The fugacity calculation results will directly affect the prediction accuracy of the phase equilibria of gas hydrates. Based on the Chen-Guo model, four equations of state (RK, SRK, PR and PT EOS) are used to calculate the fugacity, then to predict the phase equilibria of methane, ethane and carbon dioxide gas hydrates in different temperature ranges, respectively. Results show that for pure water system the model with RK EOS is most suitable for predicting the phase equilibria of methane hydrate, while PR EOS is more suitable for the prediction of ethane and carbon dioxide hydrates. For ice system, SRK EOS is the most suitable for methane hydrate but the prediction below 218.2 K is the main reason for the low prediction accuracy. PR EOS suits the prediction of ethane hydrate and the prediction accuracy for the case below 230.2 K still needs to be improved. And RK EOS is suitable for predicting carbon dioxide hydrate, the prediction accuracy will be improved further if the prediction results below 270.7 K can be much closer to the experimental data.

Particle precipitation in duct flow is important in particle industry and HAVC. There are various duct geometries in industry, but most experiments in the literatures were conducted on smooth ducts. In the present study, a rectangular duct with a series of staggered baffles being installing inside was set up. Power plant ash and CaCO₃ particles were sprayed into the air flow through the duct. The measurement showed that the baffles significantly increased the particle precipitation by orders of magnitude, which was consistent with the modeling results in the literatures. By greasing the baffle surfaces, the reflection of particles on the surfaces were repressed and thus precipitation was enhanced by a limited amount. The results showed that the baffle structures have critical influence on the fine particle deposition while the baffle surface property may not be a significant factor.

Effects of the endothermic fuel pyrolysis of n-decane on fluid flows, heat transfer and chemical component distributions in a helical tube at a supercritical pressure were examined. Results reveal that a large amount of heat is absorbed and converted into chemical energy during the endothermic pyrolytic reactions. Comparing with the test case without consideration of fuel pyrolysis, the bulk fluid and averaged wall temperature near the tube exit can be reduced by around 50 K and 70 K, respectively, with fuel pyrolysis, and the heat transfer coefficient is increased by around 10%. These phenomena are attributable to the strong flow acceleration, caused by the drastic decrease of fluid density, and the enhanced turbulent kinetic energy, resulted from the increased secondary flows in the tube cross sections. The pyrolytic rate of n-decane is higher in the high fluid temperature region on the inner side of the tube, which leads to the reduced wall temperature in the region and more uniform temperature distribution in the circumferential direction. The higher is the fuel conversion rate, the more uniform becomes the circumferential wall temperature. As the chemical concentrations of the coking precursors, such as the alkenes of C₂H₄, C₃H₆, are higher on the inner side of the tube at high fluid temperatures, carbon deposition is more easily accumulated in this region.

Building a precise pore network by using 3D reconstruction lays the foundation for studying the fluid flow as well as heat and mass transfer in porous media, in which the medial axis extraction of pore structure is the key to reconstruction. Among the thinning algorithms to extract medial axis, simple points method has its advantages over accuracy and parallel operation, whereas its application to pore structure analysis is relatively few. Based on the fully parallel thinning algorithm of the simple points method, a medial axis extraction method specializing in porous media is developed, consisting of the following four major steps:image processing, reconstruction matrix generating, layer-by-layer marking and parallel thinning. Applying the proposed method to 230 objects with typically ordered pore structures and a reconstruction model of an activated carbon accumulation, the medial axes topologically equivalent to each object are obtained and the pore radiuses are calculated fast and precisely. By comparing the pore volume calculated from the media axis and its corresponding radius with actual pore volume, it is found that the relative error of the pore volume is lower than 6% eventually. The results show that the proposed method is capable of obtaining the medial axis preserving the geometry and connectivity commendably and resisting the influence of surface irregular variation effectively, hence can be used for nondestructive quantitative analysis and pore network extraction.

