Spiral groove dry gas seal (S-DGS), one of the typical non-contacting surface seals, has been widely applied to shaft-end seals of moderate or high speed turbomachinery. Current status of DGS research and development was summarized on spiral grooves and grooves with different types of molded lines. Structures of derived spiral grooves were systematically analyzed for the purpose of improving film stability, sealing performance, anti-abrasion, and hydrophobic behavior under different operating conditions. Based on their functional characteristics, these derived structures were classified into four types, namely, stability-increased at high speed, leakage-reduced at high speed, stability-increased at low speed, and hydrophobic wear-resistant. Future development would still focus on further improvement of gas film stability and sealing performance at high speed and pressure, quick opening characteristics and gas film stability at low speed and pressure, as well as biomimic design of super hydrophobic and strong wear-resisting seal surfaces. These areas will be critical to expand applications, to enhance reliability, and to extend service life of DGS in the future.

Melt temperature, fusion heat and decomposition temperature are three fundamental thermo-physical properties of molten salt. Based on NaBr (AR), KBr (AR), CaBr₂ (AR) and LiBr (AR) 25 quaternary bromides with different average diameter (10 nm, 20 nm and 50 nm) and mass concentration of SiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to investigate melt temperature, fusion heat and decomposition temperature of the 25 quaternary bromides with SiO₂ nanoparticles. Experimental results showed that the melting point of the nano-quaternary bromides decreased first and then increased subsequently with the increase of SiO₂ nanoparticles. The fusion heat increased first and then decreased, which varies greatly with the increase of SiO₂ nanoparticles. As the mass concentration of the 10 nm SiO₂ nanoparticles is 1.5%, nano-quaternary bromides reached a maximum fusion heat of 47.06 J·g^-1, which increased by 89.6%. As the mass concentration of the 10 nm SiO₂ nanoparticles is 0.7%, nano-quaternary bromides reached a maximum decomposition temperature of 876.3℃.

Based on the theoretical analysis of viscous dissipation effect when polymer melt flowing in micro injection mold, the change of the melt temperature of the polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) caused by the viscous dissipation effect were tested and simulated in the rectangular cross section micro channels with different equivalent diameters and ratios of length to diameter under a variety of process parameters. The results showed that the theoretical calculation and numerical simulation values were highly consistent with the test results, and the average errors were all less than 1℃. The study found that when the equivalent diameter and ratios of length to diameter were increased, the heat of viscous dissipation increased,thus the outlet temperature of channel rose. When the geometry size of the micro channels remains unchanged, the viscous dissipation heat increased with the increase of the injection speed and injection pressure, and decreased with the increase of the melt temperature and mold temperature. But under the same test condition, the viscous dissipation heat of PP material which is more sensitive to shear was obviously higher than that of HDPE.

The objective of this paper is to study the heat transfer performance of twisted-tube dry-expansion evaporator (TDE) and conventional baffle dry-expansion evaporator (BDE). The effect of evaporating temperature (T_e), condensing temperature (T_c), Reynolds number (Re_o) outside tube and heat flux (q_i) on heat transfer performance was investigated. The results showed that with the increase of T_e, Re_o and q_i, the heat transfer performances of TDE and BDE were increased, while with the increase of T_c, both of the heat transfer performances were decreased. The air-cooled heat pump (ACHP) applied with TDE and BDE was tested, respectively. The results showed that at the same cooling state the overall heat transfer coefficient (K) of TDE was 36.3% higher than that of BDE, and the ACHP's cooling coefficient of performance (COP) was increased by 6.0%. At the same heating state, the K of TDE was 41.7% higher than that of BDE and the ACHP's heating COP was increased by 15.8%. It was proved that TDE applied in ACHP was feasible, and its performance was better than BDE.

The Euler-Euler multi-fluid model has been widely used to simulate numerically the separation performance of oil-water mixture inside the T junction, while no study has been conducted on the oil droplet size distribution and its influence on separation performance. The CFD-PBM numerical simulation of oil-water mixture flow inside a specific T junction was carried out, and experiments were conducted in laboratory to verify the accuracy of the simulation results. It is indicated that the oil droplet size in the T junction appears a gradually increasing trend along the flow direction. With the increase of oil droplet size, the oil-water separation efficiency can be effectively promoted. On the contrary, the smaller oil droplet size leads to the difficulty of oil-water separation inside the T junction, and the fraction of phase distribution is nearly identical to the split ratio. The influence degree of operation conditions such as split ratio and Reynolds number on the separation efficiency is tightly related to the oil droplet size. Appropriate operating conditions should be selected carefully to achieve high separation efficiency for the T junction.

Techniques of two-phase flow under natural circulation have been used in reactor safety equipment. Bubble velocity is a necessary parameter to describe bubble behaviors and to establish profound bubble heat exchanger models. However, there are rare investigations of bubble velocity in subcooled flow boiling under natural circulation. Subcooled flow boiling under natural circulation was studied for bubble velocity characteristics in a narrow channel with water as working media, which a high speed camera was used to record bubble images in a visualization section of cross area 40 mm×2 mm. The analysis of change in velocity profile of single bubble and bubble cluster, their influencing factors, and velocity characteristics at rolling motion showed that bubble velocity was closely related to bubble size and mass flow rate. The velocity probability density of bubble cluster fitted well to normal distribution. Under rolling motion, bubble velocity exhibited periodic wavelike increase and decrease. The local liquid velocity at bubble center was comparable to bubble velocity at vertical steady state or rolling dynamic state.

The heat transfer characteristics of gravity heat pipes with different length and position of evaporator section and condenser section were investigated experimentally. The tested gravity heat pipes were all fabricated with copper tube and charged with distilled water. The heat pipe had the outer diameter of 9.52 mm with the thickness of 1.2 mm and total length of 250 mm. The experimental input power range was from 40 W to 160 W. The results showed that the length and the position of evaporator section and condenser section affected the heat transfer characteristics of gravity heat pipe. When moving up the evaporator section, the evaporator temperature was 1-6℃ lower. The thermal resistance and the evaporator temperature were decreased when moving down the condenser section. And the temperature difference between the condenser section and the adiabatic section was decreased by about 25%. Reducing the length of the condenser section or evaporator section had the negative influence on the heat transfer performance of a heat pipe, which should be restricted in the application of GHPs.

