Research progress of lignin-based polyporous carbon in lithium-sulfur batteries

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241188

Abstract

Abstract:

As an aromatic polymer with abundant reserves in nature, lignin is rich in hydroxyl, carboxyl, ether and other functional groups in its structure. These functional groups can make lignin through simple and mild chemical activation to prepare porous carbon materials. Such carbon materials usually have large specific surface area and porous structure, which is conducive to sulfur loading and electrolyte penetration. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries show high theoretical specific energy, environmental friendliness, low cost and other advantages, so it is regarded as one of the most potential alternative batteries beyond the energy density limit of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, the preparation methods of lignin-based polyporous carbon and its application in lithium-sulfur batteries were reviewed. The effects of different characteristics of lignin-based polyporous carbon in structure, composition and design on battery performance were discussed. The future application prospects of lignin-based carbon materials were also prospected.

Key words: lignin, activated carbon, composite material, lithium-sulfur battery

摘要：

木质素作为自然界储量丰富的芳香族高聚物，其结构中富含羟基、羧基、醚基等多种官能团，这些官能团可以使木质素通过简单温和的化学活化制备多孔炭材料，该炭材料通常具有较大的比表面积和多孔结构，有利于硫的负载和电解液的渗透。由于锂硫（Li-S）电池展现出高理论比能量、环境友好、成本低廉等优势，它被看作是超越锂离子电池能量密度极限的最有潜力的备选电池之一。本文综述了木质素基多孔炭的制备方法以及在锂硫电池中的应用，并对木质素基炭材料的未来应用前景进行了展望。

关键词: 木质素, 活性炭, 复合材料, 锂硫电池

CLC Number:

TK 6

Mengqi SHI, Huan WANG, Shoujuan WANG, Yuebin XI, Fangong KONG. Research progress of lignin-based polyporous carbon in lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(4): 1463-1483.

石孟琪, 王欢, 王守娟, 席跃宾, 孔凡功. 木质素基炭材料的制备及其在锂硫电池中的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(4): 1463-1483.

Figures/Tables 11

References 100

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原料	活化工艺	比表面积/ (m²·g^-1)	孔隙体积/ (cm³·g^-1)	储能/催化/吸附性能
酶解木质素	K₂CO₃活化^[45]	2300	1.13	1 A·g^-1下，1000 次循环后比容量为260 mAh·g^-1
硫酸盐木质素	蒸汽物理化学活化^[46]	1148	1.0	—
木质素衍生物	水热处理和活化^[47]	2218	—	1 A·g^-1下电容为312 F·g^-1
针叶木质素	KOH/NaOH活化^[28]	1307	0.74	—
低硫酸性木质素	H₃PO₄活化^[48]	2015	0.99	—
未改性木质素	KOH活化^[49]	1899.45	1.059	0.5 A·g^-1下电容为217.3 F·g^-1
碱木质素	ZnC₂O₄活化^[50]	1139	2.954	0.5 A·g^-1下电容为254 F·g^-1
木质素磺酸钠	ZnCl₂活化^[51]	1459.3	0.9085	—
碱木质素	KOH/NaOH活化、MgO为硬模板^[52]	1962.87	2.17	0.63 V下的峰值功率密度为133 mW·cm^-2
煤沥青	热解^[53]	—	—	气化速率 4.5×10^-1
核桃壳	K₂CO₃活化^[54]	60	—	0.5 A·g^-1下电容为 255 F·g^-1
稻壳	K₂CO₃活化^[55]	1583	孔径3.2 nm	0.1 C下的初始放电容量为 1080 mAh·g^-1
木材	NaOH活化^[56]	2909	1.6	Tafel斜率分别为-90.6和-88.0 mV·dec^-1
玉米芯	H₃PO₄活化^[57]	—	孔径3.35 nm	吸收183.3 mg·g^-1 MB染料
秸秆	KOH活化^[58]	1999.96	—	对H₂S的吸附容量为61.47 mg·g^-1
可溶性淀粉	KOH活化^[59]	1162	0.33	1 A·g^-1下电容为 165 F·g^-1
竹屑	蒸汽活化^[60]	1210	0.542	单层吸附容量为330 mg·g^-1

原料	活化工艺	比表面积/ (m²·g^-1)	孔隙体积/ (cm³·g^-1)	储能/催化/吸附性能
酶解木质素	K₂CO₃活化^[45]	2300	1.13	1 A·g^-1下，1000 次循环后比容量为260 mAh·g^-1
硫酸盐木质素	蒸汽物理化学活化^[46]	1148	1.0	—
木质素衍生物	水热处理和活化^[47]	2218	—	1 A·g^-1下电容为312 F·g^-1
针叶木质素	KOH/NaOH活化^[28]	1307	0.74	—
低硫酸性木质素	H₃PO₄活化^[48]	2015	0.99	—
未改性木质素	KOH活化^[49]	1899.45	1.059	0.5 A·g^-1下电容为217.3 F·g^-1
碱木质素	ZnC₂O₄活化^[50]	1139	2.954	0.5 A·g^-1下电容为254 F·g^-1
木质素磺酸钠	ZnCl₂活化^[51]	1459.3	0.9085	—
碱木质素	KOH/NaOH活化、MgO为硬模板^[52]	1962.87	2.17	0.63 V下的峰值功率密度为133 mW·cm^-2
煤沥青	热解^[53]	—	—	气化速率 4.5×10^-1
核桃壳	K₂CO₃活化^[54]	60	—	0.5 A·g^-1下电容为 255 F·g^-1
稻壳	K₂CO₃活化^[55]	1583	孔径3.2 nm	0.1 C下的初始放电容量为 1080 mAh·g^-1
木材	NaOH活化^[56]	2909	1.6	Tafel斜率分别为-90.6和-88.0 mV·dec^-1
玉米芯	H₃PO₄活化^[57]	—	孔径3.35 nm	吸收183.3 mg·g^-1 MB染料
秸秆	KOH活化^[58]	1999.96	—	对H₂S的吸附容量为61.47 mg·g^-1
可溶性淀粉	KOH活化^[59]	1162	0.33	1 A·g^-1下电容为 165 F·g^-1
竹屑	蒸汽活化^[60]	1210	0.542	单层吸附容量为330 mg·g^-1

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