典型金属生产过程的环境影响评价研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240101

化工学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 75 ›› Issue (9): 3056-3073.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240101

典型金属生产过程的环境影响评价研究进展

高文芳¹(), 崔晗¹^,²^,³, 孙一冉¹, 彭佳晴¹, 朱睿¹, 夏然¹, 张馨予¹, 李佳奇¹, 王学良⁴, 孙峙⁵(), 吕龙义¹()

^1.河北工业大学能源与环境工程学院，天津 300401
^2.中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京 100085
^3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
^4.天津滨海高新技术产业开发区城市管理和生态环境局，天津 300450
^5.中国科学院过程工程研究所，北京 100190

收稿日期:2024-01-23 修回日期:2024-05-29 出版日期:2024-09-25 发布日期:2024-10-10
通讯作者: 孙峙,吕龙义
作者简介:高文芳（1990—），女，博士，副教授，wfgao@hebut.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(52300232);天津市教委项目(2022KJ098);天津市科技计划项目(23JCQNJC00970)

A critical review on environmental impact assessment of typical metal production processes

Wenfang GAO¹(), Han CUI¹^,²^,³, Yiran SUN¹, Jiaqing PENG¹, Rui ZHU¹, Ran XIA¹, Xinyu ZHANG¹, Jiaqi LI¹, Xueliang WANG⁴, Zhi SUN⁵(), Longyi LYU¹()

^1.School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
^2.Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
^3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^4.Tianjin Binhai Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone Urban Management and Ecological Environment Bureau, Tianjin 300450, China
^5.Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Received:2024-01-23 Revised:2024-05-29 Online:2024-09-25 Published:2024-10-10
Contact: Zhi SUN, Longyi LYU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着工业化进程加快，金属资源的关键性已成为我国乃至全球关注的问题，金属资源的大范围应用使其在生产时造成的环境影响越来越严重。为选择对环境影响较小的金属种类及生产方式，针对62种典型金属工业生产过程，对其相关的环境影响评价研究进展进行总结，重点关注黑色金属和有色轻、重金属生产过程的环境影响，并对与碳足迹分析相关的研究进行重点总结评述。重金属在生态毒性、人类健康等毒性影响方面均有较大影响；稀有金属和准金属的相关评价主要集中在Li和V上，且是未来的主要研究方向；贵金属相比其他金属造成的碳排放较为显著。金属生产行业未来需重点考虑金属元素自身性质，依据其不同阶段的污染程度优化生产方式，且聚焦金属生产行业的温室气体排放问题。

关键词: 金属工业生产过程, 环境影响评价, 废物处理, 环境, 污染

Abstract:

With the acceleration of the industrialization, the criticality of metal resources has become a concern of China and even the world, and the large-scale use of metal resources makes its environmental impact more and more serious in production processes. Under dual-carbon goals, in order to select metal production processes with low environmental impact, this study focused on 62 typical metal industrial production processes, summarized the relevant environmental impact assessment studies, and related to carbon footprint analysis is summarized during metal production processes. The environmental impacts of ferrous metals as well as non-ferrous light and heavy metals production processes were focused on. In the production of ferrous metals, the environmental impact can be reduced by using biomass instead of fossil energy, choosing suitable Mn smelting methods and reducing the content of Cr⁶⁺ in nature. Non-ferrous light metals were currently produced in a large number of metals with diversified production methods, which had a greater impact on greenhouse gas emissions and ecological toxicity. Heavy metals have a great impact on toxic effects such as ecotoxicity and human health. The mining and refining process of precious metals will have a serious impact on the atmosphere and water, which should be paid attention to. There were few studies on the evaluation of rare metals and quasi-metals, which mainly focused on Li and V, however its importance is becoming more and more significant, and the development potential is huge. Compared with other metals, the carbon emissions caused by precious metals are more significant, and the five metals with the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP) are Rh, Pt, Au, Ir and Sc. This research can effectively solve the environmental problems of metal production while promoting industrial development through green and efficient metal production processes.

Key words: metal industrial production process, environmental impact assessment, waste treatment, environment, pollution

中图分类号:

X 828

高文芳, 崔晗, 孙一冉, 彭佳晴, 朱睿, 夏然, 张馨予, 李佳奇, 王学良, 孙峙, 吕龙义. 典型金属生产过程的环境影响评价研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(9): 3056-3073.

Wenfang GAO, Han CUI, Yiran SUN, Jiaqing PENG, Rui ZHU, Ran XIA, Xinyu ZHANG, Jiaqi LI, Xueliang WANG, Zhi SUN, Longyi LYU. A critical review on environmental impact assessment of typical metal production processes[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3056-3073.

图/表 7

图1 金属元素的分类

Fig.1 Classification of metal elements

图2 (a) 每吨产品的单项评分结果比较[14]；(b) 电解锰的主要环境影响因素[42]；(c) 三种烧结烟气超低排放处理技术的标准化效果[41]；(d) 非化石能源工艺节省的CO2占比[58]

Fig.2 (a) Comparison of single score results for each ton product[14]; (b) the main factors affecting the production environment of electrolytic Mn[42]; (c) standardization effects of three technologies for ultra-low emission treatment of sintering flue gas[41]; (d) the proportion of CO2 saved by nonfossil energy processes[58]

图3 (a) 钾肥生产的环境影响[62]；(b) 金属生产的GWP[13]；(c) TRACI法分析Al生产过程的结果[68]；(d) Al生产过程的环境影响[68]；(e) 不同Al开采工艺的环境影响[70]；(f) 不同Cu生产路线的环境贡献[74]

Fig.3 (a) Environmental impact of K fertilizer production[62]; (b) production of GWP for various metals[13]; (c) analysis results from TRACI method for Al production processes[68]; (d) environmental impact of Al production process[68]; (e) environmental impact of different Al mining processes[70]; (f) environmental contribution of different Cu production routes[74]

图4 (a) Au-Ag耦合生产和 (b) Au-Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu联合生产的LCA结果[97]；(c) Au-Ag精炼工艺的归一化结果[97]；(d) GWP相关结果[100]；(e) 生产Nb2O5的环境影响[109]；(f) 生命周期影响评价（LCIA）对WC-Co的评估结果[110]

Fig.4 (a) LCA results of Au-Ag coupled production and (b) Au-Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu combined production[97]; (c) normalized results of Au-Ag refining process[97]; (d) GWP related results[100]; (e) environmental impact of Nb2O5 production[109]; (f) LCIA’s assessment of WC-Co[110]

图5 (a) 矿石品位对Cu生产的影响[120]；(b) 潜在来源的重金属污染率[126]；(c) 电能来源对Al的GER和GWP的影响[13]；(d) GWP和总材料需求之间的关系[119]

Fig.5 (a) Effect of ore grade on Cu production[120]; (d) heavy metal pollution rates from potential sources[126]; (c) effect of electricity energy source on GER and GWP for Al[13]; (d) relations between GWP and total material requirement[119]

图6 典型金属的GWP分析

Fig.6 GWP analysis of typical metals

图7 典型金属生产过程的环境影响评价

Fig.7 Environmental impact assessment of typical metal production processes

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典型金属生产过程的环境影响评价研究进展

A critical review on environmental impact assessment of typical metal production processes

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