As a kind of ultra-high purity chemical reagent, electronic grade phosphoric acid is mainly used for chip cleaning and etching in the microelectronics industry, and its purity will significantly affect the yield, electrical performance and reliability of electronic components. However, high-end electronic grade phosphoric acid with extremely low impurities (10^-9 level) has extremely high requirements for chemical separation and purification technology. Based on the application of electronic grade phosphoric acid in chip cleaning and etching, the main domestic and foreign standards of electronic grade phosphoric acid products are reviewed, and the main analysis and monitoring methods of impurity ions are summarized. The preparation and purification methods of electronic phosphoric acid are reviewed, especially the significant advantages of crystallization in purifying phosphoric acid. Finally, the prospect of purification technology of electronic phosphoric acid is prospected.

With the continuous improvement of China’s refining technology and the development and utilization of new energy sources, the fuel market is gradually saturated, and there is an obvious surplus of diesel. Converting diesel into oil through separation to achieve efficient and low-carbon separation of aromatic hydrocarbons/non-aromatic hydrocarbons in the components is an important way to achieve high-value utilization of diesel and alleviate the problem of excess. This article first explains the distribution pattern of diesel family composition in China, and proposes the differences in entry points for the separation of straight-run diesel and catalytically cracked diesel (FCC diesel). The separation technology of aromatics and paraffins in diesel is introduced in detail, such as solvent extraction, membrane separation, adsorption separation and urea dewaxing etc. The advantages and disadvantages of various separation techniques and their future research directions are discussed. Finally, the separation of aromatics and paraffins in diesel oil is summarized and prospected.

The research progress of micro-chemical rectification and separation technology with micro-scale structure as the core is reviewed. Distillation is the most widely used separation method in chemical industry. However, conventional rectification has major drawbacks such as outdated energy saving technology, low equipment efficiency, and low separation performance of near-boiling systems. This review introduces micro-rectification technology, as a novel process intensification means, including external forces of capillary force, centrifugal force, vacuum, gravity, and so on, which plays an important role in flow chemistry applications. Under micro-scale conditions, the efficiency of mass transfer and heat transfer between phases is significantly enhanced with the shortening of the mass transfer distance. Micro-chemical rectification and separation technology is safe and controllable, providing solutions to achieve environmental protection, reduce energy consumption, and improve the development of flow chemistry platforms for chemical synthesis.

The ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides is a new type of aliphatic polyester synthesis technology. One of its core technologies is the selection and application of catalysts. Metal-free catalysts exhibit potential advantages compared to metal catalysts with respect to simplicity, low toxicity, monomer adaptability and economy, and have developed rapidly. This article reviews the research progress of metal-free catalysts in the copolymerization of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides, which summarizes the understanding of the working mechanisms and catalytic implementation effects of organic bases, Lewis acid-base pairs, and other metal-free catalysts in the ring-opening copolymerization recently, and proposes prospects for the development direction and industrial application potential of the catalyst.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology can be used to detect paramagnetic species such as free radicals, transition metal ions and defects. The spectrogram has high specificity and few background signals. It can detect both solution samples and solid samples with low detection limit. In chemical engineering field, especially in free radical related process, EPR technology has incomparable advantages compared with other spectroscopies. However, the EPR technology is not widely used by scientists in the chemical industry. Some examples of the application of EPR in chemical engineering field are reviewed, including the characterization of catalysts, reactive intermediate, solvent properties, and material properties. It is not a very comprehensive review, but rather to demonstrate the necessity and practicality of EPR technology in fundamental chemical industry research. It is hoped that chemical engineers can learn more about EPR and use EPR technology to solve more chemical engineering problems.

