基于LiCl-NH4Cl水溶液多级逆电渗析性能的实验研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240198

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

与单级逆电渗析相比，多级逆电渗析（Multi-stage Reverse Electrodialysis， MSRED）在逆电渗析热机输出功率方面更具有优势，因其可将更多的溶液盐差能转换为电能。为进一步提高MSRED 的输出功率，对比研究了先前开发的LiCl-NH₄Cl水溶液（质量摩尔比为2：8）与传统NaCl水溶液在作为MSRED工作溶液时装置的总净输出功率。结论表明，采用LiCl-NH₄Cl水溶液的MSRED能够实现大电流输出，且与等质量摩尔浓度的NaCl水溶液相比，MSRED的总净输出功率最高能够提升28.6%。另外，无论相关工况参数如何变化，采用LiCl-NH₄Cl水溶液的MSRED均能获得比等质量摩尔浓度的NaCl水溶液条件下更高的总净输出功率；同时系统所使用的电堆数量更少，从而可节省设备成本并减小装置体积。

关键词: 多级逆电渗析, 盐差能, 溶液, 热机, 混合物, 离子交换

Abstract:

Compared with single-stage reverse electrodialysis, multi-stage reverse electrodialysis (MSRED) has more advantages in the output power of reverse electrodialysis heat engine, because it can convert more salinity gradient energy into electricity. In order to further improve the output power of MSRED, the total net output power of the device was compared by changing the experimental parameters when the LiCl-NH₄Cl aqueous solution (molar ratio of 2:8) previously developed and the traditional NaCl aqueous solution were used as the working solution of MSRED. These parameters include current densities, initial molality concentration of feed solution and the flow velocity of feed solution. The results show that MSRED with LiCl-NH₄Cl aqueous solution can achieve higher current output, and the total net output power of MSRED can be increased by up to 28.6% compared with that of NaCl aqueous solution with the same mass molar concentration. In addition, no matter how the relevant operating parameters change, the MSRED using LiCl-NH₄Cl aqueous solution can obtain higher total net output power than that of NaCl aqueous solution with the same mass molar concentration. At the same time, the number of stacks employed in the system is smaller, which can save equipment costs and reduce the volume of the device.

Key words: multi-stage reverse electrodialysis, salinity gradient energy, solution, heat engine, mixtures, ion exchange

中图分类号:

TK 01

胡军勇, 胡亚丽, 谭学诣, 黄佳欣, 张乐炜, 曾俊立, 刘晓奕, 陶源. 基于LiCl-NH₄Cl水溶液多级逆电渗析性能的实验研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240198.

Junyong HU, Yali HU, Xueyi TAN, Jiaxin HUANG, Lewei ZHANG, Junli ZENG, Xiaoyi LIU, Yuan TAO. Experimental study on the performance of multi-stage reverse electrodialysis based on LiCl-NH₄Cl aqueous solution[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240198.

图/表 13

图1 串联控制的MSRED原理图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the series control MSREDH

表1 实验试剂的具体信息

Table 1 Specific information of experimental reagents

名称	纯度	生产商
氯化锂	AR，99.0％	上海麦克林生化科技
氯化铵	AR，99.5％	上海麦克林生化科技
氯化钠	AR ≥ 99.5％	天津大茂化学试剂厂
铁氰化钾	AR，99.5％	上海阿拉丁生化科技
亚铁氰化钾	AR，99.0％	天津大茂化学试剂厂

表2 IEMs基本参数

Table 2 Basic parameters of Fujifilm IEMs

型号	$厚度 d × 104 m$	选择透过性α	电阻R
Fujifilm Type 10 AEM	1.25	94%	1.7 Ω∙cm²
Fujifilm Type 10 CEM	1.35	98.5%	2.0 Ω∙cm²

表2 IEMs基本参数

Table 2 Basic parameters of Fujifilm IEMs

型号	$厚度 d × 104 m$	选择透过性α	电阻R
Fujifilm Type 10 AEM	1.25	94%	1.7 Ω∙cm²
Fujifilm Type 10 CEM	1.35	98.5%	2.0 Ω∙cm²

表3 隔垫的相关参数

Table 3 Relevant parameters of the spacers

型号	材料	$厚度 δ × 104 m$	开孔面积	孔隙率ε
DPP32	PET	1.50	68%	79.2%

表3 隔垫的相关参数

Table 3 Relevant parameters of the spacers

型号	材料	$厚度 δ × 104 m$	开孔面积	孔隙率ε
DPP32	PET	1.50	68%	79.2%

表4 实验设备型号、测量范围及精度

Table 4 Relevant parameters of experimental equipment and instruments

实验设备	型号	测量范围	精度	生产商
电子天平	JJ1523BC	0-1520 g	± 0.001 g	G&G 测试仪器, 中国
电化学工作站	CHI660E	3 nA-250 mA	0.2%	上海辰华仪器有限公司，中国
电流放大器	CHI680C	± 2 A	1 pA	上海辰华仪器有限公司，中国
数字万用表	Keithley 2110	± 10 V	± 0.012%	泰克科技有限公司，美国
恒温水箱	HH-600	室温-100 ℃	± 0.5 ℃	智博睿仪器制造有限公司，中国
压差变送器	MIK-2051	0 - 350 kPa	± 0.075%	杭州美控自动化技术有限公司, 中国
蠕动泵	DIPump 550-B253	≤ 452 mL·min^-1	0.1 rpm	Kamoer，中国