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTS) plays an important role in the application of renewable energy and recovery waste heat. An LHTS device based on flat micro heat pipe array (FMHPA)-copper foam composite structure is designed which takes porous flat tubes that can attached to FMHPA easily as the heat transit fluid (HTF) pathway, water as HTF, and paraffin wax as phase change material (PCM). The temperature distribution of paraffin, the effect of temperature and volume flow of HTF on charging and discharging power and the charging and discharging efficiency of LHTS device are investigated experimentally. Results show that the temperature distribution of paraffin wax is more uniform by using the FMHPA-copper foam composite structure. Increasing the temperature difference of the HTF and the PCM and increasing the flow rate of HTF both can increase the charging and discharging power. Under the experimental conditions, the maximum charging power is 1.24 kW, the maximum heat discharging power is 1.43 kW. The charging efficiency is 92%, the discharging efficiency is 94%, and the total efficiency is 87.4%.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristic of capillary evaporation in capillary tubes with three different diameters using alcohol as working fluid. The results indicated that the evaporating interface with extend and form a thin liquid film during the evaporation, which can rapidly increase the evaporating rate. The temperature caused by the liquid film evaporation will change into the difference of surface tension because of the Marangoni effect, the liquid film will be supplemented while evaporating and form the high-effective “evaporation-supplement” mechanism. With the increase of the diameter, the liquid film become thicker and the stability is improved, the change rate of the interface moving rate decreased. Meanwhile, the overall evaporation rate decreases with the increasing of tube diameter.

Two-dimensional numerical simulations have been carried out in this paper concerning the dynamic foam displacement process in a homogeneous porous media with confined inlet and exit geometry arrangements. Stochastic bubble population balance model is employed to describe the foam generation process and the IMPES algorithm is used to solve the equation sets of transient two-phase flow process. Detailed analysis has been carried out based on numerically obtained two dimensional parameter distributions of water saturation, water pressure and bubble density. Obvious development progress has been observed near the core inlet in the dynamic foam flooding process, whereas the effect of shrinking outlet could be neglected before the foam fluid making breakthrough from the sample. Good agreements between numerical and corresponding experimental results indicate the stochastic bubble population model could describe adequately the foam generation and coalescence mechanism and therefore could be applied to simulate and predict accurately the foam dynamic propagation process in homogeneous porous media.

Marangoni instabilities in a sessile droplet of 1cSt silicone oil evaporating at constant contact angle mode on a heated copper substrate were investigated through a series of experiments. Results reveal that with the increase of the temperature of substrate, three kinds of convection modes occur in sequence, i.e., thermocapillary convection, steady Bénard-Marangoni (BM) convection and irregular oscillatory BM convection, respectively. For the steady BM convection, with the receding of the wetting radius, the cell number decreases one by one while the morphology of the BM cell does not vary. When the cell number is less than five, the individual cell becomes to be circular. With the contact angle increases, the critical Marangoni number (Ma_c) for the onset of the steady BM convection increases. The dimensionless cell number increases with the dimensionless wetting radius, which is independent on the contact angle.

CO₂ miscible displacement process has attracted wide attention of researchers in recent years due to its capacity on enhancing oil recovery. Comparative experimental investigations were carried out for oil recovery characteristics from water/oil pre-saturated porous medium with various displacement fluids of supercritical CO₂, supercritical CO₂ foam and N₂ foam. Referring to the reservoir temperature and pressure conditions, the enhanced oil recovery characteristics are analyzed and discussed in detail based on the displacement pressure drop along the core together with the extracted amount of oil from the porous medium. It is found the supercritical CO₂ fluid could achieve obviously higher oil recovery at the condition of 50℃ and 13 MPa. The fact that elevating the system pressure up to 23 MPa couldn't produce extra oil indicates the CO₂ displacing oil process achieves miscibility under the condition of 50℃ and 13 MPa in the porous media. The employments of other EOR methods of supercritical CO₂ foam and N₂ foam didn't produce more oil component from the sample. Compared to the result of 0.8 MPa for N₂ foam, the pressure drop for supercritical CO₂ foam flooding process is much lower at 0.3 MPa with poorer bubble generation performance. It is expected the experimental results could be employed on screening and evaluating supercritical CO₂ flooding technologies.

Considering of the liquid-deficient section, the secondary phase transformation process of the OTSG is divided into five heat transfer regions, and then build the one-dimensional homogeneous flow mathematics model based on distributed parameter method. Taking simulation for the case of the primary side coolant inlet conditions change, then analyze the phenomenon of dryout in the steam generator and dynamic response characteristics of primary and secondary side parameters. The simulation results show that the outlet steam can not reach overheating when the inlet enthalpy of the primary side coolant decreases by 5%. The length of the preheating section and the nucleation boiling section increase greatly, the dry point is moved 9.14 m.When the primary side inlet flow decreases, the overheat degree of the outlet steam is reduced, and the maximum moving distance of dry point is about 2.42 m.

