In recent years, tube-in-tube membrane microreactors have greatly improved gas-liquid mass transfer and reaction rates due to their advantages such as short mass transfer distance, large gas-liquid contact area and high gas permeability. They are regarded as a powerful tool to accelerate the study of gas-liquid mass transfer and flow reaction processes. At present, the tube-in-tube reactor has been widely used to establish a fast and accurate flow measurement platform for gas-liquid physical parameters, achieve efficient and safe gas-liquid reaction processes, and enhance gas-mediated biological enzyme catalytic reaction processes. In this review, a detailed description and construction method, and the recent advancements in this reactor are provided. Finally, based on current research hotspots, a perspective on future potential applications filed of such flow reactor is discussed.

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) has the advantages of high compaction density, high volume energy density, excellent conductivity and long service life, which makes it still occupy the main market of consumer electronic products. The theoretical specific capacity of LiCoO₂ material is as high as 274 mAh/g, while its capacity at a voltage of 4.2 V is only 140 mAh/g. As the increasing demand for high ^{energy density of lithium-ion batteries, elevating the operating voltage becomes the direct route to enhancing the energy density of LiCoO₂ batteries. Correspondingly, great attention has been paid to develop high voltage electrolyte with the advantages of high efficient and economical for practical application. Herein, the recent progress of functional electrolyte for high voltage LiCoO₂ batteries has been reviewed elaborately, which could be divided to high voltage organic solvent, high voltage additive and localized high concentration electrolyte. The effect of electrochemical stability window, the film forming ability and the solvation structure of electrolyte on the performance of high voltage LiCoO₂ batteries are discussed systematically. Finally, the further development of high voltage electrolytes for LiCoO₂ cathode is prospected accordingly.}

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has broad application prospects in environmental pollution remediation due to its strong reduction ability and high adsorption performance. In recent years, various synthesis methods have been developed and great promotion has been made in the reduction of nZVI to remove organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as advanced oxidation technologies based on nZVI. This review provided a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms and relative merits of the main methods for nZVI preparation, including physical, chemical, and green synthesis methods. The removal mechanisms of inorganic and organic contaminants by nZVI involving reduction, adsorption, and coprecipitation were described in detail; the mechanism and environmental application of nZVI coupled with oxidants (e.g., molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, calcium peroxide, and persulfate) were emphatically introduced. Additionally, the research trends and development directions for the nZVI-based technology in environmental remediation are proposed, aiming to serve as a reference for the efficient preparation and widespread application of nZVI in environmental remediation.

With the acceleration of the industrialization, the criticality of metal resources has become a concern of China and even the world, and the large-scale use of metal resources makes its environmental impact more and more serious in production processes. Under dual-carbon goals, in order to select metal production processes with low environmental impact, this study focused on 62 typical metal industrial production processes, summarized the relevant environmental impact assessment studies, and related to carbon footprint analysis is summarized during metal production processes. The environmental impacts of ferrous metals as well as non-ferrous light and heavy metals production processes were focused on. In the production of ferrous metals, the environmental impact can be reduced by using biomass instead of fossil energy, choosing suitable Mn smelting methods and reducing the content of Cr⁶⁺ in nature. Non-ferrous light metals were currently produced in a large number of metals with diversified production methods, which had a greater impact on greenhouse gas emissions and ecological toxicity. Heavy metals have a great impact on toxic effects such as ecotoxicity and human health. The mining and refining process of precious metals will have a serious impact on the atmosphere and water, which should be paid attention to. There were few studies on the evaluation of rare metals and quasi-metals, which mainly focused on Li and V, however its importance is becoming more and more significant, and the development potential is huge. Compared with other metals, the carbon emissions caused by precious metals are more significant, and the five metals with the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP) are Rh, Pt, Au, Ir and Sc. This research can effectively solve the environmental problems of metal production while promoting industrial development through green and efficient metal production processes.