The content of trace boron and phosphorus impurities in trichlorosilane and hydrogen is the main factor affecting the quality of polysilicon. Improving the removal efficiency of boron and phosphorus impurities is crucial for the large-scale production of electronic-grade polysilicon, which is essential for advancing China’s energy and information industries. This paper provides a summary of the research progress on removing boron and phosphorus impurities in SiHCl₃ and H₂, and highlights the characteristics of various purification methods. The coupled reaction-adsorption-rectification technology, which combines the advantages of rectification and chemical purification, is the most promising method for purifying SiHCl₃. The adsorption method, known for its high sensitivity to boron and phosphorus impurities, is the most commonly used method for purifying H₂. Finally, the thesis systematically discusses the structural characteristics of adsorbents and their relationship with adsorption performance. It also summarizes the challenges and development direction of removing boron and phosphorus impurities from polysilicon raw materials.

Lithium battery electrolyte additives are a class of high value-added electronic chemicals that are not used in large amounts in lithium batteries, but play an important role in improving the high and low temperature performance of lithium batteries, increasing their service life and cycle times. With the long-term development of downstream applications such as lithium batteries, the demand for additives continues to grow. However, the poor transfer performance of traditional kettle reactors results in unsatisfactory product quality stability and severe pollution. Microreactors have the advantage of efficient dispersion and mixing of fluids at the micron scale, which is an effective means to improve production efficiency and reduce production costs, and have received increasing attention in the synthesis of lithium battery additives. In this paper, based on the excellent transfer performance of microreactors, the application of microreactors in the synthesis of cyclic ester lithium-ion battery electrolyte additives is reviewed, and the research direction in the field of microchemical synthesis of additives is prospected.

With the gradual reduction of the feature size of integrated circuits, the device structure will require higher aspect ratios. Due to the surface tension, it is difficult for conventional wet cleaning to enter the deep trench structure of the wafer, which cannot meet the requirements of finer line technology and high aspect ratio. The structure directly affects the pollutant removal effect in the trench. Conventional wet etching methods exhibit poor anisotropy, significant structure collapse, and ineffective etching of deep trenches. On the other hand, plasma dry etching techniques suffer from slow etching rates, photoresist detachment and adhesion, structural damage, and exhaust gas treatment issues. Supercritical cleaning and etching techniques have emerged as the most promising environmentally-friendly and non-damaging alternatives with the ability of integrating etching, cleaning, and drying processes. Moreover, they can be recycled, ensuring safety and environmental sustainability. This review summarizes the progress in wafer cleaning and selective etching using supercritical carbon dioxide, focusing on the applications of supercritical carbon dioxide cosolvent and microemulsion systems in photoresist stripping and selective etching on silicon-based substrates. Finally, the challenges and development trends of wafer cleaning and etching using supercritical carbon dioxide are discussed.

Light olefins such as ethylene and propylene are the most important basic raw materials in the chemical industry. In recent years, the global demand for light olefins has continued to increase, and the development of technology to increase the production of light olefins through catalytic cracking of different raw materials will remain the main direction. In this work, we focus on the efficient production of light olefins by catalytic cracking process and the research progress in the preparation and catalytic cracking performance of zeolite catalysts, especially in the synthesis and performance modulation mainly based on ZSM-5 zeolites is reviewed. For the increase of production of light olefins, ZSM-5 zeolites by using diversified synthesis method are provided, its modulation of texture and acid properties of ZSM-5 zeolites by modification with different elements, preparation of hierarchical porous structures are introduced, and the effects on feedstock conversion, light olefins selectivity and catalyst stability are emphatically discussed. The structure-activity relationship of catalytic cracking over the ZSM-5 catalysts to increase the production of light olefins is summarized and elucidated. Finally, the new ways for improving the regulation of light olefin distribution by precisely regulating ZSM-5 zeolites is further prospected, which lays the foundation for designing key catalysts for catalytic cracking hydrocarbons to produce light olefins.

H₂ is important chemical and energy carrier. The separation and purification processes play a crucial role on the economics of H₂. Organic polymer membranes have the advantages of low cost, strong processability, diverse structures, and stable performance, and have become the most widely used membrane materials in the field of H₂ separation. In this paper, the separation mechanism is introduced, followed by discussions of membrane materials, preparation methods and performance. Afterwards, the applications of organic membranes in H₂ separation are reviewed, and future works are prospected.