In order to reduce the flow resistance of shell sides of double-pipe heat exchangers enhanced by the winglet-type vortex generators and helical fins, a new kind of vortex generators, named streamlined vortex generator was proposed. Heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop behavior of the shell sides enhanced by the streamlined vortex generators and helical fins were investigated by experimental and numerical method. The comparisons on the performance between the streamlined vortex generators and the delta-winglet-pair(DWP)vortex generators were made. The enhancement effects of two installation modes for the streamlined vortex generators, common-flow-down (CFD) and common-flow-up (CFU) of streamlined vortex generators were observed. The drag reduction mechanisms of streamlined vortex generators were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with the delta winglet pair vortex generators, the same(Re < 8000)or slightly lower (Re > 8000)heat transfer coefficients can be achieved by using streamlined vortex generators. However, the drags can be reduced by 21% when the heat transfer areas and the angle of attacks were the same. Under the identical pressure drop condition, the comprehensive performance of the common-flow-up mode was a little better than that of the common-flow-down mode. The drag reduction mechanisms of streamlined vortex generators lay in the improvement of the velocity field and the pressure field.

A test bench was built to study the dynamic characteristics of a binary ice vacuum system. The tests started with the same initial temperature and preset pressure but different jet flow. By collecting the indoor parameters of the flash such as temperature, pressure and so on, the influence of flow and solid adsorption module on the dynamic binary ice preparation process was analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that of the higher the flow rate, the lower the equilibrium pressure, while indoor balance temperature of the flash basically remained unchanged, maintaining at about 0℃. Through measuring the content of ice, it was found that the high flow rate was not favorable to the formation of ice crystals, while the low injection rate was relatively good for it. With adsorption it was more likely to achieve the dynamic balance and to maintain the balance at low pressure.

In order to investigate the local heat and mass transfer characteristics in vapor absorption of falling film flow on a bundle of horizontal tubes in droplet and column flow mode, a transient computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model was developed. The model not only considered the simultaneous hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer of LiBr solution flowing on and between tubes, but also considered the real boundary condition for multi-rank tubes and the heat transfer between phases. Simulations were performed for the film Reynolds number varying from 11 to 38. The simulation results showed that the solution outlet concentration and temperature in different mass flow rates agreed well with the experimental data in reference, with deviations less than 2%. In both the droplet and column flow modes, the average concentration and temperature decreased rapidly in the falling-film regions, but increased then decreased in the inter-tube regions. The local absorption rates in the falling-film regions were about 10 times as much as that in the inter-tube regions in the droplet flow mode, and 7 times in the column flow mode. In the falling-film regions, the absorption rate in the column flow mode is obviously less than that in the droplet flow mode. However, in the inter-tube regions, the absorption rates in the two different flow modes were almost the same. When the absorption process reached a steady state, the variations of average concentration and temperature in the droplet flow mode were greater than that in the column flow mode. The average concentration variations of the falling-film regions on the four tubes increased in turn, but the average temperature variations decreased.

V₂O₅@CeO₂ core-shell microspheres are prepared by electrostatic self-assembly technique and supported on TiO₂. Influences of dispersant (SHP) on zeta potential are investigated. Morphology of obtained microspheres are observed by TEM and FESEM and the catalytic performance for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) was investigated in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The catalysts are characterized by BET and in situ DRIFTS analysis of NH₃ adsorption. The results show that the nanoparticle surface is negatively charged by dispersant (SHP) and within a certain range, the higher the concentration of SHP is, the greater the zeta potential are. Catalysts with mass fraction of 1% V₂O₅ and 5% CeO₂ show high activity with the NO_x conversion over 80% from 260 to 400℃. Compared with catalysts prepared by the traditional impregnation method, the core-shell catalysts present higher SO₂ and H₂O resistance at low SO₂ concentration. When the flue gas contains 571 mg·m^-3 SO₂ and 15%(vol) H₂O, the NO_x conversion can be maintained at a high level of 80% after 7 hours.

2-Ethylhexanol (2EHO), an important organic chemical compound, is commercially produced by the following three steps:propylene hydroformylation to n-butyraldehyde, n-butyraldehyde self-condensation to 2-ethyl-2-hexenal (2E2H), and 2E2H hydrogenation to 2EHO. One-pot synthesis of 2EHO was studied by sequential n-butyraldehyde aldol condensation and hydrogenation reaction with synthesized Ni/La-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The investigation of preparation conditions of Ni/La-Al₂O₃ on its catalytic performance showed that most suitable preparation condition for Ni/La-Al₂O₃ was Ni loading of 25% (mass), after immersion at Ni(NO₃)₂ and aging, then 4 h at calcination temperature of 500℃, and finally 3 h at reduction temperature of 550℃. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the catalyst could achieve 100% n-butyraldehyde conversion and 67.0% yield of 2EHO. Combined with results of XRD and SEM analyses, γ-Al₂O₃ hydration was one of the main reasons for the deactivation of Ni/La-Al₂O₃.

CeZrO₂ solid solutions were prepared by co-precipitation method through adopting different precipitators (NaOH, H₂C₂O₄, Na₂CO₃), and as the support, a series of Pt/CeZrO₂ diesel oxidation catalysts was prepared. The physical and chemical properties were studied using the means of XRD, BET, H₂-TPR and catalytic oxidation reaction. The results showed that the CeZrO₂ solid solutions using NaOH as precipitant had the largest surface area(68.8 m²·g^-1), the most active oxygen[the H₂ consumption of the surface oxygen is 1143 μmol·(g cat)^-1] and the highest Pt dispersion on the surface, so the Pt/CeZrO₂-NaOH exhibited excellent catalytic activity. In particular, catalytic oxidation hydrocarbons (C₃H₆), the T₉₀ decreased about 40℃ than the Pt/CeZrO₂ catalyst prepared with H₂C₂O₄ or Na₂CO₃. Besides, the preparation methods also influenced tolerance to sulfur of the catalysts. So selecting a suitable carrier precipitant could make the DOC catalyst has good activity and sulfur-resistance.

To study the performance and reaction kinetics of direct coal liquefaction for Shenhua Shangwan coal bituminous coal, experiments were carried out in a 0.01 t·d^-1 continuous tubular facility using the hydrogenated anthracene and wash oil as solvent and FeOOH as catalyst in the range of residence time 7-110 min, reaction temperature 435-465℃. The results showed that, as the coal pyrolysis and a series of hydrogenation proceed, coal and PAA yields continue to decrease, heavy liquefied product gradually transformed to light liquefied product. When the reaction temperature is 455℃, residence time of 90 min, the coal conversion reached 90.41% (mass) and oil yield 61.28% (mass) respectively, and with the reaction conditions were further harsh, the oil yield will decrease. Based on the reaction characteristics of Shenhua Shangwan coal and its data from experiments, 11 lumps reaction kinetics model was build and BFGS optimization algorithm was adopted to get reaction kinetics parameters. The kinetics model better predicted the reaction behavior of direct coal liquefaction of Shangwan coal in isothermal stage.

