木质素衍生炭在碱金属离子电池负极中的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20220588

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碱金属离子在商品化石墨负极材料的嵌入/脱出过程中会发生较大的体积膨胀，导致容量衰减快、倍率性能差等问题。木质素衍生炭材料具有原料丰富、经济、制备工艺简单及结构可控等优点，作为碱金属离子电池负极表现出较高的容量、较好的倍率性能和循环稳定性。木质素衍生炭材料在过去十多年中取得了一些研究进展。基于此，简要介绍了碱金属离子电池碳材料负极的储能机理及特点，系统综述了木质素衍生炭材料在碱金属离子电池负极材料中的最新研究进展，重点总结了其合成策略、结构特征、储存机理以及其电化学性能等，指出了层间距调控、碳层排序和表面功能化与电化学性能之间的构效关系。此外，拓展概述了木质素衍生炭材料的发展前景和面临的挑战，为木质素衍生炭材料的下一步研究和开发提供参考。

关键词: 木质素, 复合材料, 制备, 锂离子电池, 钠离子电池, 钾离子电池, 电化学

Abstract:

Alkali metal ions experience large volume expansion during the intercalation/extraction process of commercial graphite anode materials, resulting in rapid capacity decay and poor rate performance. Lignin-derived carbon materials (LDCs) with the characteristics of rich raw materials, economy, easy preparation and controllable structure have promising applications as anode materials, which exhibit excellent rate capability and cycling stability in alkali metal-ion batteries. This review introduces the charge storage mechanism of alkali metal ions in carbon anode materials, and summarizes the recent research advances of LDC in the anode materials for alkali metal ion batteries. Specifically, we discussed the synthesis strategies, structural features, storage mechanism and corresponding electrochemical properties of LDC anodes. Moreover, the relationships between carbon structure (interlayer spacing regulation, carbon layer ordering and surface functionalization) and electrochemical behaviors are outlined. The prospects and potential issues faced by LDC anodes are proposed to provide guidance for the next-step R&D of LDC anodes.

Key words: lignin, composites, preparation, lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, potassium-ion battery, electrochemistry

中图分类号:

TK 6

钟磊, 邱学青, 张文礼. 木质素衍生炭在碱金属离子电池负极中的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(8): 3369-3380.

Lei ZHONG, Xueqing QIU, Wenli ZHANG. Advances in lignin-derived carbon anodes for alkali metal ion batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(8): 3369-3380.

图/表 11

图1 木质素在碱金属离子电池负极中的应用

Fig.1 Application of lignin in anode of alkali metal ion battery

图2 Li+在硬炭中的存储机制[14]

Fig.2 Li+ storage mechanism in hard carbon[14]

图3 K2CO3活化制备的石墨化木质素衍生炭的Li+存储行为[25]

Fig.3 The Li+ storage behavior of graphitized lignin-derived carbon prepared by K2CO3 activation[25]

图4 木质素/PLA炭纤维的制备流程、结构形貌及Li+存储行为[40]

Fig.4 Preparation process, structural morphology and Li+ storage behavior of lignin/PLA carbon fiber [40]

图5 Na+在硬炭中的存储机制[45-46]

Fig.5 Na+ storage mechanism in hard carbon[45-46]

图6 木质素磺酸钠衍生炭的制备及其形貌特征[47]

Fig.6 Preparation process and morphological characteristics of sodium lignosulfonate derived carbon[47]

图7 氮掺杂LDC制备流程及其Na+存储行为[52]

Fig.7 Preparation process and its Na+ storage behavior of nitrogen doped LDC[52]

图8 HCM的制备及其层间距与Na+存储行为的关系[56]

Fig.8 Preparation of HCM and the relationship between layer spacing and sodium storage behavior[56]

图9 K+在硬炭中的存储机制[65]

Fig.9 K+ storage mechanism in hard carbon[65]

图10 LDC的形貌和电化学储钾行为[20]

Fig.10 Morphology and electrochemical potassium storage behavior of LDC[20]

图11 木质素分子量对储钾性能与机制影响[71]

Fig.11 Effect of lignin molecular weight on potassium storage performance and mechanism[71]

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