Electrochemical desalination, which achieves ion immobilization through a reversible electrochemical process, is a promising energy-saving water treatment technology. The study of desalination mechanisms helps to gain a deeper understanding of ion transport and removal characteristics, thereby providing theoretical support for the design of materials and batteries. According to the basic principles of electrochemistry, electrochemical desalination mechanisms can be divided into two categories: electrosorption mechanisms and charge transfer mechanisms. The latter includes redox active conductive polymers, ion insertion (or intercalation) reactions, conversion reactions, and redox active electrolytes. Advanced characterization technologies (including in situ X-ray technology, in situ spectroscopy technology and other technologies) and computer modeling and simulation (including molecular dynamics simulation, density functional theory, and finite element analysis) play a key role in mechanism analysis.

Polysiloxane is a special silicone material that is widely used. The refractive index is an important indicator for measuring the performance of polysiloxane. A molecular weight-refractive index model suitable for polymethylphenylsiloxanes has been established by using the group contribution method and optimized based on the free volume theory. The optimized model can effectively predict the refractive index of polymethylphenylsiloxanes from molecular weight and temperature, with a relative error within ±0.2%. The influence of molecular weight and temperature on refractive index has been explained by the optimized model: the refractive index increases with the increase of molecular weight and eventually tends to a certain value; the refractive index decreases significantly with the increase of temperature. The relevant results are significant for the design and synthesis of polysiloxanes with high refractive index.

The differences in flow and mass transfer characteristics between a sub-millimeter bubble column and a conventional bubble column were explored systematically by using experimental and numerical simulation methods. A specific numerical simulation approach was proposed for the flow and mass transfer processes of sub-millimeter bubbles in gas-liquid bubbly flow. The results reveal that, under comparable operating conditions, the size distribution of bubbles in sub-millimeter bubble columns is narrower, with an average size reduced to approximately 3% of that observed in conventional columns. Moreover, the gas holdup increases by over two-fold, and the interfacial area enhances by two orders of magnitude. In addition, the radial distribution of gas and liquid in the submillimeter bubble gas-liquid two-phase flow is more uniform, and the degree of axial backmixing is smaller. Notably, the interfacial area within sub-millimeter bubble columns plays a pivotal role in intensifying mass transfer, even though their liquid-side mass transfer coefficient is lower compared to conventional columns. Leveraging the substantial interfacial area, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient within sub-millimeter bubble columns is approximately ten times that within conventional columns. Notably, simulation outcomes for large-scale bubble column reactors indicate that sub-millimeter bubbles have the potential to yield a more uniform gas holdup distribution, thereby exhibiting reduced sensitivity to initial gas-liquid distribution effects.

Microdispersion is an important part of microchemical technology. The traditional method of analyzing and counting microdispersed droplets using the microscopic camera is costly and difficult to be promoted. This paper proposes a microdispersion droplet online detection technology based on fiber optic sensing. The method is based on diffuse reflective fiber, optical fiber sensor, data acquisition card, and LabVIEW program to detect droplet generation frequency and length in microchannels online. The method meets the detection of droplets with a diameter over 0.21 mm, and the upper limit of detection frequency is 500 Hz. When the droplet passes through the fiber for more than 15 ms, the method can also detect the droplet length. The results show that fiber diameter and fiber sensor response time are the main factors affecting the detection performance of the method. Compared with similar platforms, higher detection performance has been achieved at a lower cost.

