Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling surface

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231114

Abstract

Abstract:

Low boiling refrigerant (R134a) spray cooling can rapidly reduce the surface temperature. It is widely used in the thermal management of electronic equipment such as high-performance chips and biomedicine, and can achieve low temperature and efficient heat dissipation on the spray surface. Multi nozzle spray cooling can realize uniform cooling of large cooling surface and flexible control of cooling capacity. A refrigerant spray cooling test rig was set up to study the heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling on the surface, and to analyze the effects of nozzle outlet aperture, nozzle height, spray time and spray back pressure on the heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling surface. The results show that the nozzle aperture has the greatest influence on the cooling uniformity, followed by the nozzle spacing. Appropriate nozzle aperture (0.4 mm) and spacing (11 mm) can make the refrigerant spray reasonably distributed on the surface, and the lowest temperature T_min can reach the minimum value. 10 mm nozzle height and 1.2 MPa spray pressure can make the droplets fully atomized and extend the effective cooling time.

Key words: spray cooling, transient heat transfer, electronic thermal management, R134a

摘要：

低沸点制冷剂（R134a）喷雾冷却能快速降低表面温度，在高性能芯片等电子设备热管理、生物医学中均具有广泛应用，可实现喷雾表面的低温高效散热。多喷嘴喷雾冷却可实现较大冷却表面的均匀冷却及冷量的灵活调控。搭建了制冷剂喷雾冷却实验台，研究了多喷嘴喷雾冷却表面传热特性，并分析了喷嘴的孔径、间距、高度、喷雾时间和喷雾压力等因素对多喷嘴喷雾冷却表面传热特性的影响。结果表明：喷嘴孔径对冷却均匀性影响最大，其次是喷嘴间距，适当的喷嘴孔径（0.4 mm）和间距（11 mm）能使制冷剂喷雾在表面合理分布，最低温T_min能达到最小值；10 mm喷嘴高度和1.2 MPa喷雾压力可以使液滴充分雾化并延长有效冷却时间。

关键词: 喷雾冷却, 瞬态传热, 电子热管理, R134a

CLC Number:

TK 124

Xiaoyang LI, Dong LI, Minglei TAO, Zhifu ZHOU, Lingyi ZHANG, Lizheng SU, Tianning ZHANG, Zhi LI, Bin CHEN. Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling surface[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 231-241.

李晓阳, 李东, 陶明磊, 周致富, 张灵怡, 苏力争, 张天宁, 李智, 陈斌. 多喷嘴喷雾冷却表面传热特性实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 231-241.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Experimental system of cryogen spray cooling

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of multi orifice nozzle

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of temperature measurement during cryogen spray cooling

Table 1 Refrigerant injection at different drive pressures and spray time

喷雾时间/ms	制冷剂喷射质量/g
喷雾时间/ms	0.6 MPa	1.2 MPa	1.9 MPa
30	0.242	0.410	0.537
50	0.403	0.684	0.895
70	0.564	0.957	1.253

Fig.4 Comparison of the calculated heat flux under the influence of measurement error with a given triangular wave

Table 2 Thermophysical properties of copper， human skin， and epoxy resin

项目

厚度z/mm

热导率

$λ$ /(W/(m·K))

密度

$ρ$ /(kg/m³)

比热容

c_p /(J/(kg·K))

Table 2 Thermophysical properties of copper， human skin， and epoxy resin

项目

厚度z/mm

热导率

$λ$ /(W/(m·K))

密度

$ρ$ /(kg/m³)

比热容

c_p /(J/(kg·K))

紫铜

398

8930

386

人体皮肤

0.05

0.209

1000

3530

环氧树脂

5.0

0.841

1936.96

564.80

Fig.5 Multi nozzle spray cooling atomization

Fig.6 Temperature variation of different measuring points on the surface during cryogen spray cooling

Fig.7 Transient heat flux on cooling surface

Fig.8 Temperature variation of different measuring points on the surface during cryogen spray cooling with different nozzle diameters

Fig.9 Temperature variation of different measuring points on the surface during cryogen spray cooling at different nozzle heights

Fig.10 Temperature variation of different measuring points on the surface during cryogen spray cooling with different spray time

Fig.11 Temperature variation of different measuring points on the surface during cryogen spray cooling under different drive pressure

Fig.12 Temperature variation of different measuring points on the spray surface during cryogen spray cooling under different nozzle distances

Fig.13 Statistics of minimum temperature and effective cooling time of each measuring point on the cooling surface with different spray parameters

Table 3 Statistics of minimum temperature， surface temperature difference and effective cooling time of each measuring point on the substrate surface with different spray parameters

参数	最低温度/°C	温差/°C	冷却时间差/ms
喷嘴孔径
0.2 mm	-32.5	16.6	1554
0.4 mm	-40.4	18.8	505
0.6 mm	-37.5	20.2	318
喷嘴高度
5 mm	-30.4	8.7	563
10 mm	-40.4	18.8	505
15 mm	-37.5	14.1	725
喷雾时间
30 ms	-37.4	17.0	437
50 ms	-40.4	18.8	505
70 ms	-38.8	14.0	567
喷雾压力
0.6 MPa	-36.4	16.1	513
1.2 MPa	-38.0	13.2	608
1.9 MPa	-40.4	18.8	505
喷嘴间距
8 mm	-36.6	7.7	437
11 mm	-40.6	25.3	1021
14 mm	-40.4	18.8	505

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