Thermodynamic and economic analyses and dual-objective optimization of Allam cycle with improved regenerator layout

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241022

Abstract

Abstract:

Allam cycle is a highly regenerative oxygen combustion power cycle with CO₂ as the working fluid, which is considered to be promising for zero-carbon power generation from fossil fuels. In order to accurately assess the thermodynamic and economic performance of the Allam cycle, a novel improved regenerator layout consisting of four heat exchangers is proposed in this paper. The cycle system is modeled in detail, and then detailed thermodynamic and economic analyses are carried out for the improved Allam cycle. The influences of main operating and economic parameters on the thermodynamic and economic performance are analyzed, and finally a dual-objective optimization is carried out with the objectives of thermal efficiency (η_tot) and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The thermal efficiency and LCOE are 51.9% and 107.5 USD/MWh at a combustion temperature of 1150℃ and turbine inlet/out pressures of 30/3.4 MPa. Regenerators 1 and 3 have relatively high investment costs, resulting in the second highest total cost rate for the entire regenerator unit. The results of parameter analysis reveal that the combustion temperature has a considerable effect on η_tot and LCOE. The maximum cycle pressure and the turbine exhaust pressure have similar effects and mainly affect the LCOE of the cycle. The capacity factor has the highest influence on the LCOE, followed by the interest rate. The LCOE is reduced linearly with the decrease in the price of natural gas. The LCOE decreases by approximately 4 USD/MWh with every 10% decrease in the price of natural gas. η_tot and LCOE cannot reach the optimal value at the same time. Within the given range, the optimal η_tot and LCOE are 52.3% and 95.7 USD/MWh respectively.

Key words: Allam cycle, supercritical carbon dioxide, exergy, economic analysis, genetic algorithm

摘要：

Allam循环是一种以CO₂为工质的高度回热的纯氧燃烧动力循环，被认为有望实现化石燃料的零碳发电。为准确评估Allam循环的热力经济性能，提出了一种全新的包含4个换热器的改进回热布局，对改进后的Allam循环开展了详细的热力经济分析，分析了主要操作参数和经济参数对循环热力经济性能的影响，以热效率（η_tot）和平准化度电成本（LCOE）为目标开展了双目标优化。结果表明，在燃烧温度为1150℃、透平进出口压力分别为30 MPa和3.4 MPa条件下，循环的η_tot和LCOE分别为51.9%和107.5 USD/MWh。回热器1和回热器3具有较高的投资成本，使得整个回热单元的总成本率位于第二位。燃烧温度对η_tot和LCOE均有较大影响，循环最大压力和透平排气压力具有相似影响，且主要影响循环的LCOE。容量因子对LCOE影响最大，其次为利率的影响。LCOE随着天然气价格的下降而线性降低，天然气价格每下降10%，LCOE降低约4 USD/MWh。η_tot和LCOE无法同时达到最优，在给定范围内，最优的η_tot和LCOE分别为52.3%和95.7 USD/MWh。

关键词: Allam循环, 超临界二氧化碳, ?, 经济分析, 遗传算法

CLC Number:

TK 11

Wen CHAN, Wan YU, Gang WANG, Huashan SU, Fenxia HUANG, Tao HU. Thermodynamic and economic analyses and dual-objective optimization of Allam cycle with improved regenerator layout[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(4): 1680-1692.

产文, 余万, 王岗, 苏华山, 黄芬霞, 胡涛. 改进回热布局的Allam循环热力、经济性能分析和双目标优化[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(4): 1680-1692.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 Schematic of Allam cycle with improved regenerator layout

