Analysis of multiple operating strategies for large-scale wind power coupled with thermal power for hydrogen production under various scenarios

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240976

Abstract

Abstract:

This study constructs a hybrid energy power generation and hydrogen production system model including wind power, thermal power, batteries and electrolytic hydrogen production equipment to explore the economic benefits of large-scale wind-thermal power generation and hydrogen production systems under different operating strategies. Focusing on a 700 MW wind farm and a 350 MW thermal power plant, the study employs three strategies: green electricity hydrogen production, green electricity-valley electricity hydrogen production, and green electricity-thermal power hydrogen production. A mixed-integer model is established to maximize annual profit, analyzing system performance under various wind resources and electrolyzer capacities. The results indicate that wind resources and electrolyzer capacity significantly influence system performance and strategy selection. In wind-rich conditions, green electricity-thermal power hydrogen production is optimal with a 500 MW electrolyzer capacity. In wind-scarce conditions, the green electricity-valley electricity strategy with a 400 MW capacity offers the best economic performance while maintaining lower carbon emissions. A combined approach using the green electricity-valley electricity strategy during wind-rich seasons and green electricity-thermal power strategy during wind-poor seasons can achieve maximum annual profit within reasonable carbon emission limits. Furthermore, the study analyzes the impact of hydrogen production system investment costs and carbon trading mechanisms on hydrogen prices. It reveals that as investment costs decrease and carbon emission-related costs increase, the green electricity hydrogen production strategy becomes more economically viable in the future.

Key words: wind energy, electro-hydrogen hybrid energy hydrogen production system model, multi-strategy, techno-economic analysis, hydrogen production

摘要：

构建了包含风力发电、火力发电、蓄电池和电解制氢设备的混合能源发电制氢系统模型，探究大规模风-火发电制氢系统在不同运行策略下的经济效益。以700 MW风电场和350 MW火电厂为研究对象，采用绿电制氢、绿电-谷电制氢和绿电-火电制氢三种策略，建立年利润最大化的混合整数模型，分析不同风力资源和电解槽装机容量下的系统性能，结果表明，风力资源和电解槽容量显著影响系统性能和运行策略的选择。风力充足时，500 MW电解槽容量下绿电-火电制氢最优；风力匮乏时，400 MW容量下绿电-谷电策略在拥有较低碳排放的同时经济性最优。富风季采用绿电-谷电策略，贫风季采用绿电-火电策略的组合方案可在合理碳排放范围内实现最大年利润。此外，还分析了制氢系统投资成本和碳交易机制对氢气价格的影响，发现随着投资成本降低，碳排放相关成本的上升，绿电制氢策略在未来更具有经济性。

关键词: 风能, 电-氢混合能源制氢系统模型, 多策略, 技术经济分析, 制氢

CLC Number:

TQ 151.1

Jingrun LI, Siyu YANG, Qinghui LIU, An PAN, Jiayue WANG, Xiaogui FU, Hao YU. Analysis of multiple operating strategies for large-scale wind power coupled with thermal power for hydrogen production under various scenarios[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(3): 1191-1206.

李京润, 杨思宇, 刘庆辉, 潘安, 王嘉岳, 符小贵, 余皓. 大规模风电耦合火电制氢多情景下不同运行策略分析[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(3): 1191-1206.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1 Wind-thermal power hybrid energy hydrogen production system

Fig.2 U-I characteristic curve of alkaline electrolysis cell

Fig.3 System efficiency and hydrogen production rate curves

Table 1 System key parameters ［18-19］

参数	数值
$A^{c e l l}$ /m²	0.01×302
$v_{c i}$ /（m/s）	3
$v_{c o}$ /（m/s）	25
$v_{s}$ /（m/s）	13
$P_{w s}$ /kW	4000
$σ$	0.0046
$η_{d i s}$	0.95
$η_{c h}$	0.95
$θ_{1}$ /（Ω·m²）	8.05×10^-5
$θ_{2}$ /（Ω·m²/℃）	-2.5×10^-7
$ω_{1}$ /（m²/A）	1.002
$ω_{2}$ /（m²·℃/A）	8.424
$ω_{3}$ /（m²·℃²/A）	247.3
$s$ /V	0.185
$H H V_{H}$ /（MJ/kg）	141.86
$f_{1}$ /（mA²/cm⁴）	250
$f_{2}$	0.96