The design of heat dissipation system of airborne electronic equipment is of great significance to the long-flight safe operation of aircraft. An acceleration-resistant double tangent arc flow channel was designed. Numerical analysis based on VOF multiphase flow model and visualization based on high-speed camera were carried out for the dynamic behavior of bubbles in the flow channel. The simulation analysis shows that, compared with the straight channel, the bubbles in the double tangent channel break into small bubbles and are thrown away from the heating surface due to the centrifugal force, which makes the vapor-liquid separation. The tangent arc channel with 30° has the weakest separation ability, but the bubbles remaining on the wall are the least. The separation ability of 60° tangent channel is the strongest, but the bubbles on the wall are not easy to flow. The visualization experiment of 45° tangent channel is carried out, and the visualization results are consistent with the simulation analysis. The simulation results show that when the velocity is 1 m/s, the 45° double tangent channel can effectively resist the acceleration of 5g.

The long-term continuous growth of bubbles on the surface of the photoelectrode is an important factor affecting the efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production. The effects of laser power and pressure in the cell on the evolution characteristics of bubbles and the mass transfer process at the gas-liquid interface were systematically studied by a multi-parameter simultaneous in-situ measurement and analysis method of photochemistry and bubble dynamics. The results demonstrate that bubbles under different laser powers and pressures follow similar growth rules before detachment. The gas mass yield reaches an extreme value at 80 kPa, indicating that appropriately lowering the pressure is beneficial to gas production. In addition, as the pressure decreases, the bubble detachment diameter increases and period shortens. By comparing force balance models considering different Marangoni forces, it is found that the force balance model considering both concentration Marangoni force and thermal Marangoni force has a prediction error of less than 5% for bubble detachment diameter and the concentration Marangoni force is the main factor affecting bubble detachment diameter under different pressures. Through solving the mass transfer coefficients, it can be found that the gas-liquid mass transfer is dominated by single-phase free microconvection under different pressure conditions in low photocurrent densities, but the effect of bubble-induced microconvection induced by expansion of gas-liquid interface on mass transfer is enhanced with the increase of photocurrent density.

During the fluidized pyrolysis of radioactive waste resin, a novel approach involving the pre-mixing of kaolin and ceramic particles in the feedstock to inhibit particle agglomeration was proposed, and via a fluidized pyrolysis experimental apparatus, effects of kaolin addition amounts on fluidization and particle agglomeration were investigated by measuring the bed pressure drop and analyzing the products with XRD, SEM, and elemental analysis. The results indicate that a uniform coating layer forms on surfaces of ceramic particles after pre-mixing with kaolin. Notably, when the kaolin addition is larger than 0.20%(mass), it significantly inhibits particle agglomeration in the fluidized pyrolysis of waste resin, though the effect has a specific duration. Consequently, it is necessary to periodically reload the ceramic particles pre-mixed with kaolin to maintain the kaolin coating layer on the surface of the ceramic balls. When the kaolin premix addition amount is 0.20%(mass), the kaolin premix feed inhibits agglomeration for about 70 min. Compared to the situation in which kaolin and waste resin were fed simultaneously, pre-mixing feeding can achieve the same inhibition effect on particle agglomeration with a lower addition amount of kaolin, which is beneficial for the volume reduction treatment of radioactive waste resin.

In order to probe into the effect of particle viscosity on homogeneous liquid-solid fluidization, three types of two-fluid models including inviscid TFM Gidaspow A (ITFM), TFM based on KTGF (KTFM) and Brandani and Zhang simplified TFM (STFM) are used for CFD simulations in this study. The numerical results are compared with the typical experimental data from the literature and calculated values by Gibilaro formula, which shows that all three two-fluid models can reasonable predict the overall solid holdup together with all relative deviations between each two-fluid model and the experimental data are less than 3%. The solid holdup obtained by ITFM or STFM is more consistent with the characteristics of homogeneous fluidization. The three two-fluid models all show the inherent properties of the overall ring-core structure for the prediction of the time-averaged particle axial velocity. Among them, the average relative deviations of the simplified two-fluid model under the two groups of low and high liquid velocity conditions are 0.277 and 1.028 respectively. STFM is slightly closer to calculated value by Gibilaro formula than the other two models in predicting the response time of contraction process. However, the predictions of all three models deviate from the ideal process, mainly due to the extended stability time caused by the instability of the low concentration interface and the transitional stage from dense to dilute regions of particles in expansion process. In expansion process, the differences among the three models are not obvious at low operating velocity, while the result of STFM is slightly closer to calculated value by Gibilaro formula at high operating velocity. KTFM takes the longest elapsed time for simulating dynamic processes in this study.

