Research on fire location and law of fire spread of cylindrical three-dimensional underground garage

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20181513

Abstract

Abstract:

A typical cylindrical three-dimensional underground garage is selected as the object of this research. In the condition of the natural ventilation, star-ccm+ software was used to simulate the fire scene in the garage. The negative layer, the negative six layer and the negative ten layer are selected as the fire points respectively. It calculated out that, the deeper the fire source, the higher the center temperature of the roof. The temperature values are respectively 860, 927 and 942℃. The center temperature of parking spaces on the same floor as the fire are all higher than 200℃. When a car get fired, its adjacent vehicles, upper vehicles and relative vehicles will be ignited at about 240, 312 and 322 s. The deeper the fire source, the shorter the time it takes to ignite its nearby vehicles. At the same time, the calculated value is compared with the theoretical value. In this article, the theoretical formula for calculating the ignition time of vehicles near the fire source, is only applicable to conservative estimates of vehicles with the same level of fire and with no shelter between them. And it is not applicable to the calculation of the ignition time of upper and lower vehicles of the fire source. According to the calculation, this type of garage can not discharge heat rely on natural ventilation. It is necessary to exhaust smoke from the parking spaces in the same level as fire source, which are under greater impact, so as to control the development of the fire.

Key words: star-ccm+, numerical simulation, radiation, three-dimensional underground garage, fire, turbulent flow, fire location

摘要：

选取一个典型的圆筒形地下立体停车库作为研究对象，运用star-ccm+软件，采用数值模拟的方法对车库内自然通风条件下的火灾场景进行模拟计算。分别选择负一层、负六层以及负十层作为起火点，计算得出：火源位置越深入地下，着火车位顶棚中心温度越高，最高可达942℃，与起火点同层的车位顶棚中心温度均高于200℃。当某车辆发生火灾后，其相邻车辆、上方车辆、相对车辆将分别在起火后的240、312、322 s左右被引燃；火源位置越往下，引燃附近车辆的时间越短。同时，通过计算值与理论值的对比，讨论了计算火源附近车辆被引燃时间理论公式的适用性。

关键词: star-ccm+, 数值模拟, 辐射, 地下立体停车库, 火灾, 湍流, 火源位置

CLC Number:

TU 926

Ting PENG, Zhongyuan YUAN, Yanping YUAN, Xiaoling CAO. Research on fire location and law of fire spread of cylindrical three-dimensional underground garage[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(6): 2397-2408.

彭婷, 袁中原, 袁艳平, 曹晓玲. 圆筒形地下立体停车库火灾火源位置与火势蔓延规律研究[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(6): 2397-2408.

Figures/Tables 27

Fig.1 Plane graph of cylindrical underground garage(unit: mm)

Fig.2 Vertical view of cylindrical underground garage(unit: mm)

Table 1 Summary of simulated conditions

不开启

Fig.3 Temperature of parking space under different grid scales

Fig.4 Diagrammatic sketch of smoke exhaust outlet on top of experimental building[25]

Fig.5 Comparison of experimental and simulated values

Table 2 Theoretical value of ignition time

车辆位置	距离/m	理论引燃时间/s
相邻车辆	2.6	294.89
相对车辆	13.05	不会引燃
上层车辆	2.2	249.52

Fig.6 Temperature distribution in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t=10 s)

Fig.7 Temperature distribution in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t=30 s)

Fig.8 Temperature distribution in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t=70 s)

Fig.9 Temperature distribution in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t =10 s)

Fig.10 Temperature distribution in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t =30 s)

Fig.11 Temperature distribution in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t =70 s)

Fig.12 Soot density in garage with fire source in negative first-floor(t =400 s)

Fig.13 Soot density in garage with fire source in negative sixth-floor(t =400 s)

Fig.14 Soot density in garage with fire source in negative tenth-floor(t =400 s)

Fig.15 Temperature of parking spaces in same vertical direction with fire source in negative first-floor

Fig.16 Temperature of parking spaces in same level with fire source in negative first-floor

Fig.17 Temperature of parking spaces in same vertical direction with fire source in negative sixth-floor

Fig.18 Temperature of parking spaces in same level with fire source in negative sixth-floor

Fig.19 Temperature of parking spaces in same vertical direction with fire source in negative tenth-floor

Fig.20 Temperature of parking spaces in same level with fire source in negative tenth-floor

Fig.21 Thermal radiation value of vehicles in same vertical direction with fire source in negative first-floor

Fig.22 Thermal radiation value of vehicles in opposite vertical direction with fire source in negative first-floor

Fig.23 Thermal radiation value of vehicles with fire source in negative sixth-floor

Fig.24 Thermal radiation value of vehicles with fire source in negative tenth-floor