The Pt-Al/MCM-41 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, using mesoporous silica MCM-41 as carrier, anhydrous alcohol as dissolvent and AlCl₃ as accelerator. The catalysts were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction assay, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption and automatic chemical adsorption analyzer. The effects of different Pt-Al interaction sequences on the structure and performance of the catalysts were emphatically discussed, and the catalytic application in hydrosilylation was investigated. The results showed that different Pt-Al interaction sequences had an effect on degree of order and acidity of the catalysts and the dispersion of platinum particle, among them, the Pt-Al/MCM-41 catalyst has the relatively best degree of order, acidity and platinum dispersion. The order of influence of different catalysts on the conversion with reaction time in the hydrosilylation of heptamethyltrisiloxane and allyl polyether is Pt-Al/MCM-41 > Pt+Al/MCM-41 > Al-Pt/MCM-41 > Pt/MCM-41.

In order to improve the learning performance of neural networks with small amounts of samples so as to enhance the learning speed, a novel artificial affective neural network (AANN) is explicitly introduced in this paper. Traditional neural networks are integrated with non-fully connected affective neurons whose non-linear activation functions are different from traditional ones. Using two affective factors termed as “nervousness” and “confidence” to simulate the emotional changes of human brains, the cognitive ability of neural networks can be practically increased, which contributes to the speed of learning. A numerical example and the superheated steam temperature predictive control strategy of boilers concerning AANN applications are demonstrated, showing better performances compared with those of BP neural networks and support vector machine (SVM).

Practically, the aging of industrial equipments could lead to varying performances of control systems, while traditional control performance evaluation methods show limitations in this scenario. In response, a control system performance adaptive evaluation approach based on variable weight dynamic multi-attribute decision-making is proposed. Firstly, to judge the control performance, a calculation method that combines the system failure rate and operating time is suggested to divide the operating state of control systems to ensure that the decision information comes from different operation stages. Subsequently, a multi-attribute decision-making matrix is constructed with four evaluation indicators including the overshoot, nonlinear index, output variance, and valve stick index to evaluate aging slow time-varying systems. An analytic hierarchy process method is used to calculate the change of the attribute weight in the decision process to determine the current performance state. The proposed method was applied to an industrial DMF recovery plant, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method.

At present, most process parameter alarm threshold optimization method didn't consider the influence of operator. Therefore, a new process alarm threshold self-adaptive optimization method considering operator's influence with the theory of human factors is introduced in this paper. Firstly, APRIORI algorithm is used to mine the association between alarm events and operational events. Secondly, based on online alarm data, fuzzy reasoning obtains human factor comprehensive index. The weights of false alarms and missed alarms are calculated, and an alarm threshold optimization objective function is established. Industrial examples verify the effectiveness of the method.

The process of methanol steam reforming (MSR) for hydrogen production heated by simulated exhaust heat was studied. Radial fin reactor was designed with waste heat recovery. The effects of simulated waste heat air inlet velocity and temperature, reactant inlet velocity, temperature and water methanol ratio, reactant and heated air co-current and counter current flow conditions on MSR process were investigated. Results showed that the optimum operation condition of this reactor is that the reactant and heated air operates as co-current flow, water methanol ratio sets as 1.3, inlet heated air velocity and temperature keep as 1.1 m/s and 773 K, inlet reactant velocity and temperature maintains as 0.1 m/s and 493 K. Methanol conversion reaches 99.4% and thermal efficiency of simulated exhaust heat reaches 28%, reactor outlet hydrogen volume fraction attains 69.6%. The results can give some reference for waste heat utilization and exhaust heat reforming for hydrogen production, combustion blended with hydrogen.

With the rapid development of refrigeration industry, more attention is being given to the auto-cascade refrigeration system because of its simple structure, reliable operation and higher system efficiency. The performance of auto-cascade refrigeration system is influenced by the ratio of mixed refrigerants, which is not conductive for its application in large and medium scale systems. In the paper, based on the theoretical analysis about the relationship between the auto-cascade system performance and working fluid ratio, the traditional single-stage auto-cascade system is improved. In order to adjust the mass flow of mixed refrigerant the parts including electronic expansion valve, liquid storage tank and rectifier are installed in high and low temperature circulating loop. Programming by Matlab software and invoking Refprop 9.0 are adopted to carry out the simulation. Experimental results are compared with those of theoretical simulation under three compression ratio. The results show that the improved auto-cascade system has the higher COP when R23 mass concentration is between 0.32 and 0.40, and the simulation results agree well with the experiment results. The experimental results show that the system exergy efficiency is almost not affected by the R23 mass concentration. It is further proved that the performance of the auto-cascade system is not affected by the ratio of the working fluids, which provides a basis for the popularization and application of the auto-cascade system in the large and medium-sized refrigeration systems.

