电化学膜生物反应器处理污水性能提升策略及研究现状

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230958

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor， MBR）处理污水时存在脱氮效果差、运行能耗高和膜污染严重问题以及微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell， MFC）存在出水质量差、所产电能未被有效利用的技术缺陷，电化学膜生物反应器（electrochemistry membrane bioreactor，EMBR）耦合MBR和MFC处理技术，可弥补两者技术缺点，能够实现高效去除污染物的同时减缓膜污染，具有广阔的应用前景。根据EMBR结构特点进行分类；从组成材料选取和运行参数优化角度重点阐述提升EMBR污水处理性能的策略；并从污染物去除、产电性能和膜污染减缓方面详细阐述了EMBR在污水处理中的研究现状；最后指出EMBR处理污水存在的问题及不足，并从新材料的开发与使用、装置规模、膜污染减缓机制、微生物群落结构组成及代谢机理等方面提出建议和展望，以期为EMBR处理技术实现规模化应用提供科学依据。

关键词: 电化学膜生物反应器, 工作性能, 污染物, 产电性能, 膜污染

Abstract:

In response to the problems of poor nitrogen removal, high operational energy consumption and serious membrane pollution in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and the technical defects of poor effluent quality and ineffective utilization of electricity produced in microbial fuel cell (MFC), electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR), which couples MBR and MFC treatment technologies, can compensate for the shortcomings of both technologies and can achieve efficient removal of pollutants while mitigating membrane contamination, and has broad application prospects. This paper classifies EMBR according to its structural characteristics, it focuses on the strategies to improve the performance of EMBR wastewater treatment from the perspectives of selection of constituent materials and optimization of operating parameters, and elaborates on the current research status of EMBR in wastewater treatment from the aspects of pollutant removal, electricity production performance and membrane pollution mitigation. Finally, it points out the problems and shortcomings of EMBR treatment of wastewater, and puts forward suggestions and prospects from the development and use of new materials, the scale of the device, the mechanism of membrane pollution mitigation, the structural composition of the microbial community and metabolic mechanism, etc., with a view to provide scientific basis for the realization of large-scale application of EMBR treatment technology.

Key words: electrochemistry membrane bioreactor, working performance, pollutant, electricity generation performance, membrane fouling

中图分类号:

X 703.1

刘壮壮, 鞠然, 刘崇涛, 宋建超, 李洋洋, 吴厚凯, 李同, 陶秀萍. 电化学膜生物反应器处理污水性能提升策略及研究现状[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(11): 4433-4444.

Zhuangzhuang LIU, Ran JU, Chongtao LIU, Jianchao SONG, Yangyang LI, Houkai WU, Tong LI, Xiuping TAO. Strategies for performance enhancement of electrochemical membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment and current research status[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(11): 4433-4444.

图/表 4

图1 分离式EMBR装置

Fig.1 Device of separated EMBR

图2 集成式EMBR装置

Fig.2 Device integrated EMBR

表1 EMBR对污水中污染物去除效果、产电性能和减缓膜污染情况

Table 1 Effectiveness of EMBR in removing pollutants from wastewater， electricity generation performance and membrane fouling situation

类型	体积/L	水力停留时间/h	进水浓度/（mg·L^-1）	污染物去除率/%	产电性能	减轻膜污染	文献
分离式	MFC：0.2 MBR：8	10	COD：436 NH $4 +$ -N：32	COD：92 NH $4 +$ -N：90	电压：0.43 V MPD：1.02 W·m^-3 CE：5.9%	否	[53]
分离式	MFC：0.9 MBR：6	8	COD：287	COD：87	电压：0.52 V MPD：2.57 W·m^-3 CE：8.56%	是	[10]
分离式	MFC：2.2 MBR：17	8	COD：368 NH $4 +$ -N：8	COD：96 NH $4 +$ -N：86	电压：0.74 V MPD：0.21 W·m^-3 CE：10%	是	[14]
分离式	MFC：1.4 MBR：1.1	14	COD：2066 NH $4 +$ -N：34 TN：38	COD：96 NH $4 +$ -N：92 TN：87	电压：0.66 V MPD：0.22 W·m^-3	否	[54]
纯膜型	2.08	8.6	COD：400	COD：90	电压：0.65 V MDP：5.96 W·m^-3 CE：1.4%	否	[12]
纯膜型	1.4	10	COD：305 NH $4 +$ -N：52 TN：52	COD：88 NH $4 +$ -N：99 TN：69	电压：0.24 V MPD：0.79 W·m^-3	是	[55]
纯膜型	12.24	8.2	COD：420 NH $4 +$ -N：33 TN：33	COD：95 NH $4 +$ -N：95 TN：36	电压：0.15 V MPD：2.18 W·m^-3 CE：1.9%	是	[23]
纯膜型	55	15.3	COD：408 TN：53	COD：97 TN：78	MPD：2.15 W·m^-3 CE：0.24%	否	[13]
膜阴极型	2.5	2.5	COD：283 NH $4 +$ -N：17	COD：92 NH $4 +$ -N：96	电压：0.25 V MPD：4.35 W·m^-3 CE：8.2%	是	[9]
膜阴极型	2.5	3.6	COD：283 NH $4 +$ -N：17	COD：93.7 NH $4 +$ -N：96	电压：0.52 V MPD：4.34 W·m^-3 CE：0.9%	是	[24]
膜阴极型	3.9	12.9	COD：550 NH $4 +$ -N：20	COD：90 NH $4 +$ -N：80	电压：0.5 V MPD：1.36 W·m^-3 CE：7%	是	[56]
膜阴极型	12.8	12.7	COD：650 NH $4 +$ -N：35 TN：37	COD：93 NH $4 +$ -N：96 TN：74	电压：0.47 V MPD：0.56 W·m^-3 CE：1%	是	[43]
膜阴极型	6.48	24	COD：380 TN：40	COD：96 TN：63	电压：0.5 V MPD：0.3 W·m^-3 CE：1.5%	是	[57]
膜空气阴极型	0.04	48	COD：1080 NH $4 +$ -N：32	COD：97 NH $4 +$ -N：91	电压：0.3 V MPD：6.8 W·m^-3 CE：8.5%	是	[22]
膜空气阴极型	0.12	14.5	COD：292 NH $4 +$ -N：29	COD：89 NH $4 +$ -N：86	电压：0.79 V MPD：7.4 W·m^-3 CE：36%	是	[44]
膜空气阴极型	0.028	68.3	COD：400 NH $4 +$ -N：45 TN：58	COD：97 NH $4 +$ -N：96 TN：94	电压：0.22 V MPD：8.75 W·m^-3 CE：25.6%	是	[18]