Table 1 System key parameters ［18-19］

参数	数值
$A^{c e l l}$ /m²	0.01×302
$v_{c i}$ /（m/s）	3
$v_{c o}$ /（m/s）	25
$v_{s}$ /（m/s）	13
$P_{w s}$ /kW	4000
$σ$	0.0046
$η_{d i s}$	0.95
$η_{c h}$	0.95
$θ_{1}$ /（Ω·m²）	8.05×10^-5
$θ_{2}$ /（Ω·m²/℃）	-2.5×10^-7
$ω_{1}$ /（m²/A）	1.002
$ω_{2}$ /（m²·℃/A）	8.424
$ω_{3}$ /（m²·℃²/A）	247.3
$s$ /V	0.185
$H H V_{H}$ /（MJ/kg）	141.86
$f_{1}$ /（mA²/cm⁴）	250
$f_{2}$	0.96

Fig.4 Monthly variation of wind turbine capacity factor and electrical load

Table 2 Thermal power unit parameters［26］

机组	出力功率/MW		爬坡功率/MW		a/tce	b/(tce/MWh)	c/(10⁶ tce/(MWh)²)	启停时间/h
机组	最小	最大	上限	下限	a/tce	b/(tce/MWh)	c/(10⁶ tce/(MWh)²)	启停时间/h
#1	125	250	100	-100	5.26	0.31	37.38	4
#2	50	100	50	-50	4.65	0.32	45.86	2

Fig.5 Time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing[25]

Table 3 Capital investment and operational maintenance costs of key equipment［18， 27］

设备	投资成本	运维成本
风力发电机	7000 CNY/kW	34 CNY/kW
碱性电解槽	4000 CNY/kW	80 CNY/kW
蓄电池	1200 CNY/kW	24 CNY/kW
储罐	3800 CNY/kW	76 CNY/kW
逆变整流器	60 CNY/kW	—

Table 4 Main technical parameters of single alkaline electrolyzer［28］

指标	数值
氢气产量/(m³/h，标准工况)	1000
氧气产量/(m³/h，标准工况)	500
系统最大工作压力/MPa	1.6
电解槽工作温度/℃	90
额定工作电流/A	8000
电解槽小室数量/个	302
额定工作电压/V	604
运行工作范围/%	30~100

Fig.6 Annual profit analysis for varying electrolyzer capacities

Fig.7 Hydrogen unit price for varying electrolyzer capacities

Fig.8 Carbon emissions for varying electrolyzer capacities

Table 5 Emissions for conventional hydrogen production［29］

Technology	Emissions/(kg/kg)
natural gas	10~13
coal	22~26
grid electricity	24

Fig.9 Total seasonal profits for various electrolyzer capacities

Fig.10 Total seasonal hydrogen price for various electrolyzer capacities

Fig.11 Total seasonal carbon emissions per unit of hydrogen production for various electrolyzer capacities

Fig.12 Hydrogen price under different hydrogen production system costs during wind-poor seasons

Fig.13 Hydrogen price under different hydrogen production system costs during wind-rich seasons

Table 6 Effect of electrolyzer capacities on total seasonal hydrogen price under different investment costs

策略	氢气价格/（CNY/kg）
策略	200 MW	250 MW	300 MW	350 MW	400 MW	450 MW	500 MW
全季节策略1	20.0	20.1	20.2	20.4	20.5	20.7	20.9
全季节策略2	20.2	20.3	20.5	20.7	20.8	21.0	21.1
全季节策略3	20.4	20.6	20.8	21.0	21.2	21.4	21.5
富风季策略1贫风季策略2	20.0	20.1	20.2	20.4	20.5	20.6	20.7
富风季策略1贫风季策略3	20.2	20.3	20.4	20.6	20.6	20.7	20.8
富风季策略2贫风季策略1	20.1	20.3	20.4	20.7	20.9	21.1	21.3
富风季策略2贫风季策略3	20.3	20.4	20.6	20.8	21.0	21.1	21.2
富风季策略3贫风季策略1	20.3	20.4	20.6	20.9	21.1	21.4	21.6
富风季策略3贫风季策略2	20.3	20.5	20.6	20.9	21.0	21.2	21.4

Fig.14 Hydrogen price under different emission allowances and carbon pricing during wind-poor seasons

Fig.15 Hydrogen price under different emission allowances and carbon pricing during wind-rich seasons

Table 7 Effect of electrolyzer capacities on total seasonal hydrogen price under different envission allowances