The molecular kinetic model for catalytic cracking of waste oil was developed by the structure-oriented lumping (SOL) method combined with Monte Carlo simulation. 17 structural vectors were designed to construct the waste oil molecules, and 1000 molecules were drawn out as a whole to represent the composition. Then, simulated annealing algorithm was used to optimize the raw material matrix. Moreover, the 12 reaction rules were added to the reaction of the waste oil system and Materials Studio 8.0 was used to calculate the rate constant. Finally, the construction of the molecular kinetic model was completed. The results show that the properties of feedstock and the distribution of the product can be predicted very well. The absolute error between the simulated values and the experimental values is within a reasonable range, suggesting that the calculated rate constant and the formulated reaction rules are reasonable.

In order to predict the yield of volatiles and reaction performance during pyrolysis of Zhundong coal, which is of significant importance for its thermal processing, a kinetic model is necessary. The devolatilization of Zhundong coal is characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) at different heating rates. Three types of iso-conversion kinetic models, i.e., Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS), are employed to fit TGA data for pyrolysis of Zhundong coal. The pre-exponential factors and activation energies obtained from different kinetic models are analyzed. The results show that there exists unimodal distribution for the activation energies and the FWO model is better for description of pyrolysis process of Zhundong coal.

Besides short reaction time, large variety and low concentrations of free radicals in alkane pyrolysis, interactions between different free radicals, which were produced by various raw materials, and between main streams and free radicals, which were produced near high temperature wall zone and stagnant residence time under high reaction depth, can spontaneously alter reaction paths and affect product distribution. Therefore, it is very difficult to study pyrolysis mechanism of hydrocarbons by experimental methods. Through integration of Materials Studio and Aspen Plus software, free radical mechanism of single hydrocarbon pyrolysis by molecular simulation techniques was studied. Research methodologies from initial free-radical mechanism of ethane pyrolysis, interaction mechanism of ethane and propane mixture pyrolysis, data accuracy of reaction kinetics, and steric hindrance in n-hexane pyrolysis were also evaluated. The results show that numerical simulation method can get a better understanding of some mechanistic details than experimental method and the combination of experimental and simulation methods can eliminate various hypotheses in current kinetic models and improve model accuracy, which will provide a high-precision mechanism model for industrial production forecast.

The pre-contact temperature of DQC catalyst system on liquid bulk polymerization of propylene was studied using cyclohexyl methyl dimethoxy silane (C-donor) as external donor. The results indicated that increase of pre-contact temperature caused decrease of polymerization activity of DQC catalyst, which yielded polymers with decreased melt index but increased isotactic index and fine powder content. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed that increase of pre-contact temperature broadened molecular weight distributions and decreased both number and weight average molecular weights. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results exhibited that melting temperature, melting enthalpy, crystallization enthalpy, and crystallinity of polypropylenes increased to various degrees. ¹³C NMR results showed an increase of stereoregular sequences of triad mm and pentad mmmm with increase of pre-contact temperature.

Coalescing filters are used to remove small droplets from air streams. They have numerous industrial applications including natural gas purification, engine crankcase ventilation and compressed air filtration. The evolution of pressure drop, penetration and saturation of oleophilic oil mist filters that distributed in different pore sizes during the process of gas-liquid filtration were examined. The effect of pore size distribution on filtration performance, liquid distribution form and droplet re-entrainment was also evaluated experimentally. The results showed that, when in “channel pressure” stage during the process of gas-liquid filtration, there was significant layering characteristic in the variation curves of pressure drop for filters with pore size distributed increasingly, as well as penetration of droplets above 0.8 μm. There existed a clear difference of steady-state filtration performance between filters with various pore size distribution, which was mainly induced by transfer phenomenon of liquid migration channels inside the filters. By comparing with filters with pore size distributed decreasingly and evenly, it was found that in steady state the filters with pore size distributed increasingly had lower pressure drop, the highest quality factor, less droplet re-entrainment and the highest fractional efficiency for all droplets above 0.8 μm. Therefore, the filters with pore size distributed increasingly were more advantageous for coalescing filter design.

KCl is the important raw material for fertilizer production in China. The separation process synthesis for the salt-water systems with KCl has important theoretical significance and practical application value. With the example of NaCl-KCl-H₂O system, this study has presented a synthesis method for the separation process synthesis of the disalt system with the same anionic. Based on the temperature affect and common-ion effect, this method was built by analyzing the solid-liquid equilibrium. The illustration method were used to determine the separation process form the phase diagram, the design process was very simple and practical. Two synthesis case of NaCl-KCl-H₂O system and one of MgCl₂-KCl-H₂O system were given in the paper, respectively, and the corresponding technological processes were also given.

For the nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of chemical processes, a process monitoring method based on dynamic one-class random forest (DOCRF) is proposed. The sparsity of the process data under normal operating conditions is analyzed. Then, outliers are produced according to the inverse distribution of the normal data. Canonical variate analysis is used to analyze the correlation of normal data, and to project the normal data and outliers into canonical variate space. One-class random forest is trained by using the data in canonical variate space. The monitoring statistic is established according to the similarity between the test sample and the normal data in one-class random forest for fault detection. Simulation results on Tennessee Eastman process showed that the proposed DOCRF method was better than one-class support vector machine overall.

When boundary mismatch occurs in state-shifting models for nonlinear and non-Gaussian systems, it is often difficult to obtain accurate state estimates by particle filtering method. Considered constraints of boundary mismatch on particles, an extended set membership particle filtering method (MAP-ESMPF) was proposed on the basis of maximum a posteriori probability criterion. First, a feasible region for real states of particles was determined by extended set membership algorithm. Then, particles outside are projected into the feasible region by an optimization equation developed from the principle of maximum posteriori probability function. As a result, the accuracy of state estimate was ensured. Applications in a numerical simulation and process simulation of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) showed effectiveness of the new method.

