Optimal power point optimization method for aluminum-air batteries under load tracking condition

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230485

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the second-order equivalent circuit of aluminum-air battery stack, the models of internal resistance and electrical output characteristics was established, and the effects and variation rules of operating conditions on activation internal resistance, ohmic internal resistance, concentration internal resistance and total internal resistance of stack was studied. On the premise that the output of the stack meets the demand of any load, taking the minimum total internal resistance as the optimization objective, and based on the concept of “optimal power point”, an optimization method of operating conditions based on particle swarm optimization were proposed. The optimal working temperature, electrolyte concentration and output voltage are obtained, and the output performance of the stack is optimized. Through simulation research and experimental research, the validity and reliability of the model and method are verified. The results show that under the condition of load tracking, the total internal resistance of the stack is the lowest at the optimal power point, and the effect and variation law of operating conditions on the output performance of stack are consistent in AC impedance characteristics and U-I output characteristics. The optimization method can improve the output performance of the stack and reduce the energy loss in the stack.

Key words: aluminum-air battery, operating conditions, performance optimization, internal resistance characteristic, mathematical modeling

摘要：

基于铝空气电池堆二阶等效电路，建立内阻特性和电气输出特性模型，研究操作条件对活化内阻、欧姆内阻、浓差内阻和电堆总内阻的影响作用和变化规律；以电堆输出满足任意负载需求为前提，以总内阻最小为优化目标，基于“最优功率点”概念，提出一种基于粒子群算法的操作条件优化方法，获得最优工作温度、电解液浓度和输出电压等，实现电堆输出性能优化；通过仿真研究和实验研究，验证模型、方法的有效性和可靠性。研究结果表明：在负载跟踪状态下，电堆工作在最优功率点处其堆内总内阻最小；操作条件对电堆输出性能的影响作用和变化规律，在交流阻抗特性和U-I输出特性中的表现具有一致性；该优化方法能够提高电堆输出性能，减少堆内能量损耗。

关键词: 铝空气电池, 操作条件, 性能优化, 内阻特性, 数学建模

CLC Number:

TM 911.41

Guoze CHEN, Dong WEI, Qian GUO, Zhiping XIANG. Optimal power point optimization method for aluminum-air batteries under load tracking condition[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3533-3542.

陈国泽, 卫东, 郭倩, 向志平. 负载跟踪状态下的铝空气电池堆最优功率点优化方法[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3533-3542.

