Research progress on leakage characteristics of supercritical CO2 pipeline

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200453

Abstract

Abstract:

Leakage of supercritical CO₂ long-distance pipelines may cause significant accidents such as pipeline fracture propagation, human injury and medium loss. Therefore, it is of great significance to further study the variation of thermodynamic parameters in the process of pipeline leakage. At present, there is insufficient research on the leakage characteristics of supercritical CO₂ pipelines, and it is necessary to conduct a detailed literature review and analysis. This paper introduces the research background and significance of CO₂ pipeline leakage characteristics. The experimental, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the decompression process, near-field jet expansion and far-field diffusion of CO₂ pipeline at home and abroad are reviewed in detail. Finally, this paper summarizes the current research deficiencies of supercritical CO₂ pipeline leakage characteristics, and prospects the future research direction.

Key words: supercritical carbon dioxide, pipeline, leakage characteristics, numerical simulation, experimental validation, research progress

摘要：

超临界CO₂输运管道泄漏可能造成断裂扩展、人员伤害和输运介质损失等重大事故，因此对泄漏过程中热力学参数变化规律的深入研究具有重要意义。目前对超临界CO₂管道泄漏特性研究不够，有必要进行详细的文献综述分析。介绍了CO₂管道泄漏特性研究背景及意义，综述了国内外CO₂管道泄漏过程中减压过程、近场射流膨胀及远场扩散规律实验、理论分析和数值模拟方面的研究现状，分析了目前超临界CO₂管道泄漏特性的研究不足，并对将来的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 超临界二氧化碳, 管道, 泄漏特性, 数值模拟, 实验验证, 研究进展

CLC Number:

X 937

GUO Xiaolu,YU Jianliang,YAN Xingqing,XU Peng,XU Shuangqing. Research progress on leakage characteristics of supercritical CO₂ pipeline[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(12): 5430-5442.

郭晓璐,喻健良,闫兴清,徐鹏,徐双庆. 超临界CO₂管道泄漏特性研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(12): 5430-5442.

Figures/Tables 14

References 78

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文献来源	规格参数	初始压力/MPa	初始温度/℃	相态	泄漏口径 (开启方式)	CO₂纯度/% (杂质)	相关理论内容
Cosham等^[14]	?914.0 mm×25.4 mm，16.16 m、16.97 m和22.71 m三种长度	14.82、15.09和14.90	16.8、8.2和15.2	密相 (液相)	断裂	87.5~100(N₂)	采用Battelle双曲线方法分析减压波速度
Ahmad等^[15]	148 m³储罐、?219.1 mm×12.7 mm和总长226.8 m回路管道、3.3 m长断裂管	15.08	13.1	密相	断裂	100	无
Drescher等^[16]	?12 mm×1 mm、长139 m泄放管道	约12.0	约20.0	超临界	9.5 mm (阀门)	70~100(N₂)	结合PR方程的一维均相理论(考虑与管壁传热)
Cosham等^[17]	?168.3 mm×10.97 mm、长144 m泄放管道	3.58~15.29	4.9~35.6	气相/液相/超临界	146.36 mm (爆破片)	88.29~100(N₂、H₂、O₂、SO₂、CH₄)	结合SW和GERG-2008方程的一维等熵均相理论
Vree等^[18]	长30 m、高1.3 m、内径5.08 cm螺旋管	约12.0	约20.0	液相	3 mm/6 mm/12 mm (阀门)	100	无
Han等^[19]	长51.96 m、内径3.86 mm泄放管道	8.5	20	液相	3.86mm (阀门)	92~98(N₂)	采用无量纲方法分析了压降过程
Clausen等^[20]	长50 km、内径60.96 cm，埋置在地下0.9 m处，两端各连接2.5 m长和内径20.32 cm竖直放空管道	8.1(静置后)	31	超临界	60.96 cm (阀门)	99.14(N₂、H₂S、H₂O、CH₄)	结合了SW方程的一维可压缩双流体理论
Han等^[21,22]	高压CO₂气瓶外接细管道(0.635 cm内径、3 m和10 m两种长度)	5.6	20	液相	0.635 cm (阀门)	100	无
李玉星等^{[27,28,29,30]}	规格?21 mm×3 mm、长14.85 m回路管道	7.5~9	40	超临界	1 mm/2 mm/2.76 mm/ 3.57 mm (阀门)	94~98(N₂)	结合了PR方程的一维减压方程
姜羲等^[31,32,33]	?40 mm×5 mm、长23 m循环回路管道	9	40	超临界	1 mm/3 mm/5 mm (阀门)	100	相关的阻塞流和传热理论
刘锋等^[34]	25 L储罐外接长2 m、内径4 mm管道	6.17~8.81	16.0~41.6	气相/液相/超临界	0.54 mm/0.89 mm/1.20 mm/1.38 mm (阀门)	100	结合了等熵阻塞流泄漏速率方程
喻健良等^{[39,40,41,42,43,44]}	?273 mm×20 mm、长258 m的工业规模管道	4~9	20~40	气相/密相/超临界	15 mm/50 mm/100 mm/233 mm (爆破片)	100	相关的热力学定律、气泡成核理论、传热理论