The development of integrated circuits has reduced the size of chips while dramatically increasing their power consumption. The heat dissipation problem of electronic devices caused ty this has become an important bottleneck restricting their rapid development. Microchannel cooling is now considered as the most promising technology to realize ultra-high heat flux dissipation. In this study, a variety of silicon-based micro ribs channel heat sinks with different rib structures are designed and prepared, and their flow and heat transfer characteristics with different hot spots are experimentally investigated and analyzed. The results show that the flow resistance of the staggered rib microchannel is lower, and its pressure drop is 22.8% lower than that of the square rib microchannel under the same Reynolds number condition. Comprehensive comparison, the staggered ribs can effectively destroy the development of the near-wall boundary layer of the fluid with lower flow loss, so that the heat sink can realize efficient cooling of higher heat flux with lower pumping power, and its COP can be increased by up to 14.1% compared with that of the square ribs microchannel. And the change of hot spot position has little effect on the maximum temperature of heat sink.

This study employs the finite volume method (FVM) and dynamic mesh technology to simulate the active disturbance heat transfer of fin-shaped vortex generators in a three-dimensional rectangular microchannel. The simulation conditions are laminar Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 50 to 250, and vortex generator oscillation frequencies (f) from 10 to 50 Hz. The results indicate that the Nusselt number (Nu), friction coefficient (fr), and performance evaluation criterion (PEC) exhibit quasi-sinusoidal variations within a certain range, with a period matching that of the vortex generator oscillation. Under the conditions of Re=50 and f=10—50 Hz, the PEC ranges from 0.75 to 1.52 and increases with frequency. Especially in the low frequency range, PEC shows a certain monotonicity. By introducing fin-shaped spoilers, the heat transfer efficiency of the microchannel has been significantly improved. Compared to a smooth rectangular microchannel (PEC=1), the PEC increases by 5% at Re=50 and f=10 Hz, and by 30% at Re=50 and f=50 Hz.

Gas-solid fluidized bed has been used in many links of natural uranium conversion process due to its advantages such as high gas-solid contact efficiency and fast interphase mass and heat transfer. However, the current understanding of fluidization reaction performance of high-density particle systems remains insufficient, complicating precise design and control efforts. This work employs the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method to conduct a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical simulation of an industrial-scale continuous U₃O₈ reduction fluidized bed system, focusing on the statistical analysis and comparison of key parameters such as macroscopic gas-solid flow, heat transfer, and reaction characteristics across different particle size distributions within the fluidized bed reduction system. The results indicate that under conditions of 80% excess hydrogen, the fluidization state of particles with three different sizes performs poorly, with most particles in a non-fluidized state and low bed expansion ratios observed. Analysis of the product distribution at the gas and solid outlets reveals that smaller particle sizes correspond to higher system temperatures and product conversion rates. However, due to the generally poor fluidization state, even with smaller particle sizes, the overall conversion rate remains low. This result suggests that further optimization of operational conditions and structural configuration of the fluidized bed may be necessary in practice to enhance fluidization effects and reaction conversion rates. Through this study, we aim to offer new perspectives and methodologies for a deeper understanding of the flow and reaction characteristics of high-density particles in fluidized beds, providing robust support for technological advancements in nuclear chemical engineering and related fields.

C₉ petroleum resin (C9PR) is a thermoplastic resin polymerized from the C₉ fraction of ethylene cracking byproduct. After hydrogenation modification, it can be used to obtain high-value-added hydrogenated petroleum resin (HC9PR) with light color, high antioxidant stability and good compatibility. However, C9PR has high molecular weight, high steric hindrance and impurities such as sulfide in the raw materials which are easy to poison and deactivate the catalyst, making hydrogenation extremely difficult. Herein, in order to achieve simultaneous hydrogenation and desulfurization of C9PR, we have successfully prepared the amorphous NiP@γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst by using chemical reduction method combined with ball milling method. The results showed that the catalyst has large specific surface area, high-content Ni ^δ+ active species, high number of active sites and strong adsorption capacity for C\stackrel{}{̿}C bond. The obtained amorphous NiP@γ‍-Al₂O₃ catalyst showed an enhanced hydrogenation activity (hydrogenation degree of 98.35%) and desulfurization activity (sulfur content reduced from 122.80 μg/g to 8.00 μg/g) for C9PR hydrogenation, which is obviously superior to different crystalline nickel phosphide catalysts (the nickel phosphide was prepared by temperature programmed reduction method and loaded on γ-alumina carrier by ball milling). In addition, the amorphous NiP@γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited high hydrogenation degree after 100 h of continuous reaction, indicating that the catalyst had good stability.

