CIESC Journal ›› 2023, Vol. 74 ›› Issue (1): 116-132.doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20221053

• Reviews and monographs • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Self-propulsion of enzyme and enzyme-induced micro-/nanomotor

Yang HU1,2(), Yan SUN1()   

  1. 1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
    2.College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-07-26 Revised:2022-09-16 Online:2023-01-05 Published:2023-03-20
  • Contact: Yan SUN E-mail:huyang@ouc.edu.cn;ysun@tju.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Enzymes that play an essential role in life activities as biocatalysts have been reported to exhibit enhanced diffusion during the bioconversion of substrate to product. This self-driven diffusion-enhanced phenomenon provides a new angle to study enzymes: enzyme molecular motors (EMMs). Inspired by natural biomolecular motors, EMM was used as the “engine” to fabricate various enzyme-powered micro-/nanomotors (EMNMs) and micropumps (EMPs), converting chemical energy to mechanical energy and propelling movement at the micro-/nanoscale. Through ingenious design, EMNMs have been functionalized for accomplishing various tasks, attracting more and more attention. However, the precise movement mechanisms of EMM and EMNM are still under debate in current literature. The effects of size, structure, and enzyme properties on the micro-/nanoscale movement are still unclear. These limit the investigation of the application of EMNM and EMP. This article is devoted to reviewing the self-propelled molecular movement of EMM, as well as the movement of EMNM and EMP using an enzyme as the “engine”. First, the condition for realizing the molecular and micro-/nanoscale movement in the ultralow Reynolds number regime, the self-propulsion and chemotaxis of EMM, and the movement mechanism of the reported EMM were introduced. Then, the classification of the various EMNM and EMP are discussed, emphasizing the approach of enzyme-powered microscale movement and the potential application of EMNM. Finally, major challenges in the development of enzyme-powered devices are addressed and future research into this crucial field is proposed.

Key words: enzyme, biocatalysis, nanotechnology, self-propulsion, chemotaxis

CLC Number: 

  • TQ 013.2

Fig.1

The movement at a low Reynolds number(a) the motion mechanism of a theoretical 3-link swimmer[15]; (b) the movement of EMM and enzyme-propelled micro/nanodevice"

Fig.2

Enzyme molecular motor and its chemotaxis(a) schematic and experiment result illustrating the substrate-dependent diffusion enhancement of urease[5]; (b) schematic and experiment result illustrating the enhanced diffusion of DNA polymerase[23]; (c) schematic illustration of the microfluidics for the observation of EMM chemotaxis[24]; (d) the chemotaxis behavior of the enzyme catalyzing a cascade reaction[31]"

Fig.3

Artificial enzyme-powered micro-/nanomotor(a) schematic illustrating the micromotor propelled by catalase[10]; (b) illustration of the propulsion and movement control of urease-based micromotor[50]; (c) lipase-powered micromotor[52]; (d) design and catalytic network of micromotor powered by enzymatic cascade reactions[58]"

Fig.4

Schematic illustrating micropump powered by DNA polymerase[23]"

Fig.5

Motion control of EMNM(a) diffusion coefficient of nanomotor powered by catalase at different substrate concentrations[64]; (b) speed of nanomotor propelled by different enzymes[72]; (c) schematic illustrating the movement of micromotors with different sizes[77]; (d) illustration showing the movement control of enzyme-powered nanomotor through photothermal effect[80]"

Fig.6

Application of EMNM(a) schematic illustrating the urease-powered nanomotor for drug delivery[85]; (b) urease-powered nanomotor used to detect local pH[91]"

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