Hollow porous carbon is considered as an ideal material for the negative electrode due to its low density, large pore volume, high specific surface area and good electrical conductivity. A facile approach for preparing hollow whisker porous carbon material (Cw-GO) for the negative electrode of Lithium-ion battery is proposed by using polydopamine and graphene oxide as carbon and nitrogen source, and CaCO₃ whisker as a template agent. The activator CO₂, is generated from whisker template and make a great contribution to high specific surface area (SSA) during carbonizing process. The morphology and structure of sample are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and volumetric adsorption analyzer. The electrochemical characteristics of sample is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic charge-discharge (GCD). Cw-GO shows the first discharge capacity of 1185.9 mA·h·g^-1 under the current density of 500 mA·g^-1, and decreased to 921.8 mA·h·g^-1 through 200 cycles, the coulomb efficiency remains at 99.4%.

Biomass is abundant and widely distributed in China. Fast pyrolysis of this renewable resource for bio-oil, a high quality starting material for chemical industry, is considered to be one of the most promising approaches for the achievement of its high value and efficient application. The basic performance of environment-friendly bio-oil starch adhesive (BOS adhesive) prepared from bio-oil was investigated. The results showed that the wet bonding strength of BOS adhesive reached the ClassⅡ of Chinese Standard GB/T 17657 and the viscosity of this adhesive met well with the production demands of plywood industry. The rheological behavior of this BOS adhesive showed obvious shear-thinning characteristic, which meant that the BOS adhesive was typical pseudoplastic fluid. The low △E_η value of BOS adhesive (9.67 kJ·mol^-1) indicated that this adhesive has good liquidity, making it a great potential for industrial application and promotion. Comparative investigation on the strength, rheological property and thermal stability of BOS adhesive with different bio-oil content demonstrated that the bio-oil could improve the water resistance and thermal stability of BOS adhesive, and had a positive impact on the curing characteristics of BOS adhesive.

Ceramic composite heat storage materials were prepared by mixed sintering method with binary carbonates (Li₂CO₃-K₂CO₃, BC, 62:38, mole ratio) and ternary carbonates (K₂CO₃-Li₂CO₃-Na₂CO₃, TC, 1:2:1, mole ratio) as phase change materials, and with magnesium oxide as the matrix material. The melting point of binary and ternary carbonates composites (BCC, TCC) are 465.1℃ and 386.4℃ respectively, which is similar to the corresponding mixed carbonates. Composite heat storage materials maintain a high specific heat value within the highest using temperature (800℃), and the latent heat is more than 150 J/g. Based on the characterization analysis of XRD and SEM, two kinds of composite heat storage materials have good chemical stability, and the matrix material can well support the phase change material. The thermal properties of the composite heat storage materials don't change significantly and have good thermal cycling stability after 50 thermal cycles.

A tubular anode supported SOFCs with NiO-BaZr_0.1Ce_0.7Y_0.1Yb_0.1O_3-δ (BZCYYb)/SDC/LSCF structure was fabricated by in-situ dip coating and one-step sintering technology. The electrochemical performance, thermal cycling performance and operating stability under working voltage of the single cell were obtained with the moist H₂ (3% (vol) H₂O) as fuel and air as oxidant. The results indicate that the open-circuit voltage were 1.084,1.074,1.067,1.058 and 1.046 V, and the maximum power densities were 0.12,0.25,0.38, 0.54 and 0.70 W·cm^-2 at 600,650, 700, 750 and 800℃, respectively. The results also suggest that the single cell running stablely in continuous discharge testing process at 700℃ and 0.7 V without obvious decline. The single cell had successfully experienced thermal cycling test for eleven times and the output power was stable. These results presented that the cell showed good thermo-mechanical properties and was able to withstand the repeated start-up tests. The developed SOFCs with new kind of anode (NiO-BZCYYb) are highly promising for industrial and commercial development applications in future.

Epoxy acrylate composite latex was prepared via miniemulsion polymerization. The effects of curing temperature, curing time and content of phosphate ester emulsifier on the properties of epoxy acrylate composite coating were investigated. The results showed that the epoxy acrylate composite latex particles were uniform spherical structure, and the average particle size distribution was about 150 nm. When the curing temperature is 120℃, the curing time 2 h, the content of phosphate ester emulsifier 3%, the coating has the best corrosion resistance. The film formation and mechanism of corrosion resistance were researched. The passivation film was formed between the composite latex and metal substrate and the corrosion resistance of obtained coatings was improved.