表1 EMBR对污水中污染物去除效果、产电性能和减缓膜污染情况

Table 1 Effectiveness of EMBR in removing pollutants from wastewater， electricity generation performance and membrane fouling situation

类型	体积/L	水力停留时间/h	进水浓度/（mg·L^-1）	污染物去除率/%	产电性能	减轻膜污染	文献
分离式	MFC：0.2 MBR：8	10	COD：436 NH $4 +$ -N：32	COD：92 NH $4 +$ -N：90	电压：0.43 V MPD：1.02 W·m^-3 CE：5.9%	否	[53]
分离式	MFC：0.9 MBR：6	8	COD：287	COD：87	电压：0.52 V MPD：2.57 W·m^-3 CE：8.56%	是	[10]
分离式	MFC：2.2 MBR：17	8	COD：368 NH $4 +$ -N：8	COD：96 NH $4 +$ -N：86	电压：0.74 V MPD：0.21 W·m^-3 CE：10%	是	[14]
分离式	MFC：1.4 MBR：1.1	14	COD：2066 NH $4 +$ -N：34 TN：38	COD：96 NH $4 +$ -N：92 TN：87	电压：0.66 V MPD：0.22 W·m^-3	否	[54]
纯膜型	2.08	8.6	COD：400	COD：90	电压：0.65 V MDP：5.96 W·m^-3 CE：1.4%	否	[12]
纯膜型	1.4	10	COD：305 NH $4 +$ -N：52 TN：52	COD：88 NH $4 +$ -N：99 TN：69	电压：0.24 V MPD：0.79 W·m^-3	是	[55]
纯膜型	12.24	8.2	COD：420 NH $4 +$ -N：33 TN：33	COD：95 NH $4 +$ -N：95 TN：36	电压：0.15 V MPD：2.18 W·m^-3 CE：1.9%	是	[23]
纯膜型	55	15.3	COD：408 TN：53	COD：97 TN：78	MPD：2.15 W·m^-3 CE：0.24%	否	[13]
膜阴极型	2.5	2.5	COD：283 NH $4 +$ -N：17	COD：92 NH $4 +$ -N：96	电压：0.25 V MPD：4.35 W·m^-3 CE：8.2%	是	[9]
膜阴极型	2.5	3.6	COD：283 NH $4 +$ -N：17	COD：93.7 NH $4 +$ -N：96	电压：0.52 V MPD：4.34 W·m^-3 CE：0.9%	是	[24]
膜阴极型	3.9	12.9	COD：550 NH $4 +$ -N：20	COD：90 NH $4 +$ -N：80	电压：0.5 V MPD：1.36 W·m^-3 CE：7%	是	[56]
膜阴极型	12.8	12.7	COD：650 NH $4 +$ -N：35 TN：37	COD：93 NH $4 +$ -N：96 TN：74	电压：0.47 V MPD：0.56 W·m^-3 CE：1%	是	[43]
膜阴极型	6.48	24	COD：380 TN：40	COD：96 TN：63	电压：0.5 V MPD：0.3 W·m^-3 CE：1.5%	是	[57]
膜空气阴极型	0.04	48	COD：1080 NH $4 +$ -N：32	COD：97 NH $4 +$ -N：91	电压：0.3 V MPD：6.8 W·m^-3 CE：8.5%	是	[22]
膜空气阴极型	0.12	14.5	COD：292 NH $4 +$ -N：29	COD：89 NH $4 +$ -N：86	电压：0.79 V MPD：7.4 W·m^-3 CE：36%	是	[44]
膜空气阴极型	0.028	68.3	COD：400 NH $4 +$ -N：45 TN：58	COD：97 NH $4 +$ -N：96 TN：94	电压：0.22 V MPD：8.75 W·m^-3 CE：25.6%	是	[18]

图3 EMBR膜污染减缓机制

Fig.3 EMBR membrane fouling mechanism

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