To meet effluent quality (EQ) standard and reduce energy consumption (EC) of wastewater treatment process (WWTP), a multi-objective optimal control method was developed based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). First, EC and EQ models from adaptive regressive kernel functions were established by analysis of operation data. Then, MOPSO was designed to optimize EC and EQ models and to reach optimal set-points of dissolved oxygen (S_O) and nitrate (S_NO) simultaneously. Finally, PID controller was used to trace the optimal set-points of S_O and S_NO so as to achieve multi-objective optimal control of WWTP. The experimental results from Benchmark Simulation Model 1 (BSM1) for wastewater treatment demonstrated that the proposed multi-objective optimal control method could assuredly meet effluent quality standard as well as effectively reduce energy consumption.

A new graphical design method is presented to simplify the configuration of heat-integrated distillation columns (HIDiCs) based on column grand composite curves (CGCCs). On the basis of the optimal arrangement of the side-exchangers on single rectifying (or on single stripping) section, the optimal design of side-exchangers located on HIDiCs thermal coupling section will be determined by combining with the integrated diagram from CGCCs of rectifying and stripping sections and maximizing the available reduced total exergy loss of HIDiC. As a case study, a styrene-ethylbenzene HIDiC is simulated to demonstrate the accuracy and rationality of the graphical method. The results show that the available reduced total exergy loss of HIDiC reaches the maximum (1.951 MW), and the condenser and reboiler duties are reduced by 63.6% and 68.4% after side heat exchangers arrangement, respectively. For achieving this goal, the side-exchangers should be placed on the 2nd, 12th and 38th stages of the rectifying and on the 20th, 28th and 36th stages of the stripping sections, respectively. Their heat duties are 0.841 MW, 1.496 MW and 2.053 MW, respectively.

For the strong coupling problem that exists in the operation process of a water-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and to improve the performance and life of the PEMFC, a temperature control strategy for flow-following-current was proposed, this strategy regulates the coolant flow based on the current value thereby controls the temperature difference between the coolant inlet and outlet of a stack, the PID controller controls the inlet temperature of coolant by regulating the rotational speed of the radiator fan. Due to the different changes of current and power in the dynamic operation process of PEMFC, the system temperature changes in flow-following-current and power were needed to research respectively. Comparative experiments between the traditional control strategy and the flow following strategy were made on a test platform for the thermal management of the PEMFC. The results show that when compared with the traditional control strategy, the flow-following-current strategy could reduce the maximum overshoot of the coolant outlet temperature by 64.3% and decrease the maximum difference between the coolant inlet and outlet temperatures by 46.7%,the response time of system was reduced by 73 s at least. Besides the temperature changes were more stable in the flow-following-current compared to the flow-following-power. The flow-following-current strategy has realized a higher control precision and response speed, strong coupling between radiator fan and water pump can be effectively weakened, a short-term heating also can be avoided inside the stack when the current is greatly increased. The flow-following-current strategy can well meet the requirements on the temperature control of fuel cell systems.

There are differences among different levels of the same type of the fault, which may cause misdiagnose. A fault diagnosis strategy based on multi-scale principal component analysis and kernel entropy component analysis (MSPCA-KECA) is proposed. Taking the features extracted by MSPCA as the input of KECA classifier can be used for fault online detection as well as automatic identification. MSPCA combines wavelet multi-scale analysis with principal component analysis to select the scales which contain fault-related information, and then use PCA to extract the fault-related features, extracting the similarity among different levels of the same type of fault and the difference among different faults, which can improve the ability of fault diagnosis. The combination of KECA and Cauchy-Schwarz (CS) statistics extract and express the angular structure of different kinds of faults, which is good for fault classification. The control limit here is achieved by support vector data description (SVDD) for the unacquainted distribution of the statistics. Through the simulation of ASHRAR 1043-RP chiller data, the feasibility and effectiveness of the MSPCA-KECA method are verified.

Sensor faults occur unavoidably but cannot be detected easily. Sensor measurement is fundamental for safe operation and optimal energy conservation of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. After analyzed procedure for sensor fault detection based on the principal component analysis (PCA) with Q-statistics as fault detection boundary, blind zone prediction was established as an index to estimate sensor fault detectability. The index was used to assess fault detectability of each sensor in training dataset and to analyze, evaluate, and optimize dataset quality of training model. Results of analyzing in-site and laboratory datasets of water-cooled chillers at different introduced fault levels show that the blind zone can effectively predict fault detection outcome for sensors by selected datasets.

A self-organizing fuzzy neural network (SOFNN) control method is proposed, and its application system is designed for controlling the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the activated sludge wastewater treatment processes. The neurons of rule layer are grown or pruned adaptively based on firing strength and mutual information to meet dynamic change of the real operating condition. Meanwhile, the centers and widths of membership functions and weights of output layer are trained by gradient descent optimization algorithm to ensure the convergence of SOFNN. The stability of the control system is proved based on the analysis of the learning rates of parameters in SOFNN by applying the Lyapunov stability theory. This control strategy is investigated and evaluated based on international Benchmark Simulation Model No.1 (BSM1). Experimental results demonstrate that the SOFNN controller performs better than PID, fuzzy logical control (FLC), model predictive control (MPC), and some other existing control methods. Performance comparisons indicate that the proposed SOFNN control strategy obtains higher tracking accuracy, better control placidity and superior adaptive capability.

Conventional principal component analysis (PCA) selects several Principal Components (PCs) with most variance information of normal samples in process monitoring. Because fault information may not be necessarily mapped into high variance components, PC selection by variance contribution often leads to serious information loss and poor monitoring performance. ReliefF-PCA algorithm was proposed to select PCs of higher weighted and more effective components in distinguishing normal and fault conditions. The PCs selected in this way avoided subjectivity, blindness, and critical information loss as happened in conventional PCA. ReliefF-PCA algorithm in process monitoring had two advantages of better monitoring performance and more effective dimension reduction of original data. Subsequently, a weighted contribution plot of fault variables was proposed. The result of Tennessee Eastman (TE) simulation study showed that the ReliefF-PCA algorithm achieves desired outcomes.