Table 3 Summary of ignition time of vehicles/s

车位

负一层火源

（工况1）

负六层火源

（工况2）

负十层火源

（工况3）

References 30

1	张新 . 地下机械式汽车库火灾模型试验及蔓延机理研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2012.
	Zhang X . Study on model fire test and fire spread mechanisms in underground mechanical car park[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2012.
2	王跃 . 城市停车难问题的解决思路[J]. 城市道桥与防洪, 2007, (8): 25-27+202.
	Wang Y . Thinking for solving urban parking difficulty[J]. Urban Roads Bridges & Flood Control, 2007, (8): 25-27+202.
3	王正武, 肖正军 . 城市私人小汽车保有量预测[J]. 重庆交通学院学报, 2004, 23(5): 112-114+134.
	Wang Z W , Xiao Z J . Prediction on the private car quantity in the city[J]. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University. 2004, 23(5): 112-114+134.
4	王辉 . 机械式立体车库的特点研究及其应用[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2008.
	Wang H . The research and application of solid machinery garage[D].Changsha: Hunan University, 2008.
5	吴新华 . 城市小汽车发展预测[J]. 现代城市研究, 2003, (S 2): 35-37.
	Wu X H . Development prospects of urban saloon car in china[J]. Modern Urban Research, 2003, (S 2): 35-37.
6	程远平, 张孟君, 陈亮 . 地下汽车库火灾与烟气发展过程研究[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2003, (1): 15-20.
	Chen Y P , Zhang M J , Chen L . Research of fire and smoke development in underground garages[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2003, (1): 15-20.
7	梁健明 . 地下车库通风与防排烟设计分析[J]. 建材与装饰, 2018, 49: 79-80.
	Liang J M . Design and analysis of ventilation and smoke control and exhaust in underground garage[J]. Building Materials and Decoration， 2018, 49: 79-80.
8	王方舜 . 大空间建筑火灾烟气的蔓延及控制研究进展[J]. 武汉工程大学学报, 2017, 39(4): 337-347.
	Wang F S . Research progress of smoke spread and control in large space building fires[J]. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Technology, 2017, 39(4): 337-347.
9	王猛 . 山洞式立体停车库的研究[D] .重庆: 重庆交通大学, 2014.
	Wang M . The performance survey and deterioration analysis of cave type parking equipment[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing Jiaotong University, 2014.
10	赵涵玺 . 地下车库火灾烟气扩散规律的数值计算与实验[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2015, 11(12): 46-51.
	Zhao H X . Numerical calculation and experimental study on laws of smoke diffusion in underground garage fire[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2015, 11(12): 46-51.
11	徐文强, 刘芳, 董龙洋, 等 . 基于FDS的地下停车场火灾数值模拟分析[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2012, 19(1): 73-76.
	Xu W Q , Liu F , Dong L Y , et al . Analysis on the fire of underground parking based on FDS numerical simulation[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2012, 19(1): 73-76.
12	白旭宏 . 地下车库火灾风险分析及消防措施优选[J]. 广西民族大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, (S 1): 67-69.
	Bai X H . Fire risk analysis of underground garage and optimum fire control measures[J]. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition), 2008, (S 1): 67-69.
13	Deckers X , Haga S , Sette B , et al . Smoke control in case of fire in a large car park: full-scale experiments [J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2013, 57: 11-21.
14	许凯, 孙春平, 白镭, 等 . 地下圆筒形机械车库通风排烟系统设计初探[J]. 技术与市场, 2016, 23(8): 55-56.
	Xu K , Sun C P , Bai L , et al . Design of ventilation and smoke exhaust system for underground cylindrical mechanical garage[J]. Technology and Market, 2016, 23(8): 55-56.
15	李人宪 . 有限体积法基础[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2005: 1.
	Li R X . The Foundation of Finite Volume Method[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2005: 1.
16	陈霖 . 地铁隧道着火列车继续运行条件下的烟气特性研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2016.
	Chen L . Study on subway tunnel smoke characteristics of the burning train in running condition[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2016.
17	中华人民共和国国家统计局 . 中国统计年鉴2014[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2014.
	National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China . China Statistical Yearbook 2014[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2014.
18	徐亮, 张和平, 杨昀, 等 . 性能化防火设计中火灾场景设置的讨论[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2004, (2): 129-132.
	Xu L , Zhang H P , Yang Y , et al . Preparatory study on fire design in performance-based design[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2004, (2): 129-132.
19	程远平, John R . 小汽车火灾试验研究[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2002, 31(6): 557-560.
	Chen Y P , John R . Experimental research of motorcar fire[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2002, 31(6): 557-560.
20	Tohir M Z M , Spearpoint M . Distribution analysis of the fire severity characteristics of single passenger road vehicles using heat release rate data[J]. Fire Science Reviews, 2013, 2: 5.
21	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局 . 建筑防排烟技术规程[S]. GB 51251—2017. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2017.
	Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China, State General Administration of the Peoples Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine . Technial standard for smoke management system in buildings[S]. GB 51251—2017. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2017.
22	王东勋, 黄晓家, 张雅君, 等 . 汽车库火灾危险性分析与研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2015, 34(10): 1397-1405.
	Wang D X , Huang X J , Zhang Y J , et al . Analysis and research on garage fire risk[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2015, 34(10): 1397-1405.
23	McGrattan K . Fire Dynamics Simulator (version 4)-Technical Reference Guide[M]. Washington DC: Nist Special Publication, 2006: 17-24.
24	胡隆华 . 隧道火灾烟气蔓延的热物理特性研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2006.
	Hu L H . Studies on thermal physics of smoke movement in tunnel fires[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2016.
25	刘雪 . 地下车库火灾烟气流动数值模拟及排烟研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆交通大学, 2013.
	Liu X . Numerical study on fire smoke flow and smoke control in underground garage[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing Jiaotong University, 2013.
26	李力, 李治, 刘长城, 等 . 机械式立体停车库中巷道防火分隔效果研究[J]. 火灾科学, 2015, 24(2): 101-108.
	Li L , Li Z , Liu C C , et al . Study on the performance of roadway fireproofing in the stereo garage[J]. Fire Safety Science, 2015, 24(2): 101-108.
27	杨高尚, 彭立敏, 安永林, 等 . 公路隧道行车及横通道间距的研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, (2): 362-367.
	Yang G S , Peng L M , An Y L , et al . Study on spacing between vehicles and passages of road tunnel[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2007, (2): 362-367.
28	姜立春, 宋敏丽, 陈锦添 . 地下复式车库火灾风险研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2014, 33(9): 1015-1018.
	Jiang L C , Song M L , Chen J T . Fire risk research of the underground compound garage[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2014, 33(9): 1015-1018.
29	赵伟, 魏文君 . 某地下机械式汽车库消防安全性分析[J]. 消防技术与产品信息, 2016, (7): 24-27.
	Zhao W , Wei W J . Fire safety analysis of an underground mechanical garage[J]. Fire Technology and Product Information, 2016, (7): 24-27.
30	张晓鸽, 郭印诚 . 地下车库火灾过程及消防措施的研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2006, (S 2): 171-174.
	Zhang X G , Guo Y C . Influence of fire-control measures on vehicle fires in underground car parks[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2006, (S 2): 171-174.

