钾离子电池正极材料的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200612

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于资源和成本优势，以及工作原理与锂离子电池的相似性，钾离子电池在未来的大规模储能应用中有着光明的发展前景。然而相比于锂、钠离子，钾离子半径较大，这不仅影响了其在电极中的输运，而且容易对电极材料的结构造成一些不可逆的破坏，进而导致较差的电化学性能。对于钾离子电池，负极可采用与锂离子电池相同的石墨负极，而正极材料是目前的研发高性能钾离子电池的关键。因此，本文在总结了最常见的四类钾离子电池正极材料的相关进展，并分别探讨了各自的优势、问题及相应的改性方法的基础上，展望了钾离子电池正极材料未来的发展。

关键词: 钾离子电池, 正极材料, 纳米材料, 复合材料, 电化学

Abstract:

Due to resource and cost advantages, as well as the similarity of working principles with lithium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have a bright future in large-scale energy storage applications. However, the ion size of potassium is larger than that of lithium and sodium ions, which not only affects the transport in the electrode, but also tends to cause irreversible damage to electrode structure, resulting poor electrochemical performance. For PIBs, the graphite that already applied in lithium-ion batteries can be used as anode, thus the cathode materials are the key to develop the high-performance potassium ion batteries. This review summarized the progress of various types of cathode materials for PIBs, and discussed their advantages, problems and corresponding modification methods. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives are also discussed to provide the future direction of cathode materials for PIBs.

Key words: potassium-ion batteries, cathode materials, nanomaterials, composites, electrochemistry

中图分类号:

TM 911

张志波, 彭琨尧, 耿茂宁, 赵昕悦, 刘思, 朱昌宝. 钾离子电池正极材料的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(10): 4429-4444.

Zhibo ZHANG, Kunyao PENG, Maoning GENG, Xinyue ZHAO, Si LIU, Changbao ZHU. Recent progress on cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(10): 4429-4444.

图/表 8

图1 锂、钠、钾的丰度，标准电极电势和离子半径对比

Fig.1 The comparison of Li, Na and K in Earth’s crust abundance, standard reduction potential and ions radius

图2 不同氧原子堆叠方式的钾离子层状氧化物[19-22]

Fig.2 The different oxygen atom stacking modes in layered oxide potassium ion cathode materials[19-22]

图3 P2-K0.6CoO2充放电时的原位XRD图[(a)~(e)][19]和自模板合成的P2-K0.6CoO2微球的SEM图(f)[24]

Fig.3 In situ XRD characterization of P2-type K0.6CoO2 during charge/discharge process[(a)—(e)][19] and the SEM images of P2-type K0.6CoO2 that made by self-templated method(f)[24]

图4 KVOP-B、KVOP-NS和KVOP-MS的SEM图[(a)~(c)]和电化学性能[(d)、(e)][50]

Fig.4 SEM images[(a)—(c)], electrochemical performance[(d),(e)] of KVOP-B, KVOP-NS and KVOP-MS[50]

图5 理想的(a)和含有结构水的(b)PBAs的结构示意图[61]

Fig.5 Schematic crystal structures of ideal PBAs (a) and PBAs with crystal water (b)[61]

图6 MnHCF的形貌(a)、电化学性能[(b)、(c)][68]及其在储钾过程中的结构演变过程(d)[65]

Fig.6 STEM image(a), electrochemical performance[(b),(c)][68] and structural evolution (d) of MnHCF in process of K ions storage[65]

图7 PTCDI-DAQ 的循环伏安图(a)、不同充放电状态下的[对应(a)图中的状态]非原位FTIR光谱图(b)和其在钾离子电池中的反应机制示意图(c)[84]

Fig.7 The CV curves(a), ex situ FTIR spectroscopy under different charge and discharge states [corresponding to the states in (a)] (b) and the proposed redox mechanism (c) for PTCDI-DAQ in K-ion batteries[84]

表1 四类钾电正极材料中典型材料的性能总结

Table 1 The performance of typical four types of cathode electrode materials for PIBs

材料类型	典型材料	电压范围/V	倍率性能 (电流密度，容量)	循环性能 (电流密度；圈数；保持率)	文献
层状过渡金属氧化物	P2-K_0.6CoO₂	1.7~4.0	10 mA/g，82 mA·h/g；100 mA/g，65 mA·h/g	40 mA/g；300；87%	[24]
	P2-K_0.65Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂	1.5~4.2	20 mA/g，151 mA·h/g；100 mA/g，103 mA·h/g	100 mA/g；350；78%	[28]
	P′3-K_0.8CrO₂	1.5~3.8	11 mA/g，91 mA·h/g；436 mA/g，52 mA·h/g	218 mA/g；300；99%	[39]
聚阴离子型化合物	KVOPO₄	2.0~4.6	0.5 C，113.1 mA·h/g；20 C，83.4 mA·h/g	5 C；500；75.6%	[50]
	KVPO₄F	2.0~5.0	0.5 C，101.8 mA·h/g；50 C，87.6 mA·h/g	0.5 C；100；84.3%	[51]
	K₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂(P₂O₇)	2.1~4.1	0.05 C，~118 mA·h/g；5 C，~83 mA·h/g	5 C；500；82%	[58]
普鲁士蓝及其类似物	K_1.70Mn[Fe(CN)₆]_0.90·1.10H₂O	2.5~4.6	0.2 C，142.4 mA·h/g；2 C，~93 mA·h/g	1 C；100；77%	[68]
	K_1.69Fe[Fe(CN)₆]_0.90·4H₂O	2~4.5	10 mA/g，140 mA·h/g；100 mA/g，120 mA·h/g	100 mA/g；300；60%	[69]
	K_1.81Ni[Fe(CN)₆]_0.97?0.086H₂O	2~4.5	10 mA/g，57 mA·h/g；500 mA/g，13.1 mA·h/g	50 mA/g；1000；87.3%	[71]
有机正极材料	PTCDA	1.5~3.5	10 mA/g，131 mA·h/g；500 mA/g，73 mA·h/g	50 mA/g；200；66.1%	[78]
	AQDS	1.4~3.0	0.1 C，95 mA·h/g；3 C，56 mA·h/g	0.1 C；100；82.4%	[82]
	PTCDI-DAQ	1~3.8	15 C，202 mA·h/g；100 C，133 mA·h/g	15 C；900；72.7%	[84]

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