In the persulfate advanced oxidation process, the low regeneration efficiency of Co²⁺ is the main problem of Co efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate ( PMS ). The photocatalyst of carbon nanotubes loaded with oxygen defect-rich bismuth oxide (x%CNT-Co/Bi₂O₃) was successfully prepared for photocatalytic synergistic persulfate activation and degradation of pollutants. When the initial pH is 4.68 and PMS concentration is 0.5 mmol/L, the degradation of tetracycline(TC) is up to 91.3% under UV light (λ=254 nm) irradiation with 20 mg/L 70%CNT-Co/Bi₂O₃ as catalyst. It has excellent reusability and stability. The improved degradation activity is attributed to the great specific surface area of carbon nanotubes which is favorable to the adsorption of TC. Besides, the photogenerated electrons accelerate the cycle rate of Co²⁺→Co³⁺→Co²⁺, which promotes the separation and migration of photogenerated charges and the activation of PMS, so that a rapid degradation of TC is realized. In addition, Bi₂O₃ is uniformly dispersed on the outer tube wall of CNT-Co, which avoids the agglomeration of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles. CNT-Co has a large specific surface area, which is conducive to the adsorption of pollutants on the surface of the catalyst and increases the adsorption effect. The system produces a variety of active species, and its contribution is ¹O₂>·SO{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{-}>·OH>·O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}, which can realize the efficient degradation of pollutants by free radical and non-free radical.

A series of ZSM-22 molecular sieves were synthesized by adjusting the time of adding aluminum source by two-step crystallization method, and the distribution of acid sites was regulated. XRD, SEM, N₂^{adsorption/desorption, NH₃-TPD, FTIR, Py-IR,ICP, TEM-EDS and other characterization methods were used to characterize the phase, morphology, texture properties, acidity and element. The results show that ZSM-22 molecular sieve is synthesized in situ from amorphous silicate which is not crystallized on the surface of high silicon ZSM-22 after the first step of crystallization with the addition of aluminum source under the induction of template agent, and a layer of ZSM-22 molecular sieve with low Si/Al ratio is grown on the surface of high silicon ZSM-22, thus changing the acid site of the molecular sieve. The Pt-supported bifunctional catalyst was prepared and its hydroisomerization performance of n-dodecane was studied. The results show that the two-step crystallization of ZSM-22 can inhibit the cracking reaction in micropores and obtain higher isomerization selectivity. The conversion of S6-C at 330℃ is 89.3%, the selectivity is 89.4%, and the yield is 79.8%. ZSM-22 molecular sieve synthesized by two-step crystallization had more active sites located on the outer surface and near the pore mouth of the molecular sieve, thus changing the distribution of its isomers, reducing the proportion of isomers with branch chains at the end of the carbon chain, and preferring to generate isomers with branch chains at the middle of the carbon chain. The distribution ratio of 2-methylundecane in S12-C is about 10% lower than that of conventional ZSM-22.}

The lamellar Silicalite-1 zeolite (PtZn@Silicalite-1) encapsulated PtZn nano-alloy was synthesized in one step by hydrothermal crystallization method with tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as morphology regulator. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and their catalytic performance for propane dehydrogenation was investigated. The results show that the addition of TMG can effectively regulate the growth orientation of Silicalite-1 zeolite crystals, and the crystal size along the b-axis is inversely proportional to the ratio of TMG/SiO₂. At 550℃ and in pure propane atmosphere, the lamellar PtZn@Silicalite-1 catalyst showed excellent propane dehydrogenation performance. After 20 h of continuous reaction, its deactivation constant was only 0.007 h^-1, while that of the conventional PtZn@Silicalite-1 catalyst was 0.013 h^-1. Combined with the characterization data, the lamellar zeolite catalyst has larger external specific surface area and shorter b-axis through channel, which improves the accessibility of the dehydrogenation active site and shortens the diffusion path of gas molecules in the pore, thus improving the activity and stability of the catalyst.