文献来源	规格参数	初始压力/MPa	初始温度/℃	相态	泄漏口径 (开启方式)	CO₂纯度/% (杂质)	相关理论内容
Cosham等^[14]	?914.0 mm×25.4 mm，16.16 m、16.97 m和22.71 m三种长度	14.82、15.09和14.90	16.8、8.2和15.2	密相 (液相)	断裂	87.5~100(N₂)	采用Battelle双曲线方法分析减压波速度
Ahmad等^[15]	148 m³储罐、?219.1 mm×12.7 mm和总长226.8 m回路管道、3.3 m长断裂管	15.08	13.1	密相	断裂	100	无
Drescher等^[16]	?12 mm×1 mm、长139 m泄放管道	约12.0	约20.0	超临界	9.5 mm (阀门)	70~100(N₂)	结合PR方程的一维均相理论(考虑与管壁传热)
Cosham等^[17]	?168.3 mm×10.97 mm、长144 m泄放管道	3.58~15.29	4.9~35.6	气相/液相/超临界	146.36 mm (爆破片)	88.29~100(N₂、H₂、O₂、SO₂、CH₄)	结合SW和GERG-2008方程的一维等熵均相理论
Vree等^[18]	长30 m、高1.3 m、内径5.08 cm螺旋管	约12.0	约20.0	液相	3 mm/6 mm/12 mm (阀门)	100	无
Han等^[19]	长51.96 m、内径3.86 mm泄放管道	8.5	20	液相	3.86mm (阀门)	92~98(N₂)	采用无量纲方法分析了压降过程
Clausen等^[20]	长50 km、内径60.96 cm，埋置在地下0.9 m处，两端各连接2.5 m长和内径20.32 cm竖直放空管道	8.1(静置后)	31	超临界	60.96 cm (阀门)	99.14(N₂、H₂S、H₂O、CH₄)	结合了SW方程的一维可压缩双流体理论
Han等^[21,22]	高压CO₂气瓶外接细管道(0.635 cm内径、3 m和10 m两种长度)	5.6	20	液相	0.635 cm (阀门)	100	无
李玉星等^{[27,28,29,30]}	规格?21 mm×3 mm、长14.85 m回路管道	7.5~9	40	超临界	1 mm/2 mm/2.76 mm/ 3.57 mm (阀门)	94~98(N₂)	结合了PR方程的一维减压方程
姜羲等^[31,32,33]	?40 mm×5 mm、长23 m循环回路管道	9	40	超临界	1 mm/3 mm/5 mm (阀门)	100	相关的阻塞流和传热理论
刘锋等^[34]	25 L储罐外接长2 m、内径4 mm管道	6.17~8.81	16.0~41.6	气相/液相/超临界	0.54 mm/0.89 mm/1.20 mm/1.38 mm (阀门)	100	结合了等熵阻塞流泄漏速率方程
喻健良等^{[39,40,41,42,43,44]}	?273 mm×20 mm、长258 m的工业规模管道	4~9	20~40	气相/密相/超临界	15 mm/50 mm/100 mm/233 mm (爆破片)	100	相关的热力学定律、气泡成核理论、传热理论