A gas-phase necked T-shaped microchannel was constructed, and the gas-liquid two-phase flow and mass transfer performance of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanofluids in the process of CO₂ absorption were studied. In the experimental range, the bubbly flow, beaded bubble flow, compact slug flow, and slug-annular flow were observed. With the increase of gas phase flow rate, the bubble formation frequency f and the specific surface area a of bubbly flow increase rapidly, f and a of beaded bubble flow change little, and f and a of compact slug flow gradually decrease. Moreover, the liquid-phase volumetric mass transfer coefficient showed an increasing trend with the rise of the flow rate of both continuous and dispersed phases and the nanoparticle concentration in the liquid. Compared to the equal width T-channel, the maximal specific surface area of the microchannel with the narrow gas-phase inlet increased by 29.6%. It is shown that the reduction effect of gas phase inlet can effectively increase the mass transfer area of gas-liquid two-phase flow, which is conducive to the improvement of gas-liquid mass transfer performance.

Low boiling refrigerant (R134a) spray cooling can rapidly reduce the surface temperature. It is widely used in the thermal management of electronic equipment such as high-performance chips and biomedicine, and can achieve low temperature and efficient heat dissipation on the spray surface. Multi nozzle spray cooling can realize uniform cooling of large cooling surface and flexible control of cooling capacity. A refrigerant spray cooling test rig was set up to study the heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling on the surface, and to analyze the effects of nozzle outlet aperture, nozzle height, spray time and spray back pressure on the heat transfer characteristics of multi nozzle spray cooling surface. The results show that the nozzle aperture has the greatest influence on the cooling uniformity, followed by the nozzle spacing. Appropriate nozzle aperture (0.4 mm) and spacing (11 mm) can make the refrigerant spray reasonably distributed on the surface, and the lowest temperature T_min can reach the minimum value. 10 mm nozzle height and 1.2 MPa spray pressure can make the droplets fully atomized and extend the effective cooling time.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to numerically simulate passive mixing of three different types of T-junction micromixers. The relationship between the mixing index and pressure drop loss in a simple micromixer and the inlet velocity, diffusion coefficient and pipe diameter was analyzed. The effects of structural parameters on mixing in a mixer with internal components were also studied. The results show that the mixing index increases with the increase of Reynolds number, Schmidt number and Peclet number, while the pressure drop loss increases with the increase of Reynolds number and decreases with the increase of Peclet number in laminar flow state. After adding ribs and obstacles to the T-junction micromixer, the mixing index increases first and then decreases as Re increases. The longer the rib length, the larger the inner diameter of the obstacle, and the better the mixing effect. However, the corresponding pressure drop is also greater.

Installing internal components in the dense-phase bed can significantly improve the fluidization quality of the industrial fluidized bed, enhance gas-solid mass transfer and improve chemical reaction efficiency. Due to the instantaneous impulse and long-term erosion of gases and particles, the internal components may deform or fracture. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehend their mechanical characteristics to optimize the design and implementation of the internal components of the fluidized bed. This article presents coarse-grained CFD-DEM-IBM simulation on the forces exerted on an inclined baffle using Cartesian grids. Furthermore, it extends the current stress statistical methodology to analyze the stress on baffles with varying tilt angles. The simulation results are compared to the experimental results, revealing that the simulated force curve of the baffle matches well in both trend and numerical values. Specifically, the particle force dominates the combined force acting on the baffle at the start-up stage, but during the normal fluidization stage, except for the maximum particle force, the gas phase pressure difference acting on the baffle is greater than the particle force for most of the time. As the tilt angle of the baffle decrease, the force acting on the baffle increases and the ability to inhibit the back-mixing enhances, so it is recommended to select a mechanically stronger baffle with the small inclination angle.