Fig.2 Schematic of Allam benchmark cycle

Table 1 Efficiencies of fluid machinery［20］

参数	数值/%
机械效率	98
CO₂透平等熵效率	90
压缩机多变效率	85
泵效率	85
发电机效率	99.5

Table 2 Pressure drop coefficients of fluids in components［20］

设备	系数/%
燃烧室	1
回热器高压侧	1
回热器低压侧	3
分离器	2
其他换热器	2

Table 3 Definitions of fuel and product exergy

设备	燃料㶲和产品㶲
燃烧室和透平	$E ˙ F, C C & G T = E ˙ 20 + E ˙ 22 + E ˙ 29 + E ˙ 31 - E ˙ 1$ $E ˙ P, C C & G T = W ˙ G T$
CO₂压缩机	$E ˙ F, M C = W ˙ M C$ $E ˙ P, M C = E ˙ 12 + E ˙ 13 - E ˙ 11$
泵1	$E ˙ F, P 1 = W ˙ P 1$ $E ˙ P, P 1 = E ˙ 14 - E ˙ 13$
泵2	$E ˙ F, P 2 = W ˙ P 2$ $E ˙ P, P 2 = E ˙ 18 - E ˙ 17$
氧化剂压缩机	$E ˙ F, O C = W ˙ O C$ $E ˙ P, O C = E ˙ 27 - E ˙ 26$
天然气压缩机	$E ˙ F, N C = W ˙ N C$ $E ˙ P, N C = E ˙ 31 - E ˙ 30$
回热器1	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 1 = E ˙ 2 - E ˙ 4$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 1 = E ˙ 22 - E ˙ 21$
回热器2	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 2 = (E ˙ 4 - E ˙ 6) + (E ˙ 23 - E ˙ 24)$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 2 = E ˙ 19 - E ˙ 18$
回热器3	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 3 = E ˙ 3 - E ˙ 5$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 3 = E ˙ 29 - E ˙ 28$
回热器4	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 4 = E ˙ 5 - E ˙ 7$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 4 = E ˙ 28 - E ˙ 27$

Table 3 Definitions of fuel and product exergy

设备	燃料㶲和产品㶲
燃烧室和透平	$E ˙ F, C C & G T = E ˙ 20 + E ˙ 22 + E ˙ 29 + E ˙ 31 - E ˙ 1$ $E ˙ P, C C & G T = W ˙ G T$
CO₂压缩机	$E ˙ F, M C = W ˙ M C$ $E ˙ P, M C = E ˙ 12 + E ˙ 13 - E ˙ 11$
泵1	$E ˙ F, P 1 = W ˙ P 1$ $E ˙ P, P 1 = E ˙ 14 - E ˙ 13$
泵2	$E ˙ F, P 2 = W ˙ P 2$ $E ˙ P, P 2 = E ˙ 18 - E ˙ 17$
氧化剂压缩机	$E ˙ F, O C = W ˙ O C$ $E ˙ P, O C = E ˙ 27 - E ˙ 26$
天然气压缩机	$E ˙ F, N C = W ˙ N C$ $E ˙ P, N C = E ˙ 31 - E ˙ 30$
回热器1	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 1 = E ˙ 2 - E ˙ 4$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 1 = E ˙ 22 - E ˙ 21$
回热器2	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 2 = (E ˙ 4 - E ˙ 6) + (E ˙ 23 - E ˙ 24)$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 2 = E ˙ 19 - E ˙ 18$
回热器3	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 3 = E ˙ 3 - E ˙ 5$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 3 = E ˙ 29 - E ˙ 28$
回热器4	$E ˙ F, R e g e n . 4 = E ˙ 5 - E ˙ 7$ $E ˙ P, R e g e n . 4 = E ˙ 28 - E ˙ 27$

Table 4 Cost equations of purchased components and economic parameters

项目	公式或数值	文献
燃烧室透平组件/USD	$Z = 53.987 × 106 × W ˙ G T 988.1 0.7332$	[23]
回热器/USD	$Z = 49.45 × U A 0.7544 × f T$ $f T = 1, T m a x < 550 ° C 1 + 0.02141 × T m a x - 550, T m a x ≥ 550 ° C$	[24]
冷却器、中冷器/USD	$Z = 1.7 U A$	[25]
CO₂压缩机/USD	$Z = 1230000 × (W ˙ C) 0.3992$	[24]
燃料压缩机/USD	$Z = 91562 × W ˙ C / 455 0.67$	[26]
泵/USD	$Z = 1120 × W ˙ P 0.8$	[27]
空分单元/USD	$Z = 33.25 × 106 × m ˙ O 2 28.9 0.7$	[28]
发电机/USD	$Z = 108900 × W ˙ T 0.5463$	[24]
系统运行寿命n/年	25	[19]
全年当量运行小时数 $τ$ /h	7446	[19]
有效利率i_eff/%	10	[19]
资本回收系数 $C R F$	$C R F = i e f f 1 + i e f f n 1 + i e f f n - 1$	[19]
平准化上涨因子CELF	$C E L F = C R F × k F C 1 - k n 1 - k$ ，其中 $k = 1 + r n 1 + i e f f$	[19]
名义上涨率	r_n,FC=3.4%; r_n,OMC=2.5%	[19]
首年运行和维护成本OMC₀/USD	$4 % T C I / n$	[19]
天然气价格/(USD/GJ)	4.26	[29]