策略	氢价格/（CNY/kg）
策略	200 MW	250 MW	300 MW	350 MW	400 MW	450 MW	500 MW
全季节策略1	27.1	27.8	28.6	29.6	30.5	31.5	32.5
全季节策略2	27.6	28.2	28.8	29.5	30.2	30.9	31.5
全季节策略3	28.1	28.7	29.3	30.0	30.6	31.2	31.7
富风季策略1贫风季策略2	27.3	27.8	28.4	29.1	29.7	30.3	30.9
富风季策略1贫风季策略3	27.5	28.0	28.6	29.2	29.7	30.2	30.7
富风季策略2贫风季策略1	27.4	28.1	29.0	30.0	31.0	32.1	33.1
富风季策略2贫风季策略3	27.8	28.4	29.0	29.6	30.2	30.8	31.3
富风季策略3贫风季策略1	27.7	28.5	29.4	30.4	31.4	32.5	33.5
富风季策略3贫风季策略2	27.9	28.5	29.2	29.9	30.6	31.3	32.0

References 32

1	新华社.习近平在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上发表重要讲话[R].中华人民共和国中央人民政府, 2020. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-09/22/content_5546168.htm.Xinhua News Agency. Xi Jinping delivers important speech at the general debate of the 75th UN General Assembly[R]. Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, 2020. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020/09/22/content_5546168.htm.
2	李贵贤, 曹阿波, 孟文亮, 等. 耦合固体氧化物电解槽的CO₂制甲醇过程设计与评价研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2999-3009.
	Li G X, Cao A B, Meng W L, et al. Process design and evaluation of CO₂ to methanol coupled with SOEC[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 2999-3009.
3	吉旭, 周步祥, 贺革, 等. 大规模可再生能源电解水制氢合成氨关键技术与应用研究进展[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2022, 54(5): 1-11.
	Ji X, Zhou B X, He G, et al. Research review of the key technology and application of large-scale water electrolysis powered by renewable energy to hydrogen and ammonia production[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2022, 54(5): 1-11.
4	广东省人民政府办公厅广东省人民政府办公厅关于印发广东省海洋经济发展“十四五”规划的通知[EB/OL]. [2021-12-14]. .
	Office of the People’s Governement of Guangdong Province. General Office of the People’s Government of Guangdong Province. Notice on Issuing the “14th Five-Year Plan” for the Development of Guangdong’s Marine Economy[EB/OL]. [2021-12-14]. .
5	Luo Z B, Wang X B, Wen H, et al. Hydrogen production from offshore wind power in South China[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(58): 24558-24568.
6	Scolaro M, Kittner N. Optimizing hybrid offshore wind farms for cost-competitive hydrogen production in Germany[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(10): 6478-6493.
7	Nascimento da Silva G, Rochedo P R R, Szklo A. Renewable hydrogen production to deal with wind power surpluses and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions from oil refineries[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 311: 118631.
8	王靖, 康丽霞, 刘永忠. 化工系统消纳可再生能源的电-氢协调储能系统优化设计[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(3): 1131-1142.
	Wang J, Kang L X, Liu Y Z. Optimal design of electricity-hydrogen energy storage systems for renewable energy penetrating into chemical process systems[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(3): 1131-1142.
9	安广禄, 刘永忠, 康丽霞. 适应季节性氨需求的可再生能源合成氨系统优化设计[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(3): 1595-1605.
	An G L, Liu Y Z, Kang L X. Optimal design of synthetic ammonia production system powered by renewable energy for seasonal demands of ammonia[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(3): 1595-1605.
10	王集杰, 韩哲, 陈思宇, 等. 太阳燃料甲醇合成[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(3): 1309-1317.
	Wang J J, Han Z, Chen S Y, et al. Liquid sunshine methanol[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(3): 1309-1317.
11	Hussam W K, Barhoumi E M, Abdul-Niby M, et al. Techno-economic analysis and optimization of hydrogen production from renewable hybrid energy systems: shagaya renewable power plant-Kuwait[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 58: 56-68.
12	Gallo M A, García Clúa J G. Sizing and analytical optimization of an alkaline water electrolyzer powered by a grid-assisted wind turbine to minimize grid power exchange[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 216: 118990.
13	李永毅, 王子晗, 张磊, 等. 风-光-氢-燃气轮机一体化氢电耦合系统容量配置优化[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(2): 489-502.
	Li Y Y, Wang Z H, Zhang L, et al. Capacity configuration optimization of integrated wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen-gas turbine hydrogen-electricity coupling system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(2): 489-502.
14	Li R Z, Jin X M, Yang P, et al. Large-scale offshore wind integration by wind-thermal-electrolysis-battery (WTEB) power system: a case study of Yangxi, China[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 52: 467-484.
