Operation optimization of modularized energy storage of retired batteries in hybrid power systems

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20181158

Abstract

Abstract:

The use of decommissioned power batteries for hybrid power systems（HPS） can effectively reduce investment costs, while operational optimization for decommissioned battery energy storage systems can reduce the operating costs of hybrid power systems and increase the operational benefits of hybrid power systems. In this work, an operation optimization model of HPS featuring multi-groups of the retired batteries with different initial capacities is developed to minimize the total annual cost (TAC) by considering the capacity degradation characteristics of the retired batteries. The application of the proposed model was verified through a case study of a HPS with a photovoltaic device and a retired batteries energy storage system. Results show that the charge/discharge sequence and frequency of the retired batteries from different groups are distinct due to the difference in their initial states. In addition, the optimization of HPS operation can not only alleviate the capacity degradation of the retired batteries but also reach a lower TAC than that obtained by using a fixed-ratio operation scheme.

Key words: energy storage system, retired batteries, capacity degradation, optimization, sustainability, renewable energy

摘要：

将退役的动力电池用于混合供电系统可有效地降低投资成本，而针对退役电池储能系统的操作优化则可降低混合供电系统的操作费用，并提升混合供电系统的运行收益。以多个初始容量存在差异的电池组构成的退役电池储能系统为对象，在综合考虑退役电池容量衰退特性和电池组初始状态差异的基础上，构建了以年总费用最小为目标的混合供电系统操作优化模型，并将该方法用于一个由光伏发电和储能电池系统构成的混合供电系统的操作优化中。研究表明：储能电池系统中多组退役电池初始状态的差异，使得各电池组在操作过程中的充放电顺序和频率存在显著差异；储能电池系统的操作优化可有效缓解电池容量衰退，与固定比例调度流程相比，该储能电池系统的年总费用更低。

关键词: 储能系统, 退役电池, 容量衰退, 优化, 可持续性, 再生能源

CLC Number:

TQ 028.8

Lixia KANG, Chenlu MA, Yongzhong LIU. Operation optimization of modularized energy storage of retired batteries in hybrid power systems[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(2): 599-606.

康丽霞, 麻晨露, 刘永忠. 混合供电系统中退役电池的模块化储能操作优化[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(2): 599-606.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of hybrid power system

Fig.2 Annual PV generation and user load

Table 1 Parameters of batteries for energy storage

Parameter	A	B	C
initial effective capacity, C ^max/（kW·h）	180	180	180
rated capacity, C _a/（kW·h）	225	257	300
residual number of cycles, E	2,000	1,400	850
capital cost of battery/(CNY·（kW·h）^-1)	1,270	915	585
cost efficient for battery maintenance/ (CNY·（kW·h）^-1)	0.02	0.03	0.04
cost efficient for battery regrouping/ (CNY·（kW·h）^-1)	60	60	60
battery cost/CNY	264452	194452	125909

Fig.3 Power dispatch of three groups of batteries

Fig.4 SOC variations of three groups of batteries

Fig.5 Capacity degradation of three groups of batteries

Table 2 TAC of different energy storage systems

Capacity fading model	Retired battery				Power battery
Capacity fading model	A	B	C	A/B/C	A/B/C
initial capacity/（kW·h）	540	540	540	180/180/180	180/180/180
rated capacity/(kW·h)	675	771	900	225/257/300	225/257/300
depletion cost of batteries/CNY	676	695	646	413/168/97	476/215/59
electricity cost/CNY	2090	2112	2217	2117	1769
TAC/CNY	2766	2807	2863	2795	2519