The two-way fluid-solid interaction model of rotating ring-fluid film-stationary ring was established in hydrodynamic mechanical seal. Unsteady simulations were carried on at the upstream pumping state. The transient characteristics of the deformation of sealing ring and the pressure of the fluid film were studied, and the influence of the end face deformation on the pressure fluctuation was discussed by comparing the results before and after fluid-solid interaction. The results show that comparing the simulation without the deformation, the results obtained by fluid-solid-interaction are more realistic. The end face deformations of stationary ring is fluctuating like pressure fluctuation with same period, and the closer to the outlet at the inner diameter, the greater degree of the deformation fluctuation. The degree of pressure fluctuation is from big to small from inner diameter to outer. The end face deformation of sealing ring affects the pressure fluctuation slightly at the outer diameter, while enhances the pressure fluctuation at the inner diameter obviously, and the degree of the enhancement is greater with the increase of rotational speed, the influence of the sealing medium pressure is not obvious under the low pressure condition after fluid-solid interaction. The end face deformation of the sealing ring only affects the degree of the pressure fluctuation without changing the frequency of the pressure fluctuation.

Based on adsorption theory of surfactants at solid-liquid interface, promotion effects of three surfactants on formation of methane hydrates were studied in a stainless steel reactor at conditions of 2℃ and 6.6 MPa without stirring. Surfactants were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium alcohol ether sulphate (AES) and dodecyl alcohol ethoxylates (AEO). The results showed a good correlation between macroscopic morphology of hydrates and molecular morphology of adsorbed surfactants. With directional adsorption of SDS and AES on metal surface, interface hydrophobicity was increased and a porous media environment was formed at solid surface, which promoted bulk water to move through the porous media to gas phase driven by capillarity. Thus, both nucleation rate and sites were increased. However, no AEO adsorption on metal surface resulted in decrease of the promotion effect on hydrate formation. With SDS, AES and AEO solutions at concentration of 300 mg·L^-1, hydrate storage capacity were 131.4, 128.3 and 12.3 (volume ratio) and average gas storage rates were 5.8, 7.6 and 0.07 mmol·min^-1, respectively. With concentration increase of SDS (80-1200 mg·L^-1) and AES (60-1350 mg·L^-1), hydrate storage capacity first enhanced and then decreased whereas average gas storage rate kept increasing linearly. Therefore, hydrate formation can be significantly promoted by choosing appropriate types and concentrations of surfactants.

Carboxyl Fe₃O₄ magnetic microspheres were prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method with potassium permanganate oxidation, and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was immobilized by the carboxyl magnetic microspheres as a carrier. The magnetic microspheres were characterized by methods of thermogravimetry (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results indicated that the magnetic microspheres had 95.1% contents of magnetite, homogeneous size and superparamagnetic behavior. GAD was well wrapped up in the magnetic microspheres by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, VSM and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic microspheres had complete crystal structure, good magnetic response and strong superparamagnetic behaviors before and after GAD immobilization. The enzymatic properties of immobilized and free GAD were analyzed and compared. The results showed that immobilized GAD had better thermostability and pH resistance and retained more than 90% activity after ten repeated batches.

In the present study, three Zhundong coals with different contents of chlorine and AAEMs (alkali and alkali earth metals) were burned in a high temperature drop tube furnace. The derived particulate matter (PM) was collected with DLPI (Dekati Low Pressure Impactor) sampling system and discussions were performed based on the PM yield and composition. The coal with high contents of chlorine and AAEMs produced ultrafine PM with high contents of Na and Cl, which was of both higher mass yields and larger peak sizes than that of the other coal. The partitioning of Ca into PM was related to its mode of occurrence in coal. Ca in the two untreated coal was mainly migrated into coarse PM and contributed little to the formation of ultrafine PM as it was mostly in inorganic minerals in coal. The extra added HCl had no significant effects on the yield of ultrafine PM while resulted in much higher contents of Na and Cl. The results showed that increasing HCl would not significantly promote the mineral vaporization while it accelerated the formation of chlorides, which nucleated more easily and formed ultrafine PM.

The effects of pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere on rapid pyrolysis of Buliangou subbitumibous coal were investigated in a transport bed reactor with a continuous feeding of 1.2 kg·h^-1. Under N₂, tar yield increased rapidly with raising temperature to a peak value of 10.3% (daf) at 600℃, and then decreased due to its secondary reactions. Correspondingly, char yield displayed a continued slowdown while gas yield and gas to tar ratio increased with increasing temperature. Higher temperature promoted the release and secondary reactions of volatiles. Part of solid and liquid products were converted into gas products, in which the yields of H₂, CH₄, C₂H_2, etc. increased. At 700℃, H₂ could inhibit volatiles secondary reactions and happen to be free radical stabilizer and hydrogenation agent, well encouraging tar production, especially for light tar, and CH₄ formation. Under CO atmosphere, both light tar and heavy tar yields increased slightly. CO₂ and steam could enhance tar cracking, in particular for heavy tar, thus improving tar quality but causing the reduction of tar yield. CH₄ enhanced the formation of heavy tar and brought about an increase in tar yield.

The strain HB-4 was screened from heavy metal contaminated soil, identified as Serratia marcescens via 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and had a strong tolerance for Cd²⁺. This strain can grow well when the concentration of Cd²⁺ was up to 300 mg·L^-1 and in that case the maximum adsorption capacity of Cd²⁺ was (154.7±0.9) mg·g^-1. The effect factors of the adsorption of Cd²⁺ by using HB-4 were investigated, including the initial concentration of Cd²⁺, pH, salt concentration and coexisting ions. The results showed that there was no difference in the adsorption capacity when pH was ranged from 3.0 to 8.0. The same results can also be obtained at 8.0% NaCl solution and the removal efficiency were 98.7%±0.2% (Pb²⁺), 44.6%±0.6% (Zn²⁺), 52.7%±0.1% (Cu²⁺) and 64.2%±0.3% (Cd²⁺), respectively, when Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ coexisted in solution. According to desorption experiment, the desorption rate was less than 2% and it demonstrated that HB-4 performed the best on adsorption of Cd²⁺. The distribution of intra-and extracellular cadmium was studied, as well as the results from SEM, XPS and FTIR. It suggested that the mechanism of adsorption of Cd²⁺ by HB-4 contained extracellular adsorption and intracellular uptake.

Tailao oil shale was subject to step-wise acid washing to eliminate the inherent carbonate and silicate minerals. The pyrolysis experiments of original oil shale and its demineralization products were carried out in an aluminum retort. The composition and property of shale oil and pyrolytic gas were characterized by elemental analysis, chemical class composition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). The influence of inherent carbonate and silicate minerals on pyrolysis was studied by comparing the product yields and compositions. The results showed that carbonates promoted the formation of shale oil and nitrogen-and oxygen-containing compounds, while silicates inhibited the evolution of oil and oxygenated compounds. Both carbonates and silicates decreased the H/C atomic ratio of shale oil. Furthermore, silicates would catalyze the combination of alkyl free radicals and hydrogen free radicals and cracking of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, which increased the alkanes and short-chain hydrocarbons contents of shale oil, as well as the hydrocarbon gases yields, but decreased the hydrogen yield. On the contrary, carbonates suppressed the combination of free radicals and cracking of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons.