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(OTAC) as modifier, modified montmorillonite(OTAC-MMT) was prepared via cation exchange. 4,4'-diamino diphenyl methane bismaleimide(MBMI), 3,3'-diallyl bisphenol A(BBA) and bisphenol-A diallyl ether(BBE) were used to synthesize MBAE matrix, OTAC-MMT/PES-MBAE composites were prepared from MBAE, OTAC-MMT and PES by in-situ polymerization method, respectively. The XRD result revealed that the interlayer spacing of OTAC-MMT increase obviously, which compared with Na-MMT. The SEM micro-morphology displayed that the layer structure of OTAC-MMT was more apparent and dispersed uniformly, the surface of composites were more rough than that of MBAE, PES and MBAE matrix presented two-phase, crazing and microcrack which direct in different directions were appeared, exhibited ductile fracture. When the mass fraction of OTAC-MMT was 2%, PES content was 4%, the impact strength and the bending strength of OTAC-MMT/PES-MBAE were 14.54 kJ·m^-2 and 143.12 MPa, enhance 55.5% and 47.2% than that of MBAE matrix, respectively. The dielectric constant and loss of the composite material showed a little increase while OTAC-MMT and PES exist, but OTAC-MMT could reduce the negative impacts of PES.

Functional monomer N-methylolacrylamide was grafted onto microcrystalline cellulose to prepare the intermediates MCC-g-PHAM by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methyl-imidazole chloride. Halogenation was used to convert N-H in graft copolymer into N-Cl bond to obtain antibacterial copolymer, and its antibacterial properties were studied. The obtained polymer structure, surface morphology and antibacterial properties were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, SEM and antibacterial test. The result showed that the cellulose graft copolymer has been successfully synthesized and the surface after grafting became noticeably rougher. Therefore, the contact between the material and the bacteria is facilitated and the antibacterial performance is fully exerted. The material exhibits perfect antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus the obtained material presents a better application prospect on the antibacterial field.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) is used as support material for high energy physics and nuclear physics experiments due to its excellent thermal insulation and mechanical performance. High-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments produce large amounts of γ and neutron irradiation to the support material. In order to ensure the stability of GFRP under γ-irradiation conditions, the kinetic model of pyrolysis needs to be establish to calculate the activation energy under different irradiation doses. The obtained results show that the pyrolysis process of GFRP in a nitrogen atmosphere can be divided into three stages, the main mass loss stage occurs at 200-470℃. With the increase of radiation dose, the mass loss rate of GFRP increased. After 20, 100 and 200 kGy γ irradiation, the mass loss rate of GFRP increased from 31.1% to 32.7%, 35.5% and 37.5%, respectively, by 2%, 3.9% and 4.4%. With the heating rate increased the mass loss rate increased significantly. After 200 kGy γ irradiation, the average activation energy of GFRP calculated by Friedman method was increased from 96.1 kJ·mol^-1 to 116.6 kJ·mol^-1, which increased by 21.3%. The average activation energy of GFRP calculated by FWO method was increased from 107.6 kJ·mol^-1 to 125.4 kJ·mol^-1, which increased by 16.5%. Microstructure analysis by SEM found that the binding degree of the glass fiber and the epoxy declines after γ irradiation, differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the curing reaction occur of epoxy in the irradiation process.

Chitosan modified magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized by the chemical cross linking method. Physicochemical properties including the morphology, phase composition, particle size and magnetic properties were characterized by TEM, FTIR,particle size analyzer and VSM. It was proved that the modified magnetic nanocomposites had corn-shell structure. The magnetic nanocomposites with adriamycin were synthesized by the ultrasonic method. The encapsulation efficiency of magnetic nanocomposites was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the average entrapment efficiency was up to 46.13%, then further determined by MTT colorimetric method proved that the inclusion compound had obvious biological inhibition of K150 cells. The results showed that the magnetic nanomaterials had good biocompatibility and drug loading activity.

Phase change materials absorb or release heat during phase changing, but its own temperature keep constant. Thus, a box-type energy storage device was developed to regulate the internal temperature of the vehicle and saving energy. Since the suitable environment temperature of human body is 22-26℃ and the phase change temperature of paraffin is 25℃, paraffin is chosen as phase change energy storage material. In this experiment, the melting process and solidification process of paraffin packed in aluminum bottles had been explored. The air velocity of outlet was set at 2.5 m/s. When the air temperature of inlet was 35℃, the paraffin could absorb heat in the melting process and reduce the ambient temperature by 3℃ for 3 hours. When the air temperature of inlet was 10℃, the heat could be released in the solidification process and the ambient temperature was increased by 3℃ above for 3.5 hours. Meanwhile, the temperature change regularity of the graphite composite in the melting and solidification process is explored. Under the condition of constant air velocity, the rate of melting and solidification of graphite composite is related to the temperature difference between phase change material and ambient air. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the phase transition speed and the shorter the phase transition time.