As an efficient passive phase-change heat transfer device, loop heat pipe (LHP) is widely used in industrial fields such as heat dissipation of high-heat-flux electronic devices. Based on previous research, flat-plate LHP coupled with a micro two-phase steam ejector can significantly improve heat transfer performance. However, the internal flow and heat transfer mechanisms of micro two-phase steam ejector were still unclear, making it difficult to perform forward design and theoretical modeling of novel LHP. The effects of steam-water parameters and mixing chamber structure on the performance and internal flow field distribution of the two-phase steam ejector were studied through numerical simulation. The results show that a condensation shock wave exists downstream of the throat. As back pressure increases, the position gradually moves towards the throat. The intensity of condensation shock wave is positively correlated with back pressure, steam mass flow rate and mixing chamber length, while negatively correlated with water temperature. The maximum back pressure of the ejector is in the range of 40—125 kPa and positively correlated with heat load and water temperature, while negatively correlated with mixing chamber length. Through extensive simulation, the influence of water temperature and mixing chamber length on the operating state and pressure ratio of two-phase steam ejector under design power were obtained.

Mine air coolers are commonly used terminal equipment in mine cooling systems. Optimizing the heat exchange performance of mine air coolers is of great significance to improving the energy efficiency of mine cooling systems. A numerical model of a plate-fin-and-tube air cooler was developed by using Fluent software. The study focused on investigating the impact of fin pitch, fin thickness, transverse pitch and longitudinal pitch on heat transfer factor, friction factor and compressive performance evaluation index through numerical analysis. Furthermore, the Box-Behnken response surface method was employed to analyze the changes of the heat transfer factor, friction factor and comprehensive performance evaluation index under the synergistic effect of dual parameters. The results indicate that a great rise in the heat transfer factor, friction factor and comprehensive performance evaluation index as the fin pitch and transverse pitch decreased. Additionally, an increase in the fin thickness led to an increase in these factors. The comprehensive performance evaluation index exhibited an initial increase, followed by a subsequent decrease as the longitudinal pitch increased. The transverse pitch and fin thickness were found to have a significant influence on the heat transfer factor, friction factor and comprehensive performance evaluation index. However, the fin pitch and longitudinal pitch had minimal impacts on these factors. The response surface method was employed to determine the optimal structural parameters for the plate-fin-and-tube air cooler. The heat transfer factor and friction factor exhibited a notable increase of 16.3% and 26.3%, respectively, while the comprehensive performance evaluation index increased by 8.3%. The results of this study offer valuable insights into the parameters' optimization of the plate-fin-and-tube air cooler in mines.

Developing highly efficient hydrogen storage technology plays a key role in large-scale hydrogen energy applications. As an ideal organic liquid hydrogen storage medium, methylcyclohexane (MCH) has the advantages of high mass hydrogen storage density, safe and convenient storage and transportation, etc. However, the dehydrogenation process still faces problems such as high reaction temperature and low efficiency. The key to solving the above problems is to develop efficient dehydrogenation catalysts and introduce effective process intensification. Herein, a series of N-doped porous carbon (NPC) with different calcination temperature supported Pt catalysts (Pt/NPC) were prepared by wet impregnation method, and their effects on the MCH dehydrogenation were studied by novel internal electric heating (IEH) mode. The results show that the Pt²⁺ proportion firstly increases and then decreases with the increment of the NPC calcination temperature, and reaches the maximum value at 550℃. An approximately linear positive correlation between the Pt²⁺ proportion and the reaction rate of MCH dehydrogenation is obtained. Moreover, the hydrogen evolution rate over optimized Pt/NPC catalyst under IEH mode was about 3 times of that under conventional external heating (CEH) mode. In combination with temperature measurements, the calculation of reaction heat and heat transfer, catalytic evaluation and operando MCH-FTIR characterization, the improved catalytic performance was ascribed to high heating rate and heat transfer rate, as well as strengthened MCH adsorption in the IEH mode. This work presents guidance for developing the novel catalytic reaction ways by IEH mode and designing corresponding high effective catalysts in hydrogen storage and other heterogeneous catalytic reaction processes.