图2 实验流程图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of experimental process

图3 实验装置实物图

Fig.3 Photograph of experimental system

表5 实验参数变化范围

Table 5 Variation range of experimental parameters

电流密度

i _d / A·m^-2

浓溶液质量摩尔浓度m_HC / mol·kg^-1

稀溶液质量摩尔浓度m_LC / mol·kg^-1

流速

v/cm·s^-1

图4 不同电流密度下总净输出功率随电堆数量的变化（实验操作条件：电流密度为id =20 A·m-2、40 A·m-2、60 A·m-2和80 A·m-2；浓、稀溶液的质量摩尔浓度分别为：mHC= 4 mol·kg-1、mLC= 0.05 mol·kg-1；实验温度t =25±1℃；进料溶液流速v为1.0 cm·s-1）

Fig. 4 Variations of the total net output power with the number of RED stacks under different current densities (id ) ( The operating conditions of experiments: id =20 A·m-2, 40 A·m-2, 60 A·m-2, 80 A·m-2; mHC =4 mol·kg-1, mLC = 0.05 mol·kg-1; t = 25±1°C; v = 1.0 cm·s-1)

表6 相关MSRED性能数据对比

Table 6 Comparison of pertinent performance data for MSRED

电池单元数	工作溶液	i_d（A·m^-2）	N	P_net（W）	文献
5	NaCl水溶液	60	8	0.92	[25]
10	NaCl水溶液	-^(a)	22	0.34^(b)	[26]
10	LiBr-H₂O-CH₃CH₂OH	-^(a)	22	0.99^(b)	[29]
5	LiCl-NH₄Cl水溶液	80	9	1.17	本文

图5 不同进料浓溶液质量摩尔浓度下总净输出功率随电堆数量的变化（实验操作条件：浓溶液的质量摩尔浓度mHC 为3 mol·kg-1、4 mol·kg-1、5 mol·kg-1，稀溶液的质量摩尔浓度mLC 为0.05 mol·kg-1；实验温度t =25±1℃；进料溶液流速v为1.0 cm·s-1；图5(a)和(b)中的电流密度id 分别为80 A·m-2、40 A·m-2）

Fig. 5 Variations of the total net output power with the number of RED stacks under different molality concentration of HC feed solution (mHC ) ( The operating conditions of experiments: mHC = 3 mol·kg-1, 4 mol·kg-1, 5 mol·kg-1, mLC = 0.05 mol·kg-1; t = 25±1°C; v = 1.0 cm·s-1; the current density id in Fig. 5 (a) and (b) are 80 A·m-2 and 40 A·m-2, respectively)

图6 不同进料稀溶液质量摩尔浓度下总净输出功率随电堆数量的变化（实验操作条件：浓溶液的质量摩尔浓度mHC 为4 mol·kg-1，稀溶液的质量摩尔浓度mLC 为0.01 mol·kg-1、0.05 mol·kg-1、0.1 mol·kg-1；实验温度t =25±1℃；进料溶液流速v为1.0 cm·s-1；图6(a)和(b)中的电流密度id 分别为80 A·m-2、40 A·m-2）

Fig. 6 Variations of the total net output power with the number of RED stacks under different molality concentration of LC feed solution (mLC ) ( The operating conditions of experiments: mHC = 4 mol·kg-1, mLC = 0.01 mol·kg-1，0.05 mol·kg-1，0.1 mol·kg-1; t = 25±1°C; v = 1.0 cm·s-1; the current density id in Fig. 6 (a) and (b) are 80 A·m-2 and 40 A·m-2, respectively )

图7 不同进料流速下总净输出功率随电堆数量的变化（实验操作条件：浓溶液的质量摩尔浓度mHC 为4 mol·kg-1，稀溶液的质量摩尔浓度mLC 为0.05 mol·kg-1；实验温度t =25±1℃；进料溶液流速v为0.5 cm·s-1、1.0 cm·s-1、2.0 cm·s-1；图7(a)和(b)中的电流密度id 分别为80 A·m-2、40 A·m-2）

Fig.7 Variations of the total net output power with the number of RED stacks under different flow velocity (v) ( The operating conditions of experiments: mHC = 4 mol·kg-1, mLC = 0.05 mol·kg-1; t = 25±1°C; v = 0.5 cm·s-1, 1 cm·s-1, 2 cm·s-1; the current density id in Fig. 7(a) and (b) are 80 A·m-2 and 40 A·m-2, respectively)

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基于LiCl-NH₄Cl水溶液多级逆电渗析性能的实验研究

Experimental study on the performance of multi-stage reverse electrodialysis based on LiCl-NH₄Cl aqueous solution

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