The mass transfer performance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts inhibits the utilization efficiency of active sites, which is a key factor affecting its catalytic performance. In this paper, FCC catalyst samples prepared by 6 different matrix materials were selected, and the catalytic pore structure and acid properties were systematically analyzed. The mass transfer and diffusion behavior of heavy oil macromolecules were simulated by laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and adsorption penetration curve method. The utilization efficiency of active sites of the catalysts was investigated by using single molecule fluorescence imaging technique, and the number of oligomers produced by the oligomerization of thiophene catalyzed by B acid site was used as the criterion. It was found that compared with traditional kaolin and pseudo-boehmite as matrix materials, the macro-porous matrix material (APM-9) with abundant B acid sites designed and developed by our team significantly optimized the uploading performance of macromolecules on FCC catalysts, thus significantly improving the utilization efficiency of active sites. In this paper, a novel method to establish the structure-activity relationship between FCC catalyst structure parameters, its mass transfer performance and acid center utilization efficiency is developed, which can provide data support and theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of catalyst matrix materials.

The enrichment of low-concentration coalbed methane is of great significance to alleviate the current situation of the shortage of natural gas in China. However, the nitrogen impurities in coalbed methane greatly limit the further application of this resource. Therefore, it is very important to separate the CH₄/N₂ gas mixture in low concentration coalbed methane. Two low-polar ultra-microporous metal-organic framework materials, Sc-CPM-66A and In-CPM-66A, were prepared to study the performance of the materials in enriching CH₄ from CH₄/N₂ mixture. The structure of the materials was characterized by PXRD, 77 K N₂ adsorption, TGA and FTIR spectra. IAST selectivity calculations showed that the CH₄/N₂ selectivity of Sc-CPM-66A and In-CPM-66A reached 6.0. Benefiting from the large number of methyl groups on the surface of the materials, the adsorption heat of the two materials for CH₄ was lower than that of most reported materials. The weak interaction between the materials and methane molecules was conducive to the desorption and regeneration of the adsorbent in industrial applications. The penetration experiment further showed that CPM-66A could achieve the separation of CH₄/N₂ mixtures under dynamic conditions, and the cyclic penetration experiment showed that this type of material had good repeatability.

Nanocellulose exhibits rich molecular structures and properties due to its diverse raw materials, preparation and modification methods. However, due to its structural diversity, the research and development cycle under traditional methods is long and cost is high. If the molecular structure can be designed from the micro scale, it will help to significantly shorten the cycle. At present, the existing molecular structure prediction models are mostly suitable for inorganic materials and have limited adaptability to nanocellulose. Based on the structural characteristics of nanocellulose, four unique structure generation constraints were designed. The results show that the structure generation accuracy of the nanocellulose molecular structure prediction model built based on the variational encoder reaches approximately 63.0%. The model performs well in identifying partial structures, with a recognition rate of 87.0% for the main structure. It can effectively decouple the main structure of nanocellulose and the modified group structure, and proves to a certain extent that the model framework proposed in this study can effectively decouple the nanocellulose main structure and modified group structure. The structure prediction of cellulose and its derivative materials is feasible and helps to assist the development and preparation of related materials.

The existing multimode batch process soft sensor does not consider the batch difference of process data and the complex time-varying characteristics of transition modes, which affects the rationality of batch process mode identification and the accuracy of online soft sensing of quality variables. This paper proposes an online soft sensing method for batch process quality variables based on double boundary support vector data description-relevance vector regression (DBSVDD-RVR). According to the historical data of stable and transition modes obtained by offline mode partition of batch processes, the online mode identification model of DBSVDD was established. Then, the sliding window was introduced to construct the online mode identification strategy, and the online mode identification of batch data was realized by using DBSVDD model. On this basis, the data similarity calculation method based on hypersphere distance was constructed, and the similarity modeling data set of online data in transition mode was selected to establish the just-in-time learning RVR soft sensing model of transition mode. The RVR soft sensing model of each stable mode was established according to the historical data, and the online soft sensing of batch process quality variables was realized. The experimental results of penicillin fermentation process show that the proposed method effectively improves the rationality of mode identification and the accuracy of online soft sensing for quality variables in batch processes.