Protonic acid catalyzed rearrangement and hydrolysis mechanisms of cyclohexanone oxime were studied based on density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d) level with the SMD implicit solvent model. The dominant factors for the rearrangement reaction were determined by frontier molecular orbitals and electrostatic potential surfaces, and Gibbs free energies of transition states and intermediates were obtained by frequency calculation to identify the rate-determining steps. The rearrangement reaction is irreversible, while the hydrolysis is reversible. Cyclohexanone oxime undergoes bimolecular rearrangement first and follows by reverse hydrolysis. At low temperature, a small amount of water has little effect on the reaction, and it is proposed that the bimolecular rearrangement-hydrolysis reaction pathway of cyclohexanone oxime is most likely to occur. The electrostatic effects govern the electrophilic reaction of cyclohexanone oxime with proton, and local ambiphilicity/nucleophilicity controls the reaction of protonated cyclohexanone oxime with water or cyclohexanone oxime in acetonitrile solvent. This study elucidates the liquid-phase Beckmann rearrangement mechanism of cyclohexanone oxime in depth and provides a theoretical basis for the design of solid catalysts to avoid side reactions.

CeO₂-modified CuO catalyst (xCeO₂-CuO/NF) was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method through pre-deposition of CeO₂ crystal nuclei on nickel foam substrate. The soot oxidation activity of xCeO₂-CuO/NF was significantly higher than that of the catalyst without addition of CeO₂ (CuO/NF). With the increase of CeO₂ content, the Ce/Cu mass ratio and the intrinsic catalytic activity of the catalyst gradually increased, and finally both of them reached stable. Among them, the catalytic activity of 6.5CeO₂-CuO/NF was the best with the lowest T₅₀ (383℃), which was 32℃ lower than that of the CuO/NF catalyst. The results indicate that the pre-deposition of CeO₂ crystal nuclei can promote the growth of CuO into a nanostructure, which improves the contact efficiency between soot particles and active sites of the catalyst, on the other hand, the formation of Cu _x Ce_1-x O solid solution on xCeO₂-CuO/NF enhances the interaction between Ce and Cu cations. The interaction generates a redox coupling cycle between Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ and Cu²⁺/Cu⁺, prompting the generation and intrinsic activity of active oxygen species. All of these merits greatly improve the catalytic performance of soot oxidation over our as-synthesized catalysts.

Polyolefin elastomer (POE) has excellent properties and is widely used, and its industrial production usually adopts solution polymerization method. Industrial production of POE typically involves the solution polymerization process. The rheological behavior of the POE reaction medium is highly complex and influenced by several factors, including temperature, shear rate and polymer concentration. Moreover, the rheological behavior of the reaction medium significantly impacts the mixing efficiency, thereby affecting the reaction process. Due to the interaction of reaction, rheology, and flow field, the design and production process control of POE solution polymerization reactors are facing challenges. This study establishes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that integrates flow dynamics, mixing efficiency, reaction kinetics and rheological properties for POE solution polymerization reactors, based on actual measured data for kinetics and rheology. The model enables a detailed investigation of the effects of various process conditions, such as stirring speed, residence time and feed temperature on the velocity field, temperature field, concentration field and rheological properties. The findings of this study provide valuable insights and guidance for optimizing actual industrial processes.

The global development of supply chains has brought broad prospects to enterprises, but huge supply chain systems are faced with increasing risk of disruption, bringing huge potential risks to enterprises. Nevertheless, due to the unpredictability of these disruptions, the design of resilient supply chains to effectively mitigate disruptions remains an underdeveloped field. Against this background, this paper establishes a novel resilient supply chain design optimization method aimed at enhancing the supply chain's ability to withstand disruptions. Node disruption impact index (NDII) is introduced and defined to reflect the severity of node disruptions. Risk weight (RW) is defined to represent the degree of supply chain risk, thus avoiding predictions regarding risk scenarios and their probability distributions. RW also highlights the importance enterprises place on supply chain resilience. Based on robust optimization (RO) techniques, we establish an NDII-RO optimization framework that penalizes high-risk nodes. This method is applied to the optimization of a biofuel supply chain in Guangdong province. The optimization results demonstrate that this approach is capable of achieving a resilient supply chain design that can withstand disruptions.

