Design, synthesis and application of high-performance carbon-based energy storage materials

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200508

Abstract

Abstract:

The performance of electrochemical energy storage device mainly depends on the electrode materials. Carbon materials have been widely applied in various energy storage systems due to their multitudinous advantages such as wide availability, excellent chemical stability, easy to modulate, and environmental friendliness. However, traditional carbon materials still suffer from problems such as low capacity density and poor rate performance. This review focuses on the design strategies for high-performance carbon-based energy storage materials, including pore structure regulation, heteroatomic doping, and combination with metal oxides. Their applications in lithium/sodium ion secondary batteries and supercapacitors are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies are summarized, and the future research direction is also prospected. It has positive significance for the design and development of high-performance carbon-based energy storage electrode materials.

Key words: carbon-based materials, energy storage electrode, pore structure regulation, heteroatomic doping, metal oxide

摘要：

电化学储能器件的性能很大程度上决定于其电极材料。碳材料具有来源广泛、化学稳定性好、易于调控、环境友好等优点，被广泛应用于各类能量存储系统，但仍存在能量密度低、倍率性能差等问题。本文从碳材料孔结构调控、杂原子掺杂、与金属氧化物复合三个角度，综述了构建高性能碳基储能材料的设计合成策略，介绍了其在锂/钠离子二次电池、超级电容器等领域的研究进展，对几种方法策略的优缺点进行了总结，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。本文对高性能碳基储能电极材料的设计开发具有积极意义。

关键词: 碳基材料, 储能电极材料, 孔结构调控, 杂原子掺杂, 金属氧化物

CLC Number:

TQ 028.8

Xiaobo WANG,Qingshan ZHAO,Zhinian CHENG,Haoran ZHANG,Han HU,Luhai WANG,Mingbo WU. Design, synthesis and application of high-performance carbon-based energy storage materials[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(6): 2660-2677.

王晓波,赵青山,程智年,张浩然,胡涵,王路海,吴明铂. 高性能碳基储能材料的设计、合成与应用[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(6): 2660-2677.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Schematic illustration for the preparation and structure of PACS(a)[6] and MCF(b)[7]

Fig.2 Schematic illustration for the preparation of HPC(a) [10]; schematic illustration for the preparation and structure of PCF(b) [12]

Fig.3 Schematic illustration for the preparation of mesoporous carbon material (a) [20], HPCs(b) [21] and 3D honeycomb-like porous carbon material (c) [22]； SEM images of 3D honeycomb-like porous carbon material[(d),(e)][22]

Fig.4 Schematic illustration for the preparation of N-HPCF(a) [27] and PZCC(b) [29]

Fig.5 Schematic illustration for the preparation and morphology of NPCA(a) [36]; schematic illustration for the preparation and element composition of SNMHCSs(b)[37]

Fig.6 Schematic illustration for the preparation and structure of N-Graphene/MnOOH/Mn3O4 (a); TEM (b) and SEM (c) images of N-Graphene/MnOOH/Mn3O4[38]

Fig.7 Schematic illustration for the preparation of TiO2@C[40]

Fig.8 Schematic illustration for the preparation of ZnO/CNFs-PA[42]

Fig.9 Schematic illustration for the preparation (a), long cycling stability(b) and rate performance of MSC for lithium storage(c) [57]; schematic illustration for the preparation(d) and long cycling stability performance (e) of carbon nanosheets for sodium storage at 2 A·g-1 [58]

Fig.10 SEM(a) and HRTEM(b) images of NP-CNS; pseudocapacitance contribution of lithium storage (c) and sodium storage(d) at scanning rate of 1.2 mV·s-1; cycle performance of lithium storage (e) and sodium storage (f) at 1 A·g-1[59]

Fig.11 TEM image (a) and cycle performance image(b) at 100 mA·g-1 of SnO2-QDs/N-GNs[60]; TEM image (c) and cycle performance image (d) at 1 A·g-1 of H-MoO2/C[61]; schematic illustration of lithium ion intercalation/de-intercalation (e), hierarchical microstructure(f), and cycle performance image at 2 A·g-1 of Fe2O3/rGO/CNFs(g)[62]

Fig.12 SEM image(a) and specific capacitance performance at different current densities(b) of HPC[65]; SEM image(c) and cycling stability performance at 5 A·g-1(d) of NHCA[66]

Fig.13 Power density of HC/KOH and HC/N/KOH samples vs average energy density at different current density(a)[67]; specific capacitance of PCNs at different current densities(b) [68]; cycle stability and Coulombic efficiency of CSAAs at the current density of 8 A·g-1(c) [69]; cycling performance and Coulombic efficiency of NSCF (inset shows the corresponding CV curves during the cycling at scanning rate of 10 mV·s-1) (d)[72]

Fig.14 SEM images at different magnification (a), areal and specific capacitances vs current density(b) of the Fe2O3@ACC electrode [76]; TEM image of pure interlayered graphene in MoO3/C after NaOH etching(c) [77]; schematic illustration showing the bicontinuous paths for H+ ions and fast electron migration(d) and rate performance (e) of MoO3/C[77]

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of the design strategy for carbon-based energy storage materials

设计策略	优点	缺点
孔结构调控	提高了材料的比表面积及活性接触位点数；丰富了离子传输通道；提高了离子迁移速率	微、介、大孔相对含量的可控化设计难度较大；制备过程比较耗时；废酸洗液难以处理
杂原子掺杂	增加了材料的缺陷活性位点数；提高了材料的电负性；增大了材料的层间距；促进电子传输速率和离子储存效率	难以保证掺杂的均匀性；难以精确调控杂原子掺杂位置和类型
与金属氧化物复合	显著提高了材料的能量密度	材料循环稳定性仍较差

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