面向动力电池热安全的准被动式热移出系统

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230786

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发展非主动式动力电池热失控传播抑制技术对解决电动汽车在静置状态下的自燃事故具有重要意义。现有的非主动式技术是基于热阻隔机制，但由此形成的大热阻将严重影响日常的电池热管理性能。本文提出基于泵驱冷却与热电转换的准被动式动力电池热移出系统，将电池系统部分产热量转换为电能以实现准被动式的热移出，在此基础上与热阻隔相结合以减小阻断热失控蔓延所需的热阻。本文研制试验样机，通过实验分析不同电池系统发热功率工况下的热移出过程，探究发热功率分布的影响。当发热功率减少33%时，泵驱冷却过程散热量、热电转换过程吸热量及产生电能的稳态值分别降低30%、27%和15%。本文研究有助于显著提升电动汽车安全性能。

关键词: 动力电池, 热安全, 准被动式, 热移出, 热力学过程, 热力学, 动态学

Abstract:

The development of power battery thermal runaway propagation passive suppression technology is of great significance to solve the spontaneous combustion accident of electric vehicles in the static state. Existing passive technologies are based on thermal barrier mechanisms, but the resulting large thermal resistance will seriously affect the daily battery thermal management performance. This paper proposes a pseudo-passive power battery heat removal system based on pump drive cooling and thermoelectric conversion, which converts part of the heat generated by the battery system into electrical energy to achieve pseudo-passive heat removal. On this basis, it is combined with a thermal barrier to reduce the thermal resistance required to block the spread of thermal runaway. This article develops a test prototype, conducts experiments to analyze the heat removal process under different battery system heating power conditions, and explores the impact of heating power distribution. When the heating power is reduced by 33%, the steady-state values of dissipation in the cooling process of the pump drive, heat absorption in the thermoelectric conversion process, and electric energy generation are reduced by 30%, 27%, and 15%, respectively. The research in this paper will help to significantly improve the safety performance of electric vehicles.

Key words: power battery, thermal safety, pseudo-passive, heat removed, thermodynamic process, thermodynamics, dynamics

中图分类号:

TK 123

邓均锐, 李泽宇, 陈嘉衍. 面向动力电池热安全的准被动式热移出系统[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(11): 4679-4687.

Junrui DENG, Zeyu LI, Jiayan CHEN. Pseudo-passive heat removal system for thermal safety of power battery[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(11): 4679-4687.

图/表 10

图1 准被动式动力电池热移出系统

Fig.1 Pseudo-passive heat removal system for power battery

图2 实验台实物图

Fig.2 Picture of experimental platform

表1 测量仪器

Table 1 Measuring instrument of the system

测量参数	传感器类型	量程	精度
温度	PT100	-60~300℃	±0.3℃
压力	绝压传感器	0~1100 kPa	±0.25%
压降	差压传感器	0~2 MPa	±0.2%
体积流量	椭圆齿轮流量计	5~100 L/h	±0.5%
电功率	功率计	0~150 W	±0.5%

表2 热电模块热阻

Table 2 Thermal resistance of thermoelectric module

模块	热导率/(W/(m·K))	热阻/(K/W)
冷端导热硅脂	2	8.3×10^-3
热端导热硅脂	2	8.3×10^-3
冷端陶瓷基板	22	0.012
热端陶瓷基板	22	0.012
焊接层	50	4.4×10^-4
铜电极	397	2.5×10^-4
热电半导体	1.57	0.85
接触热阻	—	0.12

图3 电池系统热损失拟合

Fig.3 Fitting of battery heat loss

图4 系统主要温度特性

Fig.4 System primary temperature characteristics

图5 主要能量特性

Fig.5 Primary energy characteristics

图6 性能指标变化规律

Fig.6 Change pattern of performance indicators

图7 电池系统发热功率分布模式

Fig.7 Mode of battery heat generator power distribution

图8 电池系统发热功率分布的影响

Fig.8 Effect of battery heat generation power distribution

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