In order to solve the problem of frequent failures of aluminum electrolytic cells in the aluminum electrolytic production process, a health state diagnosis model of aluminum electrolytic cells based on support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. The thickness of the wall, current efficiency and electrolytic temperature were taken as the comprehensive evaluation indexes of the health state of aluminum electrolytic cells, and the health state of aluminum electrolytic cells was divided into four grades: excellent, good, medium and poor. Considering that traditional support vector machine (SVM) can only be applied to binary classification problem, Adaboost algorithm is used to transform SVM binary classification problem into multi-classification problem to solve aluminum electrolytic cell health diagnosis problem, which fully considers the weight of submodels and strengthens the applicability of the model. The hyperparameters of the model were optimized by using PSO algorithm. The classification accuracy of the model was 94.70% and the Macro-F1 score was 0.9453 in the aluminum electrolytic cells. Compared with the Adaboost-SVM model without optimization algorithm and the PSO-SVM model without integrated algorithm, Adaboost-PSO-SVM improves classification accuracy by 8.34% and 4.93%, and Macro-F1 scores by 8.84% and 5.20%, respectively. Compared with the current mainstream machine learning algorithms DT and KNN, the classification accuracy is improved by 13.64% and 11.11%, respectively, and Macro-F1 scores are improved by 13.47% and 11.04%, respectively. The model provides a comprehensive assessment of the optimal maintenance period for aluminum electrolytic cells. This not only reduces the frequency of failures in aluminum electrolytic cells but also enhances the economic benefits of aluminum plants.

Lithium-ion batteries using graphite as the negative electrode material are widely used in the field of new energy, but their capacity attenuation after long-term charge and discharge cycles will significantly shorten the service life of the battery. One of the primary factors influencing battery cycle life is the growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the anode surface. This growth is influenced by the electrolyte composition, preparation process, and the structure of the graphite material. In this study, we develop a model to describe battery capacity decay based on the growth reaction of the SEI film and investigate the impact of graphite structure on capacity decay and SEI film growth through simulations. The results show that the larger the particle size of the anode material is, the faster the SEI film thickness increases and the battery life is significantly reduced. Throughout the charge/discharge cycles, the initial cycle experiences the most rapid capacity decay, then the aging rate slows down and stabilizes as the SEI film thickness increases in subsequent stage. The reduction in the diffusion coefficient of the solvent in the SEI film and the porosity of the SEI layer will slow down the battery capacity fading rate. Notably, the inward diffusion of solvent through the SEI film to the anode surface is believed to be the rate-determining step in the continuous growth of the SEI film. These findings provide fundamental insights and guidance for optimizing the preparation of anode coatings.

Electronic-grade deuterium gas is of paramount importance in the integrated circuit industry during the high-temperature annealing process, the purity standard for deuterium gas reaches as high as 6N in the 7 nm and even more advanced processes. In this study, a comprehensive technological process for the electrolytic preparation and purification of 6N deuterium gas was proposed, including: (1) designing FeNi@ClBC as a highly efficient OER catalysts, surpassing the performance of the commercial catalyst (RuO₂), enhancing the catalytic efficiency while reducing the overall energy consumption; (2) introducing a gas stripping method using electrolytic anode oxygen to remove impurities such as nitrogen from heavy water, and by reducing impurities in heavy water, the purification difficulty of deuterium is significantly diminished; (3) proposing in-depth oxygen and moisture removal processes, screening the optimal catalyst and molecular sieve for the adsorption of oxygen and moisture, and the process parameters are optimized to achieve target oxygen and moisture contents (volume fraction) below 1×10^-8 and 1.65×10^-7, respectively. The ultra-high-purity deuterium gas product index obtained in the experiment reached 6N, which meets the manufacturing needs of advanced process integrated circuits and provides a reference for the low-cost production of ultra-high-purity deuterium gas.