Table 4 Cost equations of purchased components and economic parameters

项目	公式或数值	文献
燃烧室透平组件/USD	$Z = 53.987 × 106 × W ˙ G T 988.1 0.7332$	[23]
回热器/USD	$Z = 49.45 × U A 0.7544 × f T$ $f T = 1, T m a x < 550 ° C 1 + 0.02141 × T m a x - 550, T m a x ≥ 550 ° C$	[24]
冷却器、中冷器/USD	$Z = 1.7 U A$	[25]
CO₂压缩机/USD	$Z = 1230000 × (W ˙ C) 0.3992$	[24]
燃料压缩机/USD	$Z = 91562 × W ˙ C / 455 0.67$	[26]
泵/USD	$Z = 1120 × W ˙ P 0.8$	[27]
空分单元/USD	$Z = 33.25 × 106 × m ˙ O 2 28.9 0.7$	[28]
发电机/USD	$Z = 108900 × W ˙ T 0.5463$	[24]
系统运行寿命n/年	25	[19]
全年当量运行小时数 $τ$ /h	7446	[19]
有效利率i_eff/%	10	[19]
资本回收系数 $C R F$	$C R F = i e f f 1 + i e f f n 1 + i e f f n - 1$	[19]
平准化上涨因子CELF	$C E L F = C R F × k F C 1 - k n 1 - k$ ，其中 $k = 1 + r n 1 + i e f f$	[19]
名义上涨率	r_n,FC=3.4%; r_n,OMC=2.5%	[19]
首年运行和维护成本OMC₀/USD	$4 % T C I / n$	[19]
天然气价格/(USD/GJ)	4.26	[29]

Table 5 Comparison of results for model validation

参数	本文模型计算结果	文献结果^[6]
透平出口温度/℃	724.3	727
透平流量/(kg/s)	939.7	923
冷却器2出口流量/(kg/s)	889.5	881
循环热效率/%	58.04	59

Table 6 Input parameters at basic case

参数	数值
输入系统的燃料能量(LHV)/MW	100
环境温度/℃	15
环境压力/MPa	0.1013
燃烧温度/℃	1150
透平入口压力/MPa	30
透平出口压力/MPa	3.4
回热器热端最小温差/K	10
回热器夹点温差/K	5
循环最低温度/℃	25
热空气流量/(kg/s)	36.2
热空气压力/MPa	0.6
热空气温度/℃	238
流股2分流比例	0.537
回热器2热流体入口温度/℃	238
回热器4热流体入口温度/℃	500

Table 7 Results of Allam cycles at basic case

参数	Allam基准循环	改进Allam循环
透平出口流量/(kg/s)	174.92	174.89
透平出口温度/℃	737.7	737.7
透平输出功率/MW	80.11	80.10
回热器总热负荷/MW	152.42	152.37
回热器总成本/(10⁶USD)	42.55	30.95
CC_L/(10⁶USD)	29.54	25.59
FC_L/(10⁶USD)	15.52	15.52
OMC_L/(10⁶USD)	0.54	0.46
$W ˙ n e t$ /MW	51.94	51.93
$η t o t$ /%	51.94	51.93
$ε t o t$ /%	49.51	49.50
LCOE/(USD/MWh)	117.92	107.52

Table 7 Results of Allam cycles at basic case

参数	Allam基准循环	改进Allam循环
透平出口流量/(kg/s)	174.92	174.89
透平出口温度/℃	737.7	737.7
透平输出功率/MW	80.11	80.10
回热器总热负荷/MW	152.42	152.37
回热器总成本/(10⁶USD)	42.55	30.95
CC_L/(10⁶USD)	29.54	25.59
FC_L/(10⁶USD)	15.52	15.52
OMC_L/(10⁶USD)	0.54	0.46
$W ˙ n e t$ /MW	51.94	51.93
$η t o t$ /%	51.94	51.93
$ε t o t$ /%	49.51	49.50
LCOE/(USD/MWh)	117.92	107.52