Figures/Tables 11

References 30

1	Buckingham R, Asset T, Atanassov P. Aluminum-air batteries: a review of alloys, electrolytes and design[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 498: 229762.
2	Lee W H, Choi S R, Kim J G. Effect of agar as electrolyte additive on the aluminum-air batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, 167(11): 110503.
3	Bing M C, Mo F, Hu Z F. Electrochemical performance of SiC composite anode in aluminum-air battery[J]. Electrochemistry, 2020, 88(6): 525-531.
4	Zhou C, Bhonge K, Cho K T. Analysis of the effect of hydrogen-evolving side reaction in the aqueous aluminum-air battery[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 330: 135290.
5	Xie J D, He P, Zhao R J, et al. Numerical modeling and analysis of the performance of an aluminum-air battery with alkaline electrolyte[J]. Processes, 2020, 8(6): 658.
6	Yang S H, Knickle H. Modeling the performance of an aluminum-air cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 124(2): 572-585.
7	Zhao R J, Xie J D, Wen H J, et al. Performance modeling and parameter sensitivity analyses of an aluminum-air battery with dual electrolyte structure[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 32: 101696.
8	Sikovsky D P, Kharlamov S M, Palymsky V I, et al. Heat transfer and thermohydrodynamic fluctuations in aluminum-air fuel cell[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2015, 24(4): 386-397.
9	Wen H J, Liu Z S, Qiao J A, et al. High energy efficiency and high power density aluminum-air flow battery[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(9): 7568-7579.
10	Hu T E, Fang Y D, Su L, et al. A novel experimental study on discharge characteristics of an aluminum-air battery[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2019, 43(5): 1839-1847.
11	Hu T E, Li K, Fang Y D, et al. Experimental research on temperature rise and electric characteristics of aluminum air battery under open-circuit condition for new energy vehicle[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2019, 43(3): 1099-1110.
12	柯浪, 胡广来, 冯育俊, 等. 铝空气电池系统设计及放电特性研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(2): 263-265, 275.
	Ke L, Hu G L, Feng Y J, et al. Research on design and discharge characteristics of aluminum air battery system[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(2): 263-265, 275.
13	Lv C N, Zhang Y X, Ma J J, et al. Regulating solvation and interface chemistry to inhibit corrosion of the aluminum anode in aluminum-air batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10(17): 9506-9514.
14	张清扬. 铝空气电池电解液循环及热管理系统研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2020.
	Zhang Q Y. Study on electrolyte circulation and thermal management system of aluminum-air battery[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2020.
15	费亚龙, 冯伟, 潘协辉. 一种铝空气电池双路冗余并联式管理系统研究[J]. 电源技术, 2021, 45(10): 1313-1315.
	Fei Y L, Feng W, Pan X H. Research of dual-circuit redundant parallel management system for aluminum-air batteries[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 45(10): 1313-1315.
16	凤林, 岳应娟, 蔡艳平, 等. 基于改进型复合算法的铝空气燃料电池MPPT研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2022, 43(10): 317-324.
	Feng L, Yue Y J, Cai Y P, et al. Research on MPPT of aluminum-air fuel cell based on improved compound algorithm[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2022, 43(10): 317-324.
17	王茹, 沈永超, 卫东, 等. 基于直流内阻和交流阻抗特性的PEMFC水管理状态分析[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(7): 3247-3257.
	Wang R, Shen Y C, Wei D, et al. Analysis of PEMFC water management status based on DC internal resistance and AC impedance characteristics[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(7): 3247-3257.
18	高志, 卫东, 王振, 等. 基于频率正割角的PEMFC性能优化[J]. 太阳能学报, 2019, 40(8): 2376-2382.
	Gao Z, Wei D, Wang Z, et al. PEMFC performance optimization based on frequency of secant angle[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2019, 40(8): 2376-2382.
19	Zhou C, Liu Z Y, Sun Y N, et al. A novel maximum power point tracking technique with improved particle swarm optimization for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, 2347(1): 012017.
20	Yao J, Wu Z, Wang H, et al. Design and multi-objective optimization of low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells with efficient water recovery and high electrochemical performance[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 324: 119667.
21	Zhu Y, Zou J X, Li S, et al. An adaptive sliding mode observer based near-optimal OER tracking control approach for PEMFC under dynamic operation condition[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(2): 1157-1171.
22	Yu W T, Shang W X, Xiao X, et al. Elucidating the mechanism of discharge performance improvement in zinc-air flow batteries: a combination of experimental and modeling investigations[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 40: 102779.
23	Shallal A H, Shakir I K. Effects of operating parameters on the performance of a zinc-air fuel cell[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 1973(1): 012122.
24	Zhang T Y, Yu M F, Li J, et al. Effect of porosity gradient on mass transfer and discharge of hybrid electrolyte lithium-air batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 46: 103808.
25	梁旭鸣, 沈永超, 卫东, 等. 基于直流内阻和交流阻抗特性的铝空气电池输出特性分析[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(8): 4361-4370.
	Liang X M, Shen Y C, Wei D, et al. Analysis of output characteristics of aluminum-air battery based on DC internal resistance and AC impedance characteristics[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(8): 4361-4370.
26	Habibi P, Rahbari A, Blazquez S, et al. A new force field for OH^– for computing thermodynamic and transport properties of H₂ and O₂ in aqueous NaOH and KOH solutions[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2022, 126(45): 9376-9387.
27	蔡艳平, 李艾华, 徐斌, 等. 铝-空气新能源电池技术及其放电特性[J]. 电源技术, 2015, 39(6): 1232-1234, 1241.
	Cai Y P, Li A H, Xu B, et al. Aluminum-air new energy battery and its discharge characteristics[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 39(6): 1232-1234, 1241.
28	Ren J M, Fu C P, Dong Q, et al. Evaluation of impurities in aluminum anodes for Al-air batteries[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2021, 9(5): 2300-2308.
29	克里斯·莫尼卡塔斯, 玛丽亚·斯卡拉斯-哈萨克斯, 突蒂·玛丽亚娜·里姆. 大中型储能电池的研究进展[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2018.
	Menictas C, Skyllas-Kazacos M, Lim T M. Advances in Batteries for Medium- and Large-scale Energy Storage[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2018.
30	Yan W Y, Zheng S L, Jin W, et al. The influence of KOH concentration, oxygen partial pressure and temperature on the oxygen reduction reaction at Pt electrodes[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2015, 741: 100-108.