The release of gaseous nitrogen compounds during pyrolysis of municipal sludge was analyzed by a combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS) with the emphasis on lignin addition on the pyrolysis. Moreover, the dynamic change of functional groups on coke surface was detected online by Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTIR) to reveal the nitrogen migration mechanism. Results showed that NH₃ came primarily from protein deamination reaction. Lignin addition produced substantial carbonyl that reacted with the amino of protein, thus promoting the generation of linear amide that would generate HCN and HNCO when attacked by OH radicals. The amino not condensed would convert to NH₃ as temperature increased. Overall, 40% of the lignin addition had positive effects on reducing emission of NO_x precursor.

The modes of occurrence and emission of alkali metal of corn straw were studied at different pyrolysis temperature and all experiments were conducted on a horizontal tubular reactor. Experiment analysis included pyrolysis gases release measured with FTIR, alkali metal concentration analyzed with ICP-AES, existence form of AAEM with chemical fractionation analysis (CFA), microscopic structure of semi-char with SEM/EDX, and type of alkali metal tested with XRD. The results showed that most of K in corn straw was inorganic K (91%). The major organic K was released during 300-600℃ with the main releasing compounds of inorganic K of KCl and K₂SO₄, etc. K migrated from inner to the surface of particle, leading to enrich K at the surface (700℃), and the content of K decreased with further increasing temperature. The release characteristics of K and Na were similar, however, the main transformation element was K. Due to the thermal stability of Ca and Mg, they were difficult to release during pyrolysis.

The large amounts of municipal sludge are generated from waste water treatment plants.The organic compounds in sludge are helpful for methane production. While the most of municipal sludge in China is of low organic matter. Thus this paper explored the effect of different additive agents combined with thermal hydrolysis on organics solubilization of sludge with low organic and subsequent anaerobic digestion. The results showed that additive combined with low temperature thermal hydrolysis is helpful not only for the dissolution and the production of organics, including soluble sugar, soluble protein and TVFA(total volatile organic acids) but also for anaerobic digestion. The effect of organic dissolution under the thermal pretreatment condition(the solid content, the temperature and the time were 8%, 90℃ and 24 h, respectively) and the additive concentration[the concentration of NaOH, Ca(OH)₂ and CaCl₂ were 0.018 g·(g DS)^-1, 0.016 g·(g DS)^-1 and 0.0375(g·g DS)^-1, respectively] was arranged in descending order, which were NaOH, Ca(OH)₂ and CaCl₂ in turn, namely the addition of NaOH had obvious effects on soluble sugar, soluble protein and TVFA, and the concentrations were 3051 mg·L^-1, 10686 mg·L^-1 and 5740 mg·L^-1 respectively. The ranking of efficiency of anaerobic digestion was NaOH, CaCl₂ and Ca(OH)₂ in turn, and the maximum gas production was acquired and up to 101.9 ml·(g VS)^-1 with the addition of NaOH.

A series of new deep eutectic solvents (DESs)TEAC/nTFA(n=0.5,1,1.5,2) were synthesized by the reaction of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at 70℃ via simple stirring. The structure of the deep eutectic solvents was analyzed by FT-IR and ¹H NMR. The removal of sulfide in model oil was studied by using TEAC/TFA as catalyst and extraction agent, and H₂O₂ as oxidant. The influence of n_(TEAC)/n_(TFA), temperature, O/S and the type of sulfur-containing compound on the desulfurization efficiency were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the removal rates of dibenzothiophene (DBT), benzothiophene (BT) and thiophene (TH) were 95.4%, 56.2% and 23.4%, respectively. The apparent activation energy was 56.8 kJ·mol^-1 for the removal of DBT, which was estimated by first order reaction kinetics equation and Arrhenius equation. Oxidation reaction was easier to carry out because of the lower apparent activation energy. TEAC/TFA was reused for 5 times without significant decrease in activity.

In-situ heating stage microscope was applied to analyze the influence of temperature and particle size to the gasification characteristics of petroleum coke. The differences of reaction characteristics between bituminous char and petroleum coke were also analyzed. It was found that the particle shrank during the gasification process, and the surface structure of petroleum coke was changed. The reaction rate decreased with reaction time at the lower temperature (below 1300℃), while first increased and then decreased at 1300℃. Besides, under the same conversion rate, reaction time increased with the temperature and the decrease of particle size. The gasification reaction rate performed different characteristics at 1300℃, owing to the change of particle structure. The comparison of the gasification reaction between bituminous char and petroleum coke showed that the average gasification reaction rate of petroleum coke was 1/6 of bituminous char.

In order to investigate the effect of different chemical forms of sodium salt on the CO₂ adsorption capacity and gasification of Zhundong coal, sodium salts were loaded to acid-washed coal by solution impregnation method. The gasification and the CO₂ adsorption capacity of sodium salt loaded coal samples and acid-washed coal sample were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and the gasification reaction kinetics model were analyzed and calculated for coal samples. The results suggested that the initial gasification temperature and the activity energy of gasification reaction were reduced significantly, while the gasification index and the CO₂ adsorption capacity were enhanced dramatically when sodium salt was loaded. The catalytic activity of four sodium salts for the CO₂ gasification reaction of Zhundong coal was in the following order:Na₂CO₃ > NaHCO₃ > Na₂SO₄ > NaCl. The strong chemisorption ability of coal samples can reflect the CO₂ gasification reactivity. The gasification process of acid-washed coal could be well described by random pore model (RPM), while the sodium salt loaded coal gasification reaction process could be well explained by modified random pore model (MRPM).