文献来源	初始相态	计算模型或软件	理论方程	适用性评价
Elshahomi等^[23]	CO₂混合气	二维CFD全口径减压模拟(假设流体均相、无相间滑移，并考虑摩擦效应)	二维质量、动量及能量方程，GERG-2008方程等	较准确预测CO₂混合气性质变化及减压波传播过程
Mahgerefteh 等^[24,25]	气相/超临界CO₂	一维/二维多相流PIPETECH管道减压/断裂模型	一维/二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，壁面传热理论，管道断裂理论，改进的PR方程等	较好模拟减压过程及三相点附近情况，以及气体减压与断裂扩展耦合过程，但对于气液两相区域存在误差
Witlox等^[26]	气相和液相CO₂	PHASH商业软件	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，PHASH默认方程	适用于持续泄漏情况；较好预测泄漏率和估算固相分数
任科^[35]	超临界CO₂	一维管道减压模型	一维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，PR方程等	对超临界CO₂性质预测较准确，模型简化计算时间较短
王会粉^[36]	气相CO₂	三维管道标准k-ε泄漏模型	三维质量、动量及能量守恒方程、标准k-ε湍流方程，理想气体方程等	适用于低压气相CO₂
刘丽艳等^[37]	密相CO₂	Battelle双曲线模型	Battelle双曲线公式，BWRS方程等	未考虑相态变化，简化模型计算时间短
李玉星等^[27]	气相/超临界/ 密相CO₂	一维管道减压模型	一维质量、动量及能量方程，PR方程等	未考虑相态变化，模型简化便于计算
刘斌等^[38]	气相和液相CO₂	一维管道CFD模型	一维质量、动量及能量方程，Lee相变模型，PR和GERG-2008方程等	适用于单相和气液两相减压流动

文献来源	初始相态	计算模型或软件	理论方程	适用性评价
Elshahomi等^[23]	CO₂混合气	二维CFD全口径减压模拟(假设流体均相、无相间滑移，并考虑摩擦效应)	二维质量、动量及能量方程，GERG-2008方程等	较准确预测CO₂混合气性质变化及减压波传播过程
Mahgerefteh 等^[24,25]	气相/超临界CO₂	一维/二维多相流PIPETECH管道减压/断裂模型	一维/二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，壁面传热理论，管道断裂理论，改进的PR方程等	较好模拟减压过程及三相点附近情况，以及气体减压与断裂扩展耦合过程，但对于气液两相区域存在误差
Witlox等^[26]	气相和液相CO₂	PHASH商业软件	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，PHASH默认方程	适用于持续泄漏情况；较好预测泄漏率和估算固相分数
任科^[35]	超临界CO₂	一维管道减压模型	一维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，PR方程等	对超临界CO₂性质预测较准确，模型简化计算时间较短
王会粉^[36]	气相CO₂	三维管道标准k-ε泄漏模型	三维质量、动量及能量守恒方程、标准k-ε湍流方程，理想气体方程等	适用于低压气相CO₂
刘丽艳等^[37]	密相CO₂	Battelle双曲线模型	Battelle双曲线公式，BWRS方程等	未考虑相态变化，简化模型计算时间短
李玉星等^[27]	气相/超临界/ 密相CO₂	一维管道减压模型	一维质量、动量及能量方程，PR方程等	未考虑相态变化，模型简化便于计算
刘斌等^[38]	气相和液相CO₂	一维管道CFD模型	一维质量、动量及能量方程，Lee相变模型，PR和GERG-2008方程等	适用于单相和气液两相减压流动

文献来源	规格参数	初始压力/MPa	初始温度/℃	相态	泄漏口径 (开启方式)	CO₂纯度/%	相关理论内容
Woolley 等^[47,48]	2 m³球罐侧面连接长9 m、内径50 mm管路	2.84~9.50	室温	液相/密相	6 mm/9 mm/12 mm/25 mm (阀门)	100	二维雷诺湍流理论
Wareing 等^[49,50]	装置主体与Ahmad等^[15]介绍的装置相同，外接长 5 m和7 m的内径24.3 mm垂直管道	3.55/15	7.45/8.75	气相/密相	24.3 mm (阀门)	100	二维雷诺湍流理论
Ahmad 等^[51]	0.5 m³容器底部连接喷嘴	11～13	10~30	液相	1/8"、1/4"和1/2"	100	相关热力学、相变理论
姜羲等^[55,56,57]	?40 mm×5 mm、长23 m循环回路管道	9	40	超临界	1 mm/3 mm/5 mm (阀门)	100	结合L-W算法的二维Euler方程
刘锋^[34]	25 L储罐外接长2 m、内径4 mm管道	6.17~8.81	16.0~41.6	气相/液相/超临界	0.54 mm/0.89 mm/1.20 mm/1.38 mm(阀门)	100	二维SST k-ω湍流理论
郭晓璐等^{[56,57,58,59,60]}	?273 mm×20 mm、长258 m管道	4~9	20~40	气相/密相/超临界	15 mm/50 mm/100 mm/233 mm(爆破片)	100	激波理论、二维Realizable k-ω理论

