9 空气预除湿与余热回收再生耦合型无霜空气源热泵系统[18]

Fig.9 A frost-free ASHP system coupling with air pre-dehumidification and waste heat recovery regeneration[18]

图10 新型空气预处理无霜空气源热泵系统[61-63]

Fig.10 A new frost-free air source heat pump system with air pretreatment[61-63]

表1 三种热源塔热泵系统的优缺点

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of three heat-source tower heat pump systems

系统	开式系统	闭式系统	改进系统
优点	气液直接接触换热效率高；结构简单、造价低	多数液体走管内，液体不会漂失；喷淋液冰点稳定	气液直接接触换热效率高；管内液体不会漂失；冬季冰点稳定
缺点	液体漂失严重；冬季溶液冰点不稳定；再生装置体积大	气液间接换热效率低；喷淋液存在少量漂失问题	针对三种不同的复合式或改进型系统缺点不一致，详见文献^[66]

图11 开式热源塔热泵系统示意图

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of an open-type heat-source tower heat pump system

图12 冷却塔（开式热源塔）与热泵耦合余热回收系统[79]

Fig.12 A waste heat recovery system coupling with cooling tower (open-type heat-source tower) and heat pump unit[79]

表2 开式热源塔内气液传热传质系数关联式

Table 2 Correlations of heat and mass transfer coefficients between gas and liquid in open-type heat-source tower

文献	传热传质关联式	注释
Wen 等^[85]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 6.29 \times 10^{- 2} \times G_{a}^{0.6177} G_{s}^{0.5605} T_{a}^{0.0106} T_{s}^{0.0034} \\ h_{d} = \frac{h_{c}}{c_{p}} \times L e^{- \frac{2}{3}} \\ L e = 0 . 866^{2 / 3} (\frac{d_{w} + 0.622}{d_{a} + 0.622} - 1) {(l n \frac{d_{w} + 0.622}{d_{a} + 0.622})}^{- 1} \end{array}$	200 m³/h≤G_a≤650 m³/h,2 kg/min≤G_s≤6.5 kg/min,7℃≤T_a≤17℃,-2.5℃≤T_s≤11℃
刘成兴等^[86]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{d} = 1.1 {(\frac{G_{s}}{A})}^{0.65} {(\frac{G_{a}}{A})}^{0.55} \\ h_{c} = h_{d} \times c_{p} \times L e \\ L e = 1.06 \end{array}$	G_s=0.6 kg/s, G_a=2.4 kg/s
Cui等^[87]	$\begin{array}{l} N u = 2 + 0.6 R e^{0.5} P r^{0.33} \\ S h = 2 + 0.6 R e^{0.5} S c^{0.33} \end{array}$
Huang等^[88,89]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 4.7600 \times G_{s}^{0.4289} G_{a}^{0.8678}, ????? R^{2} = 0.955 \\ h_{d} = 4.8264 \times G_{s}^{0.4298} G_{a}^{0.8646}, ????? R^{2} = 0.954 \\ 0.91 \leq L e \leq 1.12 \end{array}$	2.32 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.30 kg/(m²·s)， 1.43 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.31 kg/(m²·s)
Huang等^[90]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 4.5160 \times G_{s}^{0.74215} G_{a}^{0.58712}, ????? R^{2} = 0.955 \\ h_{d} = 4.4328 \times G_{s}^{0.73793} G_{a}^{0.61805}, ????? R^{2} = 0.954 \\ 0.91 \leq L e \leq 1.12 \end{array}$	2.42 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.44 kg/(m²·s),1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.27 kg/(m²·s)
Lu等^[91]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c}^{i} = \frac{0.0488}{D} + \frac{3.676}{{(L \times B \times D)}^{0.5}} {(\frac{G_{d a} + G_{d a} d_{s}^{i}}{1.2} + \frac{G_{s}^{i}}{1130})}^{0.5} \\ h_{m}^{i} = 2.754 \times 10^{- 6} h_{c}^{i} (T_{a}^{i} + 273.15) \\ d_{s}^{i} = \frac{0.622 \times 10^{10.055 - 1668.374 / (T_{s}^{i} + 228.043)}}{101325 - 10^{10.055 - 1668.374 / (T_{s}^{i} + 228.043)}} \end{array}$	L=5000 mm,B=3300 mm,D=30 mm
Huang等^[92]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = λ_{a} (2.0 + 0.6 R e^{1 / 2} P r^{1 / 3}) / D \\ h_{d} = \frac{h_{c}}{ρ_{a} c_{p}} L e^{- \frac{2}{3}} \\ L e = S c / P r \\ R e = {[\frac{G_{s}^{2}}{ρ_{s}^{2} {(L \times B)}^{2}} + \frac{{(G_{d a} + G_{d a} d_{s})}^{2}}{ρ_{a}^{2} {(L \times H)}^{2}}]}^{1 / 2} \frac{D}{v} \end{array}$	D=20 mm,L=1960 mm, B=1200 mm,H=580 mm, 0.6≤Pr≤100， 0.6≤Sc≤2500
Su等^[27]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 1.2971 \times G_{s}^{- 0.5122} G_{a}^{2.3414} \\ h_{d} = 2.2596 \times χ_{s}^{- 0.5818} G_{s}^{- 0.31952} G_{a}^{1.1016} \\ 0.82 \leq L e \leq 1.24 \end{array}$	1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.22 kg/(m²·s)， 1.89 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤4.40 kg/(m²·s)， 23.6%≤χ≤35%
Liu等^[16]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{d} = 0.97 R e^{0.6} S c^{1.5} E r^{0.43} a_{t} D_{G} \\ h_{c} = h_{d} \times c_{p} \times L e^{- \frac{2}{3}} \\ L e = 0 . 866^{- \frac{2}{3}} {(\frac{0.622 + d_{s}}{0.622 + d_{a}} - 1)}^{- 1} l n (\frac{0.622 + d_{s}}{0.622 + d_{a}}) \end{array}$