It is well known that some key effluent quality parameters are difficult to measure online in the urban sewage treatment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new soft-measurement model using empirical mode decomposition and modular neural network (EMD-SMNN) for effluent quality parameters. First, a task decomposition algorithm based on EMD is proposed, which can decompose a complex, multi-frequency time series of effluent quality parameters into several sub-time series, and it can adaptively adjust subnetwork modules according to the complexity and similarity of sub-time series calculating by the sample entropy and Euclidean distance. Then, a novel self-organizing algorithm of FNN is proposed to solve the problem that the initiating structure of subnetwork is difficult to given, which can dynamically adjust the structure of subnetworks and predict subtasks effectively. Finally,through the benchmark time series prediction and the actual effluent water quality parameter detection in the sewage treatment plant, it is verified that the proposed EMD-SMNN has a good prediction accuracy and self-adaptability.

The asymmetric Michael addition reaction is an important reaction for synthesizing chiral compounds. Traditionally, chiral metal complexes are used as catalysts for chiral induction, but they are complex in structure and difficult to prepare. Artificial metalloenzymes, which utilize biomacromolecules to replace transition metal chiral catalysts, have become a research hotspot. In this study, two histidines and a carboxylate facial triple motif were rationally introduced on the original metal binding motif of TM1459 protein scaffold to coordinate Cu²⁺, and artificial Cu-TM1459 metalloenzyme was prepared. It was applied to catalyze the asymmetric Michael addition reaction, and the Cu-H52A/H58E variant metalloenzyme exhibited moderate reaction activity and high enantioselectivity (e.e. value up to 58%). Further studies on molecular docking and catalytic mechanism led to site-directed mutations of key residues near the metal binding site. The I108A/C106V/K24E mutant catalyzed the reaction with a yield of 99% and an e.e. value of 93%.

18α-Glycyrrhizin (18α-GL) is an oleanane-type saponin. 18α-GL is less polar and more lipophilic than its diastereomer 18β-GL. Its stronger anti-toxic and anti-inflammatory effects and higher liver targeting make 18α-GL a major drug ingredient in the field of liver protection. However, the current preparation method of 18α-GL is highly polluting and has low efficiency. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a green and simple method to synthesize 18α-GL. Glycosyltransferases were heterologously expressed in yeast cells. Through whole-cell catalysis, glycosyltransferases cGuCSyGT was identified as being able to catalyze the specific synthesis of 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (18α-GAMG) from 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA) and GgUGT1 was identified as being able to catalyze the specific synthesis of 18α-glycyrrhizin (18α-GL) from 18α-GAMG. We further employed protein structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulation to explore the reason why cGuCSyGT has lower catalytic activity for 18α-GA than 18β-GA. Finally, an optimal process for yeast catalytic synthesis of 18α-GAMG and 18α-GL was constructed by optimizing various parameters, including substrate addition concentration, chassis host cells, substrate addition time, catalytic time, medium component addition and substrate solvent. Thus, the production of 18α-GAMG and 18α-GL reached (36.38±1.87) mg/L and (39.32±0.75) mg/L, respectively. This research achieved the microbial catalytic synthesis of 18α-GAMG and 18α-GL, which will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the total microbial synthesis of 18α-GL.

By utilizing liquid-phase array electrode gliding arc discharge plasma to decompose methanol, the existing hydrogen production technology was optimized, and the influence of different electrode configurations on hydrogen production performance was systematically studied. The optimal number of electrode configurations was obtained, and it was found that the maximum hydrogen flow rate of the 4-needle electrode reached 1188.54 ml/min at the same discharge power, which was 118% higher than that of the single needle. Furthermore, in the liquid-phase discharge, the array needle ring structure exhibited higher hydrogen production capacity and energy yield compared to the array needle hole-plate structure. When using the array needle-ring structure, the gliding arc discharge plasma decomposition of methanol demonstrated the best hydrogen production performance, with an energy yield of 69.75 g/kWh and an energy efficiency of 71.12%, which is better than most existing hydrogen production schemes.