Research progress on leakage characteristics of supercritical CO₂ pipeline

超临界CO₂管道泄漏特性研究进展

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文献来源	初始相态	计算模型或软件	理论方程	适用性评价
Woolley 等^[47,48]	液相/密相	二维雷诺湍流(RANS)的CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，RANS湍流方程，PR和SW状态方程等	较好模拟射流结构及相变过程，但对三相点以下的泄漏扩散模拟存在不足
Wareing 等^[49,50]	气相/密相	二维雷诺湍流(RANS)的CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量方程，RANS方程，精确三相组分方程等	较好模拟射流结构及相变过程，对干冰生成过程模拟存在不足
Liu等^[52]	气相/液相/密相	采用了SST k-ω的二维CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，SST k-ω湍流方程，PR方程等	较好模拟气液间的相变过程
Wareing 等^[53,54]	密相	应用了拉格朗日粒子追踪技术的二维雷诺湍流模型(RANS)	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，RANS方程，PR和SW方程等	较好模拟相变过程及干冰颗粒的分布
姜羲等^[55,56,57]	超临界CO₂	采用了两步L-W算法的二维CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，RANS湍流方程，RK和SW方程等	较好捕捉泄漏处激波及马赫盘现象，模拟结果略大于实验值，泄漏口径越大则误差越大
刘锋^[34]	液相CO₂	采用了SST k-ω的二维CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，SST k-ω方程，理想气体方程等	适用于低压气体
郭晓璐等^[58,59,60]	气相CO₂	采用了Realizable k-ω的二维CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，Realizable k-ω湍流方程，PR方程等	适用于真实气体

文献来源	规格参数	初始压力/MPa	初始温度/℃	相态	泄漏口径 (开启方式)	CO₂纯度/%	相关理论内容
Witlox等^[61,62]	装置主体与Ahmad^[15]介绍的装置相同，在断裂管处更换为长3 m、内径5.08 cm的水平泄放管道	15	10、150	液相/超临界	5.08 cm (阀门)	100	UDM及高斯扩展方程
Proust等^[63]	2 m³球罐侧面连接长9 m、内径50 mm管路	2.84~9.50	室温	液相/密相	6 mm/9 mm/12 mm/ 25 mm (阀门)	100	修正高斯扩散理论方程
Ahmad等^[15]	148 m³储罐、?219.1 mm×12.7 mm和总长226.8 m回路管道、3.3 m长的断裂管	15.08	13.1	密相	断裂	100	无
刘振翼等^[69,70]	40 L气瓶外接泄放管路	5	16	气相	减压阀	100	采用了相似准则，k-ε、RNG k-ε和SST k-ε湍流理论
李玉星等^[71,72]	主管道直径250 mm，壁厚12 mm，长度12 m；节流管段内径50 mm，长度4 m	5~8	25~40	气相/液相/ 超临界	调节阀	100	结合了节流效应分析
郭晓璐等^{[58,59,74,75,76]}	?273 mm×20 mm、长258 m管道	4~9	20~40	气相/密相/ 超临界	15 mm/50 mm/100 mm/233 mm (爆破片)	100	二维Realizable k-ω湍流理论、高斯扩散方程

文献来源	初始相态	计算模型或软件	理论方程	适用性评价
Witlox等^[26,65]	液相/超临界CO₂	PHASH商业软件	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，PR状态方程等	适用于持续泄漏情况；泄漏率准确率在10%内，浓度分布预测较准确
Mazzoldi等^[66]	液相	ALOHA商业软件	高斯扩散方程，ALOHA默认方程等	快速预测气体扩散浓度范围，有待于验证
Liu等^[67]	密相	两阶段CFD模拟，对比分析DPM和全气相模型	一维/三维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，DPM和全气相方程，GERG-2008方程等	适合于液相/密相模拟，需进一步验证
Woolley等^[68]	气相/液相/密相	利用CFX建立的二维拉格朗日粒子追踪CFD模型；利用FLACS建立的二维欧拉-拉格朗日CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，SRK、PR和PC-SAFT方程等	PC-SAFT对物性计算具有更高精度，需要实验数据进一步验证
刘振翼等^[69,70]	气相	对比了k-ε、RNG k-ε和SST k-ε三维CFD模型	三维质量、动量及能量方程，k-ε、RNG k-ε和SST k-ε湍流方程，实际气体方程等	适用于真实气体
郭晓璐等^{[58,59,74,75,76]}	液相/超临界CO₂	采用了Realizable k-ε的二维CFD模型	二维质量、动量及能量守恒方程，Realizable k-ε湍流方程，PR方程等	较准确模拟超临界CO₂扩散浓度分布，对于密相CO₂扩散过程偏差较大

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