表2 开式热源塔内气液传热传质系数关联式

Table 2 Correlations of heat and mass transfer coefficients between gas and liquid in open-type heat-source tower

文献	传热传质关联式	注释
Wen 等^[85]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 6.29 \times 10^{- 2} \times G_{a}^{0.6177} G_{s}^{0.5605} T_{a}^{0.0106} T_{s}^{0.0034} \\ h_{d} = \frac{h_{c}}{c_{p}} \times L e^{- \frac{2}{3}} \\ L e = 0 . 866^{2 / 3} (\frac{d_{w} + 0.622}{d_{a} + 0.622} - 1) {(l n \frac{d_{w} + 0.622}{d_{a} + 0.622})}^{- 1} \end{array}$	200 m³/h≤G_a≤650 m³/h,2 kg/min≤G_s≤6.5 kg/min,7℃≤T_a≤17℃,-2.5℃≤T_s≤11℃
刘成兴等^[86]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{d} = 1.1 {(\frac{G_{s}}{A})}^{0.65} {(\frac{G_{a}}{A})}^{0.55} \\ h_{c} = h_{d} \times c_{p} \times L e \\ L e = 1.06 \end{array}$	G_s=0.6 kg/s, G_a=2.4 kg/s
Cui等^[87]	$\begin{array}{l} N u = 2 + 0.6 R e^{0.5} P r^{0.33} \\ S h = 2 + 0.6 R e^{0.5} S c^{0.33} \end{array}$
Huang等^[88,89]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 4.7600 \times G_{s}^{0.4289} G_{a}^{0.8678}, ????? R^{2} = 0.955 \\ h_{d} = 4.8264 \times G_{s}^{0.4298} G_{a}^{0.8646}, ????? R^{2} = 0.954 \\ 0.91 \leq L e \leq 1.12 \end{array}$	2.32 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.30 kg/(m²·s)， 1.43 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.31 kg/(m²·s)
Huang等^[90]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 4.5160 \times G_{s}^{0.74215} G_{a}^{0.58712}, ????? R^{2} = 0.955 \\ h_{d} = 4.4328 \times G_{s}^{0.73793} G_{a}^{0.61805}, ????? R^{2} = 0.954 \\ 0.91 \leq L e \leq 1.12 \end{array}$	2.42 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.44 kg/(m²·s),1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.27 kg/(m²·s)
Lu等^[91]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c}^{i} = \frac{0.0488}{D} + \frac{3.676}{{(L \times B \times D)}^{0.5}} {(\frac{G_{d a} + G_{d a} d_{s}^{i}}{1.2} + \frac{G_{s}^{i}}{1130})}^{0.5} \\ h_{m}^{i} = 2.754 \times 10^{- 6} h_{c}^{i} (T_{a}^{i} + 273.15) \\ d_{s}^{i} = \frac{0.622 \times 10^{10.055 - 1668.374 / (T_{s}^{i} + 228.043)}}{101325 - 10^{10.055 - 1668.374 / (T_{s}^{i} + 228.043)}} \end{array}$	L=5000 mm,B=3300 mm,D=30 mm
Huang等^[92]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = λ_{a} (2.0 + 0.6 R e^{1 / 2} P r^{1 / 3}) / D \\ h_{d} = \frac{h_{c}}{ρ_{a} c_{p}} L e^{- \frac{2}{3}} \\ L e = S c / P r \\ R e = {[\frac{G_{s}^{2}}{ρ_{s}^{2} {(L \times B)}^{2}} + \frac{{(G_{d a} + G_{d a} d_{s})}^{2}}{ρ_{a}^{2} {(L \times H)}^{2}}]}^{1 / 2} \frac{D}{v} \end{array}$	D=20 mm,L=1960 mm, B=1200 mm,H=580 mm, 0.6≤Pr≤100， 0.6≤Sc≤2500
Su等^[27]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{c} = 1.2971 \times G_{s}^{- 0.5122} G_{a}^{2.3414} \\ h_{d} = 2.2596 \times χ_{s}^{- 0.5818} G_{s}^{- 0.31952} G_{a}^{1.1016} \\ 0.82 \leq L e \leq 1.24 \end{array}$	1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.22 kg/(m²·s)， 1.89 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤4.40 kg/(m²·s)， 23.6%≤χ≤35%
Liu等^[16]	$\begin{array}{l} h_{d} = 0.97 R e^{0.6} S c^{1.5} E r^{0.43} a_{t} D_{G} \\ h_{c} = h_{d} \times c_{p} \times L e^{- \frac{2}{3}} \\ L e = 0 . 866^{- \frac{2}{3}} {(\frac{0.622 + d_{s}}{0.622 + d_{a}} - 1)}^{- 1} l n (\frac{0.622 + d_{s}}{0.622 + d_{a}}) \end{array}$

图13 闭式热源塔热泵系统示意图

Fig.13 Schematic diagram of a closed-type heat source tower heat pump system

图14 三种改进式热源塔结构示意图[31, 114-116]

Fig.14 Structure diagram of three kinds of improved heat source tower[31,114-116]

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