Steam hydration was planned to reactivate the spent synthetic cement-supported Ca-sorbents pelletized by mechanical granulator which possessed excellent performance. The effect of steam hydration on the reactivity of sorbents was investigated in a bubbling fluidized reactor. A specially designed impact apparatus was employed to evaluate the strength of reactivated pellets. The transitions of microstructure after hydration were also analyzed. The results showed that the reactivity of synthetic pellets was elevated significantly by steam hydration. The conversion of CaO for pellets increased from 0.113 to 0.419 after hydration in comparison with the raw limestone from 0.089 to 0.278, while the mechanical strength of synthetic pellets declined severely after reactivation. Large cracks emerged on hydrated limestone, which increased the reactivity and impaired the strength. Similar appearance was not observed on hydrated synthetic pellets, except improved porosity and expended surface which could enhance CO₂ capacity and decline the strength. Superheating allowed the annealing of stacking faults and mechanical strain formed by hydration was proven to be able to improve the strength of hydrated pellets. Thus, the technology combining steam hydration with superheating can reactivate the spent synthetic sorbents without obvious strength decay.

Imidacloprid (IMI) was reduced by zero valent aluminum (ZVAl) in adkaline condition and tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effect of NaOH concentration, reactive time and temperature on IMI removal rate were investigated. The IMI removal rate was heavily dependent on NaOH concentration, reaching 27.4%-100% with NaOH concentration from 0.5 to 100.0 mmol·L^-1 and 5 g·L^-1 ZVAl. The reaction process was very fast, leading to higher degradation rate in very short time and achieving 46.3% for only 0.5 h and 88.0% for 4 h in IMI solution with NaOH concentration of 2.5 mmol·L^-1 and 5 g·L^-1 ZVAl. IMI removal rate slightly increased with temperature, reaching from 40.0% to 47.1% at temperature from 20 to 40℃ with NaOH concentration of 1.0 mmol·L^-1, and reaching from 56.3% to 62.3% at temperature from 20 to 40℃ with NaOH concentration of 1.5 mmol·L^-1. The transformation products were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS). It was found that 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N-nitrnsomidazolidin-2-imine, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridine methyl)-2-imidazole, 2-chloro-5-ethyl pyridine and 2-chloro-5-methyl pyridine were produced during the reduction process of IMI by ZVAl in alkaline condition.

Ni-rich ternary cathode material LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ for lithium-ion battery was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method, and its process conditions were optimized. The structural and morphological features of LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ cathode material prepared were investigated with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Its electrochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that under the oxygen atmosphere, the molar ratio of lithium to metal elements was 1.05:1, the sintering time was 15 h and the sintering temperature was 750℃, the optimal synthesis conditions were obtained. The initial discharge capacity of the sample was 174.9 mA·h·g^-1 at 1C, the specific capacity was 158.5 mA·h·g^-1 after 50 cycles, and the capacity retention rate was 90.62%, which showed good cycle stability. The results of XRD and SEM showed that the sample sintered in oxygen atmosphere had a good layered structure with a small degree of cationic mixing and a good spherical shape. The particles were uniformly distributed in the range of 10-20 μm. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the electrochemical performance of the cathode materials was improved by optimization conditions.

Direct electro-oxidation of p-propenyl anisole(p-PA) in acetonitrile aqueous solutions was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), controlled potential electrolysis and chronoamperometry. The effect of water content, scan rate, temperature, reactant concentration, electrolysis potential and electrode on activation of C═C bond were studied. The results showed that electro-oxidation of p-PA in acetonitrile aqueous solutions was an irreversible process, which was mainly diffusion-controlled with the diffusion coefficient (D) of 2.53×10^-6 cm²·s^-1. The major direct electro-oxidation product of p-PA was p-methoxybenzaldehyde (p-MBA). At 20% water content, the yield of p-MBA could be improved to 93% and almost complete conversion of reactant on graphite rod electrode at 25℃ in an undivided electrolytic cell.

The chloromethylated polysulfone (CMPSF) was prepared under relatively mild reaction conditions by using low toxic and non-carcinogenic materials, while ice-bath was innovatively introduced in the experiment. And the response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing the preparation conditions of CMPSF. The results indicate that the highest degree of chloromethylation of polysulfone could reach up to 1.443 mmol·g^-1 while the optimum conditions for preparation are as follows:ice-bath temperature 3.3℃, trimethylchlorosilane dosage 15.63 ml, reaction temperature 35℃, solvent amount 500 ml, stirring rate 200 r·min^-1, catalyst dosage 1.52 ml, reaction time 40 h. Using the optimized CMPSF, quaternized polysulfone (QAPSF) was synthesized by means of quaternization, and then the polysulfone anion exchange membrane (PSFAEM) was carried out finally. The chemical structure of each product was characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR and XPS. The main membrane performances were also examined. The results reveals that the membrane surface resistance is 1.05 Ω·cm² and the ion exchange capacity is 1.2 mmol·g^-1. The water uptake and swelling degree of the PSFAEM are 0.42 g·g^-1 and 25.47% respectively. TGA tests also show that quaternary ammonium groups of PSFAEM won't be shed until the temperature reached 140℃. As shown in this research, the acquired PSFAEM can meet the requirements of practical application.

A novel nanocofitration membrane was prepared with SPES owning excellent performance by manual coating method. The tetrabutyl titanate and the TiO₂ nanoparticles were utilized to modify the separation performance. Meanwhile, the microstructure and permeability of NaCl and dye of the original and mixed matrix membrane were measured to evaluate the effect of the additive on the nanofiltration membrane performance. The permeate flux of the mixed matrix membrane fabricated by casting solution with a TBT concentration of 0.35% (mass) raised from 27.3 L·m^-2·h^-1 to 38.9 L·m^-2·h^-1, and the rejection of the NaCl of reduced from 91.2% to 82.5%. Compared with neat SPES membrane, modified membrane owned a bigger pore size, enlarging form 1.51 nm to 2.28 nm. Due to the addition loadings increasing, the nanoparticles obtained from gradually hydrolyzing could integrate, increased and formed further larger nanoparticles. The tetrabutyl titanate used as additive could improve the flux of the mixed matrix membrane and reduce the defect leaded by TiO₂ nanoparticles agglomeration. The butanol gained form the tetrabutyl titanate hydrolysis could also increase quantity of the pores on the neat SPES membrane skin layer and have an important influence on the separation performance of the mixed matrix membrane.

Organic clay (OC)/natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites (NRCNs) prepared by melt blending were studied for the effect of clay structure and content on strain-induced crystallization of stretch crystalline rubber. Microscopic phase structures of NRCNs were characterized by XRD and TEM. The results showed that the stress of NRCNs increased gradually with increasing strain at beginning and increased rapidly after strain reached to a critical strain point (ε₀) which strain-induced crystallization was occurred in NR. As clay was loaded higher, the crystallization started at lower strain. Dispersed OC nanoparticles with high shape aspect ratio restricted movement of rubber molecules, and also rigid parallel clay lamella structure promoted orientation of flexible rubber molecules in stretching process.