参数	数值	参数	数值	参数	数值
T	293~343 K	δ	100 μm	n	4
c	3~8 mol·L^-1	S	210 cm²	p	0.21 atm
U	17.6~37.4 V	N	22	a	0.8
i	0~0.3 A·cm^-2	L	1 cm	R_elect	0.6 Ω·cm²
P_load	200~1000 W	α	0.15	E_ocv	39.8~40.7 V

参数	数值	参数	数值	参数	数值
T	293~343 K	δ	100 μm	n	4
c	3~8 mol·L^-1	S	210 cm²	p	0.21 atm
U	17.6~37.4 V	N	22	a	0.8
i	0~0.3 A·cm^-2	L	1 cm	R_elect	0.6 Ω·cm²
P_load	200~1000 W	α	0.15	E_ocv	39.8~40.7 V

P/W	i/(A·cm^-2)	U/V	T/K	c/(mol·L^-1)	R_f/(Ω·cm²)	R_m/(Ω·cm²)	R_d/(Ω·cm²)	R_cells/(Ω·cm²)
200~300	0.026~0.040	35.8~36.6	327~330	7.1~7.2	85.49~120.87	34.33~34.36	2.75~3.44	123.24~157.96
300~400	0.040~0.054	35.0~35.8	330~332	7.0~7.1	66.18~85.49	34.36~34.43	3.44~4.31	104.93~123.24
400~500	0.054~0.070	34.2~35.0	332~336	6.8~7.0	53.88~66.18	34.43~34.59	4.31~5.39	93.85~104.93
500~600	0.070~0.086	33.2~34.2	336~337	6.6~6.8	45.22~53.88	34.59~34.86	5.39~6.69	86.77~93.85
600~700	0.086~0.104	32.2~33.2	337~335	6.4~6.6	38.72~45.22	34.86~35.34	6.69~8.24	82.29~86.77
700~800	0.104~0.124	30.8~32.2	333~335	6.1~6.4	33.57~38.72	35.34~36.19	8.24~10.05	79.81~82.29
800~900	0.124~0.148	29.0~30.8	329~333	5.8~6.1	29.26~33.57	36.19~37.74	10.05~12.28	79.28~79.81
900~1000	0.148~0.199	23.9~29.0	322~329	5.3~5.8	23.79~29.26	37.74~42.47	12.28~17.98	79.28~84.24

P/W	i/(A·cm^-2)	U/V	T/K	c/(mol·L^-1)	R_f/(Ω·cm²)	R_m/(Ω·cm²)	R_d/(Ω·cm²)	R_cells/(Ω·cm²)
200~300	0.026~0.040	35.8~36.6	327~330	7.1~7.2	85.49~120.87	34.33~34.36	2.75~3.44	123.24~157.96
300~400	0.040~0.054	35.0~35.8	330~332	7.0~7.1	66.18~85.49	34.36~34.43	3.44~4.31	104.93~123.24
400~500	0.054~0.070	34.2~35.0	332~336	6.8~7.0	53.88~66.18	34.43~34.59	4.31~5.39	93.85~104.93
500~600	0.070~0.086	33.2~34.2	336~337	6.6~6.8	45.22~53.88	34.59~34.86	5.39~6.69	86.77~93.85
600~700	0.086~0.104	32.2~33.2	337~335	6.4~6.6	38.72~45.22	34.86~35.34	6.69~8.24	82.29~86.77
700~800	0.104~0.124	30.8~32.2	333~335	6.1~6.4	33.57~38.72	35.34~36.19	8.24~10.05	79.81~82.29
800~900	0.124~0.148	29.0~30.8	329~333	5.8~6.1	29.26~33.57	36.19~37.74	10.05~12.28	79.28~79.81
900~1000	0.148~0.199	23.9~29.0	322~329	5.3~5.8	23.79~29.26	37.74~42.47	12.28~17.98	79.28~84.24

电堆参数	数值	电堆参数	数值	电堆参数	数值	电堆参数	数值
额定功率	1 kW	电压范围	17.6~37.4 V	电池片数	22	铝合金	Al-6061
额定电压	23.9 V	电流范围	0~48 A	总体积	40 cm×25 cm×20 cm	电极间距	1 cm
额定电流	41.8 A	空气压力	0.1 MPa	单片反应面积	14 cm×15 cm = 210 cm²	扩散层厚度	100 μm