[1]	Zhanyu YE, He SHAN, Zhenyuan XU. Performance simulation of paper folding-like evaporator for solar evaporation systems [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 132-140.
[2]	Yifei ZHANG, Fangchen LIU, Shuangxing ZHANG, Wenjing DU. Performance analysis of printed circuit heat exchanger for supercritical carbon dioxide [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 183-190.
[3]	Zhiguo WANG, Meng XUE, Yushuang DONG, Tianzhen ZHANG, Xiaokai QIN, Qiang HAN. Numerical simulation and analysis of geothermal rock mass heat flow coupling based on fracture roughness characterization method [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 223-234.
[4]	Jiahao SONG, Wen WANG. Study on coupling operation characteristics of Stirling engine and high temperature heat pipe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 287-294.
[5]	Siyu ZHANG, Yonggao YIN, Pengqi JIA, Wei YE. Study on seasonal thermal energy storage characteristics of double U-shaped buried pipe group [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 295-301.
[6]	Song HE, Qiaomai LIU, Guangshuo XIE, Simin WANG, Juan XIAO. Two-phase flow simulation and surrogate-assisted optimization of gas film drag reduction in high-concentration coal-water slurry pipeline [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3766-3774.
[7]	Lei XING, Chunyu MIAO, Minghu JIANG, Lixin ZHAO, Xinya LI. Optimal design and performance analysis of downhole micro gas-liquid hydrocyclone [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3394-3406.
[8]	Chen HAN, Youmin SITU, Bin ZHU, Jianliang XU, Xiaolei GUO, Haifeng LIU. Study of reaction and flow characteristics in multi-nozzle pulverized coal gasifier with co-processing of wastewater [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3266-3278.
[9]	Xiaosong CHENG, Yonggao YIN, Chunwen CHE. Performance comparison of different working pairs on a liquid desiccant dehumidification system with vacuum regeneration [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3494-3501.
[10]	Wenzhu LIU, Heming YUN, Baoxue WANG, Mingzhe HU, Chonglong ZHONG. Research on topology optimization of microchannel based on field synergy and entransy dissipation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3329-3341.
[11]	Rui HONG, Baoqiang YUAN, Wenjing DU. Analysis on mechanism of heat transfer deterioration of supercritical carbon dioxide in vertical upward tube [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3309-3319.
[12]	Kexin HUANG, Tong LI, Anqi LI, Mei LIN. Mode decomposition of flow field in T-junction with rotating impeller [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2848-2857.
[13]	Fangzhe SHI, Yunhua GAN. Numerical simulation of start-up characteristics and heat transfer performance of ultra-thin heat pipe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2814-2823.
[14]	Jinbo JIANG, Xin PENG, Wenxuan XU, Rixiu MEN, Chang LIU, Xudong PENG. Study on leakage characteristics and parameter influence of pump-out spiral groove oil-gas seal [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2538-2554.
[15]	Xingchi ZHU, Zhiyuan GUO, Zhiyong JI, Jing WANG, Panpan ZHANG, Jie LIU, Yingying ZHAO, Junsheng YUAN. Simulation and optimization of selective electrodialysis magnesium and lithium separation process [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2477-2485.