Improving seawater hydration storage rate and storage density is crucial for the large-scale application of hydrate technology. A certain concentration of NaCl solution was dispersed with hydrophobic fumed nano-silica by high-speed stirring into micrometer-sized saline droplets. Under the conditions of 8.0 MPa and 274.15 K, methane hydrate storage experiments were conducted by using saline droplets with different silicon contents to study the kinetic characteristics of methane hydrate formation. With a gas storage capacity of 141.01 cm³·cm^-3 and a gas storage rate of 7.37 cm³·cm^-3·min^-1, saline droplets with a silicon content of 2.5 %(mass) demonstrated the best dispersibility and gas storage performance, according to the data. The silicon-containing brine droplets are further filled into the open-pore copper foam to construct a saline droplet/copper foam composite hydration gas storage system. It is discovered that the three-dimensional nested metal framework of copper foam can significantly accelerate the transfer of hydration reaction heat and improve the gas storage performance of saline droplets hydration. At 5.0—8.0 MPa, compared to the saline droplets single system, the hydration gas storage capacity of the composite system is increased by 4.72%—21.70%, and the maximum gas storage rate is increased by 38.25%—110.58%.

In order to solve the main problems of the external cold source for compressed gas energy storage systems, and to effectively utilize the liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy, two systems of liquid air energy storage and liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂) energy storage systems coupled with LNG respectively (LNG-LAES and LNG-LCES) are established. A comparative study is carried out between the two systems to evaluate their thermodynamic and economic performance. The results show that the exergy loss of the gas compression and expansion processes is larger as well as the process of LNG heat exchange, which provides the direction for system optimization. The rise of energy storage pressure, energy release pressure and LNG pressure can enhance performance of both systems, while the low LNG temperature can reduce the system performance. The exergy efficiency, expansion work and energy-storage density of the LNG-LAES system under optimal conditions are 57.53%, 13.08 MW and 79.61 kW·h/m³, higher than those of the LNG-LCES, namely 43.42%, 5.44 MW and 41.16 kW·h/m³, respectively. However, the cycle efficiency and cold energy utilization rate of LNG-LCES are higher, it has stronger adaptability to LNG temperature fluctuations, and performs better in terms of economy. These proposed two systems coupled with LNG cold energy perform better in round trip efficiency, 7%—25% higher than that of energy storage systems uncoupled with LNG. These results highlight further possibilities for performance enhancement of energy storage systems by integrating LNG.

Resource treatment and recycling of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules is urgent, and the key lies in the processing of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) films. This paper focuses on EVA treatment, proposing an aerobic pyrolysis method, and delves into the characteristics of aerobic pyrolysis mass loss, kinetics, and product analysis. The research findings indicate that with increasing oxygen concentration, the maximum mass loss rate increases from 1.8%(mass)/s to 3.0%(mass)/s, indicating more rapid and abundant thermal decomposition of EVA at lower temperatures. As the oxygen concentration rises, the overall aerobic pyrolysis activation energy shows a decreasing trend. This is attributed to the presence of oxygen promoting oxidation reactions, accelerating the aerobic pyrolysis process. With the increase in final pyrolysis temperature, the yields of coke and oil decrease, while gas yield increases. At 2% oxygen concentration, the increase in final pyrolysis temperature favors the enrichment of CH₄ and C₂H₆ substances in the gas phase, facilitates the conversion of carboxylic substances in oil to alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols, leading to the gradual transition of coke from amorphous structure to aromatization and graphitization.

Metal-organic framework (MOF) have shown great application potential in gas adsorption separation, catalysis, sensing and biomedicine due to their advantages such as large specific surface area, high porosity and highly adjustable structure. However, the pore structure of most MOF falls within the micropore range, and the narrow pore environment limits mass transfer diffusion and active site release during their application. Constructing hierarchical pores based on the microporous MOF structure can address this issue. To achieve hierarchically porous construction within the classic Cu-BTC structure, a novel single-step method combining in situ steam-assisted synthesis and etching was devised. Fine-tuning parameters such as the quantity of eco-friendly etchant acetic acid and steam assist duration yielded hierarchically porous Cu-BTC with customizable pore size ranges. Capitalizing on the enhanced mass transfer and active site accessibility conferred by the hierarchical pore architecture, the material demonstrated outstanding conversion efficiency in CO₂ electroreduction experiments, culminating in a remarkable 157% increase in ethylene selectivity. Integrating material preparation and etching procedures through steam-assisted techniques enables streamlined fabrication of hierarchical porous MOF in a single step. This approach not only reduces reactant consumption and simplifies reaction steps but also propels the advancement of hierarchical porous MOF in practical applications.