15	袁铁江, 高玲玉, 谢永胜, 等. 基于氢能的风-火耦合多能系统设计与综合评估[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2021, 41(10): 227-233, 255.
	Yuan T J, Gao L Y, Xie Y S, et al. Design and comprehensive evaluation of wind-thermal power coupling multi-energy system based on hydrogen energy[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2021, 41(10): 227-233, 255.
16	邵桂萍, 许洪华. 可再生能源综合系统现状与未来发展趋势研究[J]. 太阳能, 2024(7): 127-132.
	Shao G P, Xu H H. Research on present situation and future development trend of renewable energy integrated system[J]. Solar Energy, 2024(7): 127-132.
17	钱宇, 陈耀熙, 史晓斐, 等. 太阳能波动特性大数据分析与风光互补耦合制氢系统集成[J]. 化工学报, 2022,73(5): 2101-2110.
	Qian Y, Chen Y X, Shi X F, et al. Big data analysis of solar energy fluctuation characteristics and integration of wind-photovoltaic to hydrogen system[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(5): 2101-2110.
18	Han Y L, Shi K N, Qian Y, et al. Design and operational optimization of a methanol-integrated wind-solar power generation system[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(3): 109992.
19	Ulleberg Ø. Modeling of advanced alkaline electrolyzers: a system simulation approach[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28(1): 21-33.
20	黄启帆, 陈洁, 曹喜民, 等. 基于碱性电解槽和质子交换膜电解槽协同制氢的风光互补制氢系统优化[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2023, 43(12): 168-174.
	Huang Q F, Chen J, Cao X M, et al. Optimization of wind-photovoltaic complementation hydrogen production system based on synergistic hydrogen production by alkaline electrolyzer and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2023, 43(12): 168-174.
21	Yang B, Zhang Z J, Su S, et al. Optimal scheduling of wind-photovoltaic-hydrogen system with alkaline and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 614: 235010.
22	Al-Ghussain L, Ahmad A D, Abubaker A M, et al. Techno-economic feasibility of hybrid PV/wind/battery/thermal storage trigeneration system: toward 100% energy independency and green hydrogen production[J]. Energy Reports, 2023, 9: 752-772.
23	广东省能源局. 广东省能源局关于印发广东省促进新型储能电站发展若干措施的通知[EB/OL]. [2023-06-05]. .
	Guangdong Provincial Energy Bureau. Notice of Guangdong Provincial Energy Bureau on printing and distributing several measures to promote the development of new energy storage power stations[EB/OL]. [2023-06-05]. .
24	林旗力, 戚宏勋, 黄晶晶, 等. 碱性-质子交换膜水电解复合制氢平准化成本分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(11): 3572-3580.
	Lin Q L, Qi H X, Huang J J, et al. Levelized cost of combined hydrogen production by water electrolysis with alkaline-proton exchange membrane[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(11): 3572-3580.
25	广东省能源局, 国家能源局南方监管局. 关于2024年电力市场交易有关事项的通知[EB/OL]. [2023-11-21]. .
	Guangdong Provincial Energy Administration, Southern Regulatory Bureau of the National Energy Administration. Notice on matters related to the 2024 electricity market transactions[EB/OL]. [2023-11-21]. .
26	辛禾. 考虑多能互补的清洁能源协同优化调度及效益均衡研究[D]. 北京:华北电力大学, 2019.
	Xin H. Study on collaborative optimal scheduling and benefit balance of clean energy considering multi-energy complementarity[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2019.
27	Gu Y, Wang D F, Chen Q Q, et al. Techno-economic analysis of green methanol plant with optimal design of renewable hydrogen production: a case study in China[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(8): 5085-5100.
28	杨成玉, 马军, 李广玉, 等. 大型碱性电解水制氢装备多对一的应用与实践[J]. 太阳能, 2022(5):103-114.
	Yang C Y, Ma J, Li G Y. Application and practice of many-to-one large-scale alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen production equipment[J]. Solar Energy, 2022(5): 103-114.
29	Taibi E, Miranda R, Carmo M, et al. Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5℃ Climate Goal[M]. International Renewable Energy Agency,2020.
30	Reksten A H, Thomassen M S, Møller-Holst S, et al. Projecting the future cost of PEM and alkaline water electrolysers; a CAPEX model including electrolyser plant size and technology development[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(90): 38106-38113.
31	Yang B W, Zhang R F, Shao Z F, et al. The economic analysis for hydrogen production cost towards electrolyzer technologies: current and future competitiveness[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(37): 13767-13779.
32	Agency I E. World Energy Outlook 2023[M]. Paris: OECD, 2023.

