燃煤有机污染物生成排放特性与采样方法研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20190287

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

煤燃烧过程在生成SO₂、NO_x和颗粒物等常规污染物的同时，还会产生有机污染物。我国燃煤电厂数量多，燃煤产生的非甲烷挥发性有机物（NMVOC）已经占到了人为源排放总量的1/3。然而，已有的针对有机污染物的研究主要关注的是工业源和室内环境中的挥发性有机物，对燃煤过程产生的有机污染物研究较少。由于煤的组分复杂，燃烧温度高、燃烧工况多变，且产生高尘高湿的烟气，这些特殊环境决定了煤燃烧过程有机污染物的生成排放特性及其采样方法与工业源有所不同。本文对原煤有机污染物的前体赋存形态、燃煤过程有机污染物的生成排放特性以及有机污染物的采样与分析方法进行了较全面的综述，并探讨了燃煤有机污染物相关研究的发展方向。

关键词: 煤燃烧, 有机物, 热解, 生成排放特性, 采样分析

Abstract:

The coal combustion process produces organic pollutants while generating conventional pollutants such as SO₂, NO_x and particulate matter. Due to the existence of a large number of pulverized coal combustion power plants, coal combustion accounts for about one-third of the total amount of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions in China. However, previous studies on organic pollutants mainly focused on VOCs emissions from other sources, e.g. industrial sources and indoor environments. The formation and emission of organic pollutants during coal combustion is less discussed. The species emitted by coal combustion may be quite different from other non-combustion sources. The sampling and analysis methods also differ due to the complex composition of coal, the variable combustion conditions, and the harsh environment concerning the relatively high temperature, high humidity, and high dust-containing flue gas. In this paper, the organic compounds in raw coal, the formation and emission characteristics of organic compounds in the coal combustion process and the corresponding sampling and analysis methods were reviewed. The future work on coal-fired organic pollutants was also discussed.

Key words: coal combustion, organic compounds, coal pyrolysis, formation and emission characteristics, sampling and analysis method

中图分类号:

TQ 028.8

徐静颖, 卓建坤, 姚强. 燃煤有机污染物生成排放特性与采样方法研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(8): 2823-2834.

Jingying XU, Jiankun ZHUO, Qiang YAO. Research progress on formation, emission characteristics and sampling methods of organic compounds from coal combustion[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(8): 2823-2834.

图/表 8

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种类	物理特性	典型组分
易挥发性有机物	一般熔点低于室温，沸点0～50℃	二氯甲烷、氯乙烯、戊烷
挥发性有机物	常温下呈气态，一般沸点在50～250℃	甲苯、芳烃、烯烃、醛酮类
半挥发性有机物	一般熔点低于室温，沸点170～380℃	多环芳烃、多氯联苯类
颗粒有机物	沸点一般在380℃以上	脂肪酸类、正构烷烃、多环芳烃等

种类	物理特性	典型组分
易挥发性有机物	一般熔点低于室温，沸点0～50℃	二氯甲烷、氯乙烯、戊烷
挥发性有机物	常温下呈气态，一般沸点在50～250℃	甲苯、芳烃、烯烃、醛酮类
半挥发性有机物	一般熔点低于室温，沸点170～380℃	多环芳烃、多氯联苯类
颗粒有机物	沸点一般在380℃以上	脂肪酸类、正构烷烃、多环芳烃等

浸取时间/h	脂环烃		苯系物		直链烃		PAHs
浸取时间/h	种类	含量/%	种类	含量/%	种类	含量/%	种类	含量/%
17	5	14.68	8	28.54	10	11.53	23	45.24
41	4	9.91	8	27.73	7	9.83	29	52.53
65	5	18.49	9	38.23	12	10.22	25	33.05
88	3	4.95	8	46.01	10	10.75	28	38.20

浸取时间/h	脂环烃		苯系物		直链烃		PAHs
浸取时间/h	种类	含量/%	种类	含量/%	种类	含量/%	种类	含量/%
17	5	14.68	8	28.54	10	11.53	23	45.24
41	4	9.91	8	27.73	7	9.83	29	52.53
65	5	18.49	9	38.23	12	10.22	25	33.05
88	3	4.95	8	46.01	10	10.75	28	38.20

物种	淮南烟煤	龙口烟煤	神华烟煤	兖州烟煤	淮北烟煤	大同烟煤	资兴烟煤	太原烟煤	枣庄烟煤	羊城无烟煤	永兴无烟煤
苯	1.46	8.29	6.63	1.79	8.60	5.03	14.21	5.08	2.08	12.22	6.22
2,6-二甲基-十氢化菲	1.02	2.64	21.11	23.70	12.55	18.57	0.02	13.42	4.06	2.60	3.37
异构十六烷	2.47	4.74	1.31	5.70	3.20	2.23	4.88	5.88	4.72	4.97	3.96
正十六烷	13.04	10.92	4.56	11.79	10.55	7.32	16.44	21.59	21.80	13.44	14.14
异构十七烷	1.14	0.97	0.53	1.14	1.32	0.79	1.34	1.94	1.95	1.62	1.75
正十七烷	9.42	9.87	4.35	8.28	10.17	6.92	11.82	14.61	14.79	12.63	12.34
正十八烷	5.08	4.41	1.61	3.70	4.80	2.27	4.03	6.50	6.02	5.63	5.87