Cr-doped VO₂(B) has been successfully prepared via the hydrothermal method by adding appropriate amount of Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O in the process of synthesis. Combined with some characterization methods such as XRD, XPS, FESEM, EDS, FTIR and so on, the influence of different doping amounts on the phase, morphology, and the electrochemical performance of the Cr-doped VO₂(B) sample were investigated. The constant current charge-discharge test result shows that doping appropriate amount of Cr³⁺ can improve the cycling stability and charge-discharge capacity. When the doping amount was 0.49% and the current density was 0.1C, the initial discharge capacity of the sample was up to 282 mA·h·g^-1, about 36 mA·h·g^-1 more than that of the sample with no doping, and still more than 189 mA·h·g^-1 after 50 cycles, the capacity retention was 67%, better than that of the undoped sample (60.6%) significantly. The results of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests showed that the charge transfer impedance resistance and electrochemical polarization of the sample which doping amount was 0.49% decreased greatly, which further demonstrated its excellent electrochemical properties.

Two kinds of non-phosphorus and sulfur-free triazine derivatives lubricant additive 2,4,6-tri-morpholine-sym-triazine (named as CMMM) and 2,4,6-tri-phenol-sym-triazine (named as CPPP) were synthesized using cyanuric chloride, morpholine and phenol as raw materials,their structures were characterized by FT-IR and elemental analysis. The thermal stabilities of CMMM and CPPP were studied by thermal analysis, and their solubility properties were also researched. The friction reducing, anti-wear and load-carrying capacities of CMMM and CPPP in rapeseed oil were investigated by four-ball test. CMMM and CPPP were mixed with T202 respectively, and the tribological properties of them were also tested. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of the tribofilms were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The results revealed that the synthetic products were the target compounds CMMM and CPPP, they completely dissolved and had good soluble properties in rapeseed oil. The decomposition temperature of CMMM and CPPP ranged from 270.16℃ to 347.58℃, and from 285.26℃ to 478.45℃, respectively. The thermal stability of CPPP was better than that of CMMM. CPPP exhibited more superior tribological performances than CMMM under different experimental conditions of test loads and additive concentrations. The excellent tribological property of CPPP may be due to the phenol ring is tighter than the morpholine ring, which plays an important role in friction reducing and anti-wear of boundary lubrication. The best ratio of CMMM to T202 was 5:5, the best ratio of CPPP to T202 was 3:7.

Graphene oxide (GOs) with different oxygen-containing functional groups was prepared by adjusting the amount of oxidant KMnO₄. The effects of KMnO₄ dosage on the structural characteristics, the type and content of the functional groups of GOs were analyzed by XRD, XPS, AFM and FTIR, and the performance of GOs on methylene blue (MB) were studied. The results indicated that KMnO₄ dosage has a significant effect on the oxidation degree of GOs-n (n=2, 3, 4), the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of MB⁺ was 728.44、965.63 and 807.29 mg·g^-1, compared with Langmuir model fitted values of single molecular layer saturated adsorption capacity of standard deviation was 3.6%, 3.7% and 4.2%, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model could better describe the dynamic process of adsorption, and R² > 0.99, which based on GOs structure on the most abundant hydroxyl (-C-O^-) and carboxyl (-COO^-) as the main active sites with MB⁺ occur single molecular layer, exothermic and chemical speed control process. Adsorption heat was between 20-27 kJ·mol^-1, and adsorption mechanism was dominated by ion exchange adsorption. Adsorption performance was positively correlated with the total amount of -C-O^- and -COO^- in GOs structure. Effects of epoxy groups and carbonyl groups on the adsorption capacity of MB by hydrogen bonding become prominent with increasing the extent of oxidation.

In order to study the influence of aluminum particle size on underwater explosion energy output of emulsion explosive, three kinds of aluminized emulsion explosives were prepared by mixing emulsion explosive with aluminum powder with different particle sizes, respectively. Pressure-time curves were determined by underwater explosion experiments, and underwater explosion energy parameters were obtained by analyzing the curves. The thermal stability of emulsion explosive which contained different particle sizes of aluminum powder were examined by means of DSC and TG methods at various heating rates. The results showed that the aluminum particle size had a great influence on underwater explosion energy of emulsion explosive. The underwater explosion energy output of emulsion explosive reached the maximum when the medium grain size aluminum powder (average particle size was 177.2 μm) was added, but the thermal stability of three samples reduced with the decrease of aluminum particle size. The biggest falling range of the activation energy was 3.7%.

Safety attracts more and more attention with the modern chemical engineering industrial development. It is significant for chemical production safety to improve the intrinsic safety in the transport and storage of flammable gas and liquid, ensure the performance of explosion resistant performance of flame arresters and increase the using reliability. It is important to establish a perfect performance test and evaluation system. On the base of the previous relevant studies and standards, a new explosion resistant test system with different ignition methods was established. Two kinds of test were designed and the evaluation system was established quantitatively. The performance classifications of flame retardant, detonation retardant and explosion retardant were distinguished quantitatively by the pressure distribution obtained by the pressure sensors. Two kinds of tests on one flame arrester were conducted successfully and the results were consistent. The test system was proved to be feasible and reliable.

In order to improve the explosion power of emulsion explosives, a novel MgH₂ type of composite sensitization emulsion explosive is developed. The emulsion explosive is sensitized by coated MgH₂ and glass microspheres, and the two materials act as energetic additive and sensitizer, respectively. By studying the influence of “hot spots” quantity and coating materials, the formula of MgH₂ type of composite sensitization emulsion explosive is determined. The detonation characteristic parameters and underwater explosion properties of MgH₂ type of composite sensitization emulsion explosive are studied with underwater explosion and brisance experiments. The experimental results show that the lead block compression value of this new type of emulsion is as high as 24.3 mm, which reaches the brisance of military explosives. Compared with the traditional glass microspheres sensitization emulsion explosive, although the shock wave peak pressure of the composite sensitized of MgH₂-based emulsion explosives is decreased 4.90%, but its shock wave energy, bubble energy and total energy are separately increased 7.83%, 22.94% and 18.32%. Therefore, the brisance and work capability of MgH₂ type of composite sensitization emulsion explosives are remarkably increased.