[1]	Bo GAO, Jiaqi WANG, Zhiliang LIU, Xuanlie ZHAO, Kun GE. Modeling and thermodynamic and economic analysis of offshore wind power-based hydrogen production systems [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(3): 1207-1220.
[2]	Jun WAN, Jiarui SONG, Chunhuang FAN, Lele WEI, Yina NIE, Lin LIU. Highly efficient hole transfer for promoting photocatalytic hydrogen production from alkaline methanol aqueous solution [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(3): 1064-1075.
[3]	Xiaohang ZHONG, Wei XU, Wen ZHANG, Li XU, Yuxin WANG. A critical review on the effects of Fe impurity on H₂ production via alkaline water electrolysis [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(2): 519-531.
[4]	Ke ZHANG, Weijie REN, Mengna WANG, Kaifeng FAN, Liping CHANG, Jiabin LI, Tao MA, Jinping TIAN. Liquid-liquid mixing characteristics of Bunsen reaction products in microchannels [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(2): 623-636.
[5]	Mengfan YIN, Qian WANG, Tao ZHENG, Kui JI, Shaogui WANG, Hui GUO, Zhiqiang LIN, Rui ZHANG, Hui SUN, Haiyan LIU, Zhichang LIU, Chunming XU, Xianghai MENG, Yueping WANG. Process design of 10000 t industrial demonstration of hydrogen production from renewable energy electrolytic water - low temperature and low pressure ammonia synthesis [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(2): 825-834.
[6]	Junfeng WANG, Junjie ZHANG, Wei ZHANG, Jiale WANG, Shuyan SHUANG, Yadong ZHANG. Liquid-phase discharge plasma decomposition of methanol for hydrogen production: optimization of electrode configuration [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3277-3286.
[7]	Xinyi LUO, Qiang XU, Yonglu SHE, Tengfei NIE, Liejin GUO. Study on bubble dynamic characteristics and mass transfer mechanism in photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3083-3093.
[8]	Jiaqi DING, Haitao LIU, Pu ZHAO, Xiangning ZHU, Xiaofang WANG, Rong XIE. Study on intelligent rolling prediction of the multiphase flows in coal-supercritical water fluidized bed reactor for hydrogen production [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(8): 2886-2896.
[9]	Pei WANG, Ruiming DUAN, Guangru ZHANG, Wanqin JIN. Modeling and simulation analysis of solar driven membrane separation biomethane hydrogen production process [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(3): 967-973.
[10]	Zhipeng LIU, Changying ZHAO, Rui WU, Zhihao ZHANG. Experimental study of gas-liquid flow visualization in gradient porous transport layers based on hydrogen production by water electrolysis [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(2): 520-530.
[11]	Haotian MA, Tirui JING, Chengcheng LIU, Turap YUSAN, Zhe ZHANG, Yidi WANG, Qinghong WANG, Chunmao CHEN, Chunming XU. Study on reduction performance and kinetics of Sr-modified LaFeO₃ for methane chemical looping reforming [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(12): 4532-4546.
[12]	Bingyan SUN, Haiqing WANG, Yutao ZHANG, Sijie WANG. Research on time-varying competitive failure of safety interlock system actuators with non-constant failure rate [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(12): 4646-4653.
[13]	Yuming LI, Yanwen XU, Hongyu LIU, Lina MA, Yajun WANG. Synthesis and application of nickel-based phosphide in water electrolysis for hydrogen evolution [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(12): 4385-4402.
[14]	Qi CHANG, Wei GE. Simulation study on the integration of water-gas shift and CO₂-mineralization in a packed fluidized bed [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(11): 4237-4253.
[15]	Qianxi XIANG, Xiaokang YANG, Jiaqi SUN, Feng XIE, Zhigang SHAO. Study on distribution characteristics of proton exchange membrane electrolytic cell [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(11): 4359-4368.