生物质快速热解下行式流化床反应器研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230170

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在碳中和目标下，未来发展之路是从化石能源的原料体系转变到可再生能源的原料体系。作为化石资源的重要替代品，生物质是唯一能够大规模取代化石资源的可再生碳资源。生物质快速热解技术是实现生物质资源转化为液体燃料的重要途经，其技术核心是反应器。下行式循环流化床反应器具有产物停留时间短、近平推流性能等优点，在生物质快速热解方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文介绍了流化床反应器的特点及其中试和示范/商业级装置的研究现状，详细总结了下行床反应器的特点、结构、分类及流体力学特性，并分析了目前下行床反应器放大过程中的瓶颈问题以及进一步研究的方向，为推动下行床反应器在生物质快速热解工业应用提供参考。

关键词: 生物质, 热解, 下行床反应器, 流化床

Abstract:

Under the goal of carbon neutrality, the future development path is to change from the raw material system of fossil energy to the raw material system of renewable energy. As an important substitute for fossil resources, biomass is the only renewable carbon resource that can replace fossil resources on a large scale. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is an important way to convert biomass resources into liquid fuels, and its core technology is the reactor. The downer circulating fluidized bed reactor has the advantages of short product residence time and near-plug flow performance, and has broad application prospects in fast pyrolysis of biomass. In this paper, the characteristics of fluidized bed reactor and the research status of pilot and demonstration/commercial units are introduced. The characteristics, structure, classification and hydromechanical properties of downer reactor are summarized in detail, and the bottleneck problems in the process of downer reactor scale-up and the direction of further research are analyzed, which can provide reference for promoting the industrial application of downer reactor in fast pyrolysis of biomass.

Key words: biomass, pyrolysis, downer reactor, fluidized bed

中图分类号:

TQ 35

杨峥豪, 何臻, 常玉龙, 靳紫恒, 江霞. 生物质快速热解下行式流化床反应器研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2249-2263.

Zhenghao YANG, Zhen HE, Yulong CHANG, Ziheng JIN, Xia JIANG. Research progress in downer fluidized bed reactor for biomass fast pyrolysis[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2249-2263.

图/表 11

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技术类型	加热速率/(℃/s)	温度/℃	压力/MPa	停留时间/s	产率/%(质量)
技术类型	加热速率/(℃/s)	温度/℃	压力/MPa	停留时间/s	液体	固体	气体
快速热解^[12-13]	>100	400~600	0.1	<2	65~75	10~25	10~20
慢速热解^[13]	0.1~1	550~950	0.1	300~500	30	35	35
常规热解^[14]	0.1~1	500~650	0.1	0.5~20	40~60	15~25	20~30
闪速热解^[15]	>1000	900~1200	0.1	<1	>75	<15	<10

技术类型	加热速率/(℃/s)	温度/℃	压力/MPa	停留时间/s	产率/%(质量)
技术类型	加热速率/(℃/s)	温度/℃	压力/MPa	停留时间/s	液体	固体	气体
快速热解^[12-13]	>100	400~600	0.1	<2	65~75	10~25	10~20
慢速热解^[13]	0.1~1	550~950	0.1	300~500	30	35	35
常规热解^[14]	0.1~1	500~650	0.1	0.5~20	40~60	15~25	20~30
闪速热解^[15]	>1000	900~1200	0.1	<1	>75	<15	<10

反应器类型	优点	缺点	生物油产率/%
流化床反应器^{[12-13,19-20]}	设计简单、操作方便、可连续运行、适合扩大规模	生物质预处理要求高、载气需求量高、固体损耗大	70~75
旋转锥反应器^[12-13]	设计紧凑、不需要载气、磨损小	颗粒粒径要求高、工艺复杂、难以放大	70~75
烧蚀反应器^[21]	载气需求量小、生物质粒径要求低、设备规模小、操作成本低	反应速率较慢且难以放大	70
真空热解反应器^[22-24]	产品质量良好、生物质粒径要求低、载气需求量小、易提取组分且没有结焦问题	投资和维护成本高且难以放大	65
携带床反应器^[25]	挥发分停留时间短，无结渣问题，适用于高温高压条件，且适合扩大规模	生物质粒径要求高、载气需求量高、设备规模大，并且很难从较低的蒸气分压中收集液体	50~55

反应器类型	优点	缺点	生物油产率/%
流化床反应器^{[12-13,19-20]}	设计简单、操作方便、可连续运行、适合扩大规模	生物质预处理要求高、载气需求量高、固体损耗大	70~75
旋转锥反应器^[12-13]	设计紧凑、不需要载气、磨损小	颗粒粒径要求高、工艺复杂、难以放大	70~75
烧蚀反应器^[21]	载气需求量小、生物质粒径要求低、设备规模小、操作成本低	反应速率较慢且难以放大	70
真空热解反应器^[22-24]	产品质量良好、生物质粒径要求低、载气需求量小、易提取组分且没有结焦问题	投资和维护成本高且难以放大	65
携带床反应器^[25]	挥发分停留时间短，无结渣问题，适用于高温高压条件，且适合扩大规模	生物质粒径要求高、载气需求量高、设备规模大，并且很难从较低的蒸气分压中收集液体	50~55

年份	国家	研发单位	规模/(kg/h)	反应器类型	加热方式	文献
2019	韩国	Research Institute of Petroleum Technology	42	流化床/提升管	不凝性气体的燃烧	[27]
2018	中国	上海交通大学	2000	流化床/下行床	热载体和电加热器	[28]
2017	加拿大	AE Cote-Nord Bioenergy/Ensyn	9000	流化床/提升管	焦炭和不凝性气体的燃烧	[29-30]
2014	荷兰	BTG-BTL/EMPYRO	5000	旋转锥	反应器壁加热	[31]
2013	芬兰	Fortum-VALMET	10000	流化床/提升管	焦炭和不凝性气体的燃烧	[32]
2005	马来西亚	Genting	2000	旋转锥	反应器壁加热	[31]
2004	中国	中国科学技术大学	20	流化床	焦炭和不凝性气体的燃烧	[33]
2000	加拿大	Pyrovac	3500	真空热解	—	[29,32]
2000	荷兰	BTG/Kara	200	旋转锥	反应器壁加热	[33]
1998	加拿大	RTI	20	流化床	反应器壁加热	[29,33]
1997	加拿大	Dynamotive	3800	鼓泡流化床	热解气、炭、其他生物质产品燃烧	[32,34]
1996	加拿大	Red Arrow-Ensyn	1667	流化床/提升管	焦炭和不凝性气体的燃烧	[32-33]
1995	中国	沈阳农业大学/Twente	50	旋转锥	反应器壁加热	[33]
1993	西班牙	Union Fenosa/Waterloo	200	流化床	丙烷燃烧，热循环气	[33]
1993	荷兰	University of Twente	10	旋转锥	反应器壁加热	[33]