Study on influence of structure of fire extinguishing agent on characteristics of scattered dry water

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250611

Abstract

Abstract:

Once a fire occurs, it can cause serious harm. To reduce the risk and improve firefighting capabilities, this study used a high-speed dispersion method to prepare a dry water fire extinguishing agent with a core-shell structure, consisting of a hydrophobic nanosilica-coated liquid. Ultrasonic oscillation was used to mix 5-aminotetrazole and potassium perchlorate to prepare a dispensing agent. Furthermore, a 100 g micro fire extinguishing bomb was fabricated using polylactic acid (PLA) using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. In addition, seven different fire agent structures were designed, namely, the same shell wall thickness (0.6 mm) with varying parts of charging (bottom, center, top), and the same charging part (center charge) with different shell wall thicknesses (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0 mm), to optimize the spreading effect of the fire extinguishing agent structure and to carry out the various sizes of the n-heptane oil pan fire (200, 300, 400 mm) fire extinguishing experiments. The results show that spreading chemical on the pressure-resistant dry water damage is small. Compared with other conditions, the fire extinguishing agent using the center of the charge, the wall thickness of 0.6 mm, the shell can effectively rupture. The dry water is dispersed radially in a "flat elliptical column" shape, with a peak dispersion velocity of 57.95 m/s. 38.89% of the generated stringy fragments exhibit good elasticity, providing a cushioning effect and harming the surrounding environment. the fire extinguishing bomb extinguished a 300 mm n-heptane oil pan fire in just 106 ms. This study provides a theoretical basis for the structural optimization of dry water fire extinguishing bombs and can also serve as a reference for fire extinguishing bombs used to extinguish oil pool fires.

Key words: fire extinguishing agent, optimal design, silica, dry water, safety

摘要：

火灾一旦发生将造成严重危害，为减少灾害并提升消防灭火能力，通过高速分散法制备了一种由疏水性纳米二氧化硅包覆液体形成具有核壳结构的干水灭火剂，采用超声振荡法混合5-氨基四氮唑和高氯酸钾制备抛撒药，同时基于熔融沉积成型（FDM）3D打印技术，采用聚乳酸材料（PLA）制作100 g微型灭火弹，设计了7种不同灭火弹结构，分别为相同壳体壁厚（0.6 mm）不同装药部位（底部、中心、顶部），以及相同装药部位（中心装药）不同壳体壁厚（0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0 mm），优选出抛撒效果较好的灭火弹结构并进行不同尺寸正庚烷油盘火（200、300、400 mm）灭火实验。结果表明：抛撒药对耐压干水的损坏较小；相较于其他工况，灭火弹采用中心装药、壁厚为0.6 mm时，壳体能够有效破裂，干水抛撒在径向呈现“扁平椭圆柱”状，抛撒速度峰值为57.95 m/s，且产生38.89%拉丝状破片，该破片具有良好弹性，可起到缓冲效果，不会对周围环境造成危害；灭火弹仅用时106 ms扑灭300 mm正庚烷油盘火。本研究可为干水型灭火弹结构优化提供理论依据，同时可为灭火弹扑灭油池火提供参考。

关键词: 灭火弹, 优化设计, 二氧化硅, 干水, 安全

CLC Number:

TQ 569

Quan WANG, Jianshe XU, Yaoyong YANG, Rui LI, Bin HU, Dingyu FENG, Wenyan ZHU, Yu GE. Study on influence of structure of fire extinguishing agent on characteristics of scattered dry water[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(11): 6110-6120.

汪泉, 徐建设, 杨耀勇, 李瑞, 胡彬, 冯鼎玉, 朱文艳, 葛雨. 灭火弹结构对抛撒干水特性影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(11): 6110-6120.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1 Experimental materials

名称	供应厂商	备注
疏水HB-139纳米SiO₂	湖北汇富纳米材料股份有限公司	纯度≥99.0%
吸水树脂（SAP）	天津市华盛化学试剂有限公司	纯度≥99.0%
5-氨基四氮唑（5-AT，CH₃N₅）	山东科源生化有限公司	纯度≥98.0%
高氯酸钾（KClO₄）	天津市红岩化学试剂厂	纯度≥99.5%
丙酮（CH₃COCH₃）	茂名市润景化工有限公司	纯度≥99.5%
PLA打印耗材	深圳拓竹科技有限公司	Bambu PLA Basic
去离子水	实验室自制	—

Table 2 Experimental equipment

名称	供应厂商	型号
高速分散机	湖南力辰仪器科技有限公司	FS400-ST型
超声波清洗机	广州科盟清洁技术有限公司	KM-12C型
磁力搅拌器	常州普天仪器制造有限公司	78-1型
电热鼓风干燥箱	上海一恒科学仪器有限公司	DHG-9070A型
高速摄像机	日本NAC Image Technology公司	NAC Memrecam HX-3型
3D打印机	深圳拓竹科技有限公司	Bambu Lab P1S型

Fig.1 Dry water patterns under the effect of different casting agents

Fig.2 Fire extinguishing agent

Fig.3 Fire extinguishing agents of different configurations

Fig.4 Preparation of tensile specimens

Fig.5 Shell and tensile specimen of 0.2 mm thickness

Fig.6 Spreading and extinguishing platform

Fig.7 Distribution of different level of broken pieces

Fig.8 Tensile stress-strain curves for shells of different thicknesses

Fig.9 Spreading process of different loading parts

Fig.10 Spreading process for different wall thicknesses

Fig.11 Plot of casting time course and velocity for different wall thicknesses

Fig.12 The process of fire extinguishing with different sizes of oil pans

Fig.13 Oil pan after fire suppression and microscopic diagrams of dry water before and after fire suppression

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