Table 8 Exergy results of main components at basic case

设备	$E ˙ F, k$ /MW	$E ˙ P, k$ /MW	$E ˙ D, k$ /MW	$ε k$ /%
燃烧室透平组件	109.78	80.10	29.68	72.96
CO₂压缩机	7.53	4.11	3.43	54.52
泵1	1.18	0.97	0.21	82.20
泵2	3.38	2.38	1.00	70.41
氧化剂压缩机	2.13	1.83	0.30	85.81
天然气压缩机	0.53	0.47	0.06	88.01
回热器1	34.01	32.54	1.47	95.67
回热器2	8.71	7.78	0.94	89.27
回热器3	16.07	15.75	0.32	98.00
回热器4	19.03	17.61	1.42	92.55
冷却器1	—	—	1.00	—
冷却器2	—	—	0.19	—

Table 8 Exergy results of main components at basic case

设备	$E ˙ F, k$ /MW	$E ˙ P, k$ /MW	$E ˙ D, k$ /MW	$ε k$ /%
燃烧室透平组件	109.78	80.10	29.68	72.96
CO₂压缩机	7.53	4.11	3.43	54.52
泵1	1.18	0.97	0.21	82.20
泵2	3.38	2.38	1.00	70.41
氧化剂压缩机	2.13	1.83	0.30	85.81
天然气压缩机	0.53	0.47	0.06	88.01
回热器1	34.01	32.54	1.47	95.67
回热器2	8.71	7.78	0.94	89.27
回热器3	16.07	15.75	0.32	98.00
回热器4	19.03	17.61	1.42	92.55
冷却器1	—	—	1.00	—
冷却器2	—	—	0.19	—

Fig.3 Exergy destruction ratio of each component (without air separation unit)

Fig.4 Sankey diagram of exergy flows in the cycle

Fig.5 Capital investment of main components (without air separation unit)

Fig.6 Effect of combustion temperature on cycle performance

Fig.7 Effect of maximum cycle pressure on cycle performance

Fig.8 Effect of turbine exhaust pressure on cycle performance

Fig.9 Weighted effects of economic parameters on LCOE

Fig.10 Pareto frontier of the dual-objective optimization

Table 9 Three representative results of the dual-objective optimization

参数	结果A	结果B	结果C
决策变量
$m ˙ 13$	158.7	150.0	150.0
p_max	34.9	32.5	36.0
p_out,GT	3.7	2.8	2.6
T₆	73.7	71.4	80.7
T₇	68.9	66.6	79.3
目标函数
η_tot/%	52.30	51.03	46.82
LCOE/(USD/MWh)	112.09	98.55	95.67

Table 9 Three representative results of the dual-objective optimization

参数	结果A	结果B	结果C
决策变量
$m ˙ 13$	158.7	150.0	150.0
p_max	34.9	32.5	36.0
p_out,GT	3.7	2.8	2.6
T₆	73.7	71.4	80.7
T₇	68.9	66.6	79.3
目标函数
η_tot/%	52.30	51.03	46.82
LCOE/(USD/MWh)	112.09	98.55	95.67

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[4]	Zheng GONG, Xiulu GAO, Ling ZHAO, Dongdong HU. Preparation and shape memory properties of PBAT/PLA foams by supercritical CO₂ [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(2): 888-896.
[5]	Ping LIU, Yusheng QIU, Shijing LI, Ruiqi SUN, Chen SHEN. Heat transfer and flow characteristics of nanofluids in microchannels [J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(1): 184-197.
[6]	Guanyu REN, Yifei ZHANG, Xinze LI, Wenjing DU. Numerical study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of airfoil printed circuit heat exchangers [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(S1): 108-117.
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[12]	Di WANG, Yinghan CUI, Lingfang SUN, Yunlong ZHOU. Thermodynamic analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide mixed working fluid energy storage system [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(10): 3414-3423.
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[15]	Zexin ZHANG, Weizhong ZHENG, Yisheng XU, Dongdong HU, Xinyu ZHUO, Yuan ZONG, Weizhen SUN, Ling ZHAO. Research progress of wafer cleaning and selective etching in supercritical carbon dioxide media [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 110-119.