Heat dissipation performance of single server immersion jet liquid cooling system

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241159

Abstract

Abstract:

Immersion and jet technology is the future development direction of data center server liquid cooling. A single-server liquid cooling test bench was built to compare the heat dissipation performance of pure immersion and immersion jet liquid cooling systems. On this basis, the effects of inlet water temperature, jet distance and inlet water flow rate on the performance of immersion jet system were analyzed. The experimental results show that in the pure immersion liquid cooling system, the inlet water temperature is reduced from 27.0℃ to 18.0℃, which can reduce the stable temperature of the server surface from 47.4℃ to 41℃, but it also increases the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet water. In the submerged jet liquid cooling system, when the jet distance is reduced from 10 cm to 1 cm, the steady-state surface heat transfer coefficient can be increased by about 467.3 W/(m²·K), and the heat exchange uniformity of the system is better at 3 cm. The steady-state surface heat transfer coefficient can be increased to 3136.2 W/(m²·K) when the inlet water flow rate is increased from 8 L/min to 18 L/min, which is about 2.1 times of that at low flow rate. Subsequently, the potential of submerged jet liquid cooling technology in large-scale applications can be further explored.

Key words: data center, immersion jet, flow, heat transfer coefficient, temperature difference, experimental validation

摘要：

浸没和射流技术是数据中心服务器液冷未来的发展方向。搭建了单服务器液冷实验台，对比纯浸没式液冷系统与浸没射流式液冷系统的散热性能，在此基础上分析进水温度、射流距离及进水流速对浸没射流式液冷系统性能的影响。实验结果表明，纯浸没式液冷系统中，进水温度从27.0℃降低到18.0℃，能够将服务器表面稳定温度从47.4℃降至41.0℃，但同时也会增加进出口水的温差。浸没射流式液冷系统中，射流距离从10 cm减少至1 cm，能使稳态表面传热系数提高约467.3 W/(m²·K)，而且射流距离为3 cm时系统热交换均匀性更好；进水流量从8 L/min增加至18 L/min，能使稳态表面传热系数提升至3136.2 W/(m²·K)，约为低流速条件下的2.1倍。

关键词: 数据中心, 浸没射流, 流动, 传热系数, 温差, 实验验证

CLC Number:

TP 308

Linhui YUAN, Yu WANG. Heat dissipation performance of single server immersion jet liquid cooling system[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(S1): 160-169.

袁琳慧, 王瑜. 单服务器浸没射流式液冷系统散热性能[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(S1): 160-169.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1 Single server immersion jet cooling system diagram

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of single server submerged jet test bench operation

Fig.3 Physical drawing of liquid cooling cabinet

Fig.4 Heating load and temperature controllert

Fig.5 Jet pipe design and processing diagram

Table 1 Immersion jet liquid cooling system performance test condition

测试工况

加热负载温度/℃

进水

温度/℃

射流流量/

(L/min)

Table 2 Experimental instrument parameters

仪器名称	型号规格	量程范围	测量精度
自吸泵	25WBZ3-8-0.25	流量3 m³/h，扬程8 m，功率0.37 kW	定频泵
截止阀	J11W		±5%
水流传感器		流量1~30 L/min	±5%
温度热敏电阻	K型	0~600℃	±0.8 K
数显温度计	CX-WDJ200C	-50~200℃	±0.5 K

Table 3 Average temperature of immersion liquid cooling system under different inlet water temperatures

进水温度/℃	进水流速/(L/min)	出水温度/℃	进出水温差/℃	液冷柜内部温度/℃
进水温度/℃	进水流速/(L/min)	出水温度/℃	进出水温差/℃	上部	中部	底部	温差
18.0	13	27.0	9.0	28.2	19.6	18.9	9.3
22.0	13	28.9	6.9	29.1	23.9	22.6	6.5
27.0	13	32.3	5.3	32.7	28.0	27.2	5.5

Fig.6 Surface temperature change of heating load at different inlet water temperatures

Fig.7 Surface heat transfer coefficient change at different inlet water temperatures

Fig.8 Actual jet scene

Fig.9 Surface temperature change of heating load under different jet distances

Fig.10 Surface heat transfer coefficient change under different jet distances

Table 4 Average temperature of immersion jet liquid cooling system under different jet distances

进水温度/℃	进水流速/(L/min)	射流距离/cm	出水温度/℃	进出水温差/℃	液冷柜内部温度/℃
进水温度/℃	进水流速/(L/min)	射流距离/cm	出水温度/℃	进出水温差/℃	上部	中部	底部	温差
22.0	13	10	27.8	5.8	28.0	26.5	24.9	3.1
22.0	13	5	28.6	6.6	28.0	26.3	24.2	3.8
22.0	13	3	28.9	6.9	27.9	26.0	24.0	3.9
22.0	13	1	29.6	7.6	27.9	26.3	23.8	4.1

Table 5 Average temperature of immersion jet liquid cooling system under different inlet flow rates

进水温度/℃	射流距离/cm	进水流速/(L/min)	出水温度/℃	进出水温差/℃	液冷柜内部温度/℃
进水温度/℃	射流距离/cm	进水流速/(L/min)	出水温度/℃	进出水温差/℃	上部	中部	底部	温差
22.0	3	8	30.8	8.8	29.7	27.4	24.2	5.5
22.0	3	13	28.9	6.9	27.9	26.0	24.0	3.9
22.0	3	18	28.3	6.3	27.4	25.6	23.8	3.6

Fig.11 Surface temperature change of heating load under different inlet flow rates

Fig.12 Surface heat transfer coefficient change under different inlet flow rates

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