Fig.6 TAC obtained with different power schedule ratios

a	——裕度因子
B_n (t)	——电池组剩余电量，kW·h
C	——电池损耗和电网用电费用，CNY
C_a _, _n	——电池组额定容量，kW·h
C_lo _, _n	——电池组寿命损耗容量，kW·h
$C m a x$	——电池的初始有效容量，kW·h
C-rate	——电池组充放电倍率
cap(k)	——k个循环后电池的容量保持率，%
capl(k)	——k个循环后电池的容量衰退率，%
d	——储能电池的放电深度，%
d_i _, _n	——退役电池组的放电深度，%
E _a	——活化能常数，78.06 kmol·J^-1
E_i _, _n	——电池直至失效相应的循环数
F_b _, _n (t)	——电池组t时段内的损耗费用，CNY
f_C _- _rate	——特定循环下的C-rate因子
f_d	——对应的d下的放电深度因子
f_sto	——日历容量衰退，%
f_tem	——温度引起的容量衰退加速因子
g(t)	——电网电价，CNY·kW^-1
H_a _, _n	——电池组单位容量价格，CNY·kW·h^-1
H_b _, _n	——电池组年运行维护成本，CNY
H_c _, _n	——电池组总寿命折合费用，CNY
H _new	——常规储能电池价格，CNY·kW·h^-1
i	——每个d对应的循环失效曲线
K	——储能电池累计循环次数
k(t)	——电池t时刻的循环数
k _b, _n	——电池组年运行维护系数
m(t)	——光伏发电在t时刻的利用率
N	——储能系统中退役电池组的组数
P_gl (t)	——电网t时刻向用户供电的功率，kW
P_L (t)	——用户t时刻的用电需求，kW
$Δ P n (t)$	——电池组t时刻的功率变化，kW
P_pl (t)	——系统t时刻向用户供电的功率，kW
P_pv (t)	——光伏电池t时刻的发电量，kW
$P n i n (t)$	——电池组t时刻的充电功率，kW
$P n o u t (t)$	——电池组t时刻的放电功率，kW
$P n i n, m i n$	——电池组的充电功率下限，kW
$P n o u t, m i n$	——电池组的放电功率下限，kW
$P n n o m$	——电池组的额定功率，kW
Q_K _, _n (t)	——K个循环电池累积的容量衰退，%
R	——理想气体常数，8.314 J·mol^-1·K^-1
S_n	——电池组初始的容量保持率
SOC_min, _n	——电池组最小的荷电状态
T	——系统运行周期集合，d
T_amb	——环境温度，K
T _ref	——参考温度，K
Y_a _, _n	——退役电池组的剩余寿命
Y _new	——常规储能电池的寿命
z(t)	——二元变量

a	——裕度因子
B_n (t)	——电池组剩余电量，kW·h
C	——电池损耗和电网用电费用，CNY
C_a _, _n	——电池组额定容量，kW·h
C_lo _, _n	——电池组寿命损耗容量，kW·h
$C m a x$	——电池的初始有效容量，kW·h
C-rate	——电池组充放电倍率
cap(k)	——k个循环后电池的容量保持率，%
capl(k)	——k个循环后电池的容量衰退率，%
d	——储能电池的放电深度，%
d_i _, _n	——退役电池组的放电深度，%
E _a	——活化能常数，78.06 kmol·J^-1
E_i _, _n	——电池直至失效相应的循环数
F_b _, _n (t)	——电池组t时段内的损耗费用，CNY
f_C _- _rate	——特定循环下的C-rate因子
f_d	——对应的d下的放电深度因子
f_sto	——日历容量衰退，%
f_tem	——温度引起的容量衰退加速因子
g(t)	——电网电价，CNY·kW^-1
H_a _, _n	——电池组单位容量价格，CNY·kW·h^-1
H_b _, _n	——电池组年运行维护成本，CNY
H_c _, _n	——电池组总寿命折合费用，CNY
H _new	——常规储能电池价格，CNY·kW·h^-1
i	——每个d对应的循环失效曲线
K	——储能电池累计循环次数
k(t)	——电池t时刻的循环数
k _b, _n	——电池组年运行维护系数
m(t)	——光伏发电在t时刻的利用率
N	——储能系统中退役电池组的组数
P_gl (t)	——电网t时刻向用户供电的功率，kW
P_L (t)	——用户t时刻的用电需求，kW
$Δ P n (t)$	——电池组t时刻的功率变化，kW
P_pl (t)	——系统t时刻向用户供电的功率，kW
P_pv (t)	——光伏电池t时刻的发电量，kW
$P n i n (t)$	——电池组t时刻的充电功率，kW
$P n o u t (t)$	——电池组t时刻的放电功率，kW
$P n i n, m i n$	——电池组的充电功率下限，kW
$P n o u t, m i n$	——电池组的放电功率下限，kW
$P n n o m$	——电池组的额定功率，kW
Q_K _, _n (t)	——K个循环电池累积的容量衰退，%
R	——理想气体常数，8.314 J·mol^-1·K^-1
S_n	——电池组初始的容量保持率
SOC_min, _n	——电池组最小的荷电状态
T	——系统运行周期集合，d
T_amb	——环境温度，K
T _ref	——参考温度，K
Y_a _, _n	——退役电池组的剩余寿命
Y _new	——常规储能电池的寿命
z(t)	——二元变量

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