Using cheap cation exchange resin as the carbon source, iron ions are introduced based on the ion exchange strategy to regulate the graphitized carbon structure during the pyrolysis process of the cation exchange resin. And further acid etched the elemental iron and iron carbide in the pyrolysis product to prepare a mesoporous graphitized carbon for use as anode material for sodium-ion batteries. The cation exchange resin based graphitic carbon shows larger intergraphene spacing, lower defects and mesoporous tunnels constructed by few graphite layers compared with the hard carbon by direct pyrolysis of resin, which could significantly improve the capacity and cycling stability and carbon anode material at high rates. When applied to anode material in sodium ion battery, this material exhibits excellent rate performance and cycling stability at high rates, showing a specific capacity of 100 mA·h·g^-1 at a high current density of 30 A·g^-1, and a specific capacity of 192 mA·h·g^-1 at a current density of 0.5 A·g^-1 after 1000 cycles.

Low-cost and large-scale thin-film production technology is the key to the popularization of thermally induced phase change vanadiam dioxide VO₂(M) in the field of energy-saving windows. In this study, silane coupling agent KH550/KH570 was used to modify the surface of VO₂(M) powder synthesized by solid phase method, and then polystyrene (PS) modified VO₂@KH550/570@PS microspheres (VSPS) were obtained by microemulsion polymerization to systematically study the effect of surface modification on the properties and optical and thermal insulation performance of VO₂(M)-based polymer composite films on the properties of VO₂(M) based polymer films and the influence of optical and thermal insulation properties. The results show that the premodification of coupling agent is conducive to enhance the combination of PS and VO₂ during emulsion polymerization, and the introduction of cross-linking agent MBA enhances the chemical stability of VSPS, which improves the dispersing ability of VO₂ inorganic powders in the polymer solution system, and obtains more homogeneous polymer composite films. Among them, VS₅₇₀PS/PVB has a high T_lum of 86.64%, a 12-fold improvement in ΔT_sol compared to VO₂/PVB, and the temperature difference between the blank glass is 16℃. This preparation technique of VSPS polymer composite film with both high light transmittance and heat insulation performance provides a useful idea for the application of VO₂(M) as a smart window material.

Thermal management plays an important role in the operation of electronic devices, and the radiation heat transfer can be effectively enhanced by coating the surface of electronic devices. In this study, the carbon nanotubes (s-CNTs) were prepared from biomass as raw materials and applied to heat dissipation coatings to test thermal performance. The experiments showed that the average pore diameter of s-CNTs after grinding was 27.6% smaller than that before grinding, and the tube diameter of s-CNTs was 50—100 nm according to TEM. When the mass fraction of s-CNTs reached 6%, the average emissivity reached 0.9146. When the s-CNT cooling coating is applied from 100℃ to room temperature, the cooling rate is as high as 20℃/min. Therefore, s-CNTs nanocoatings have a good application prospect in the heat dissipation of electronic devices.

In order to explore the effects of different types of surfactants on the fire extinguishing efficiency of two-fluid water mist containing salt additives, In this experiment, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS),cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB35) and alkyl glucoside (APG0810) were selected to study the effects of surfactants on the fire extinguishing efficiency of salt-containing two-fluid water mist from three aspects: fire extinguishing time, cooling effect and CO concentration peak. The results show that in the air environment, the three surfactants can effectively shorten the fire extinguishing time of water mist containing salt additives, thereby reducing the peak CO concentration in the fire extinguishing process. Among them, 4%APG0810 has the best fire extinguishing effect on the modified two-fluid water mist containing 5%K₂CO₃, and the fire extinguishing time is 29% shorter than that containing 5%K₂CO₃ two-fluid water mist. Compared with air/water mist, the fire extinguishing time is reduced by 55%, but at the same time, due to the decrease of the particle size of the surfactant, it is easy to be affected by turbulence, resulting in the cooling effect of the water mist containing salt additives. In the CO₂ environment, due to the small specific heat capacity of CO₂, the surfactants have the experimental phenomenon of slightly shortening the fire extinguishing time and extending the fire extinguishing time after modifying the fine water mist containing a single salt additive. And compared with salt-containing additive water mist, the peak CO concentration in the fire extinguishing process also increased, and the cooling effect also decreased. The research results will provide reference for prevention and control of alcohol-based fuel fires.