水冷PEMFC热管理系统控制策略及仿真研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20191257

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对目前燃料电池热管理系统在变载时存在温度波动较大、调节时间较长和响应速度较慢等问题，本文提出了流量同时跟随电流及功率方式和神经网络自抗扰方法两种热管理控制策略。结果表明：流量同时跟随电流及功率控制策略能够有效地削弱水泵和散热器风扇的耦合作用，明显减少电堆进出口冷却水温度及其温差的超调量和调节时间。此外，虽然神经网络自抗扰控制策略在最大功率工况下的控制效果较差，但总体控制效果比流量跟随电流控制策略好。

关键词: 燃料电池, 控制策略, 神经网络, 热管理系统

Abstract:

In order to solve the problems of large temperature fluctuation, long regulation time and slow response speed in the current fuel cell thermal management system, this paper proposes two thermal management control strategies: flow following current and power mode and neural network auto disturbance rejection method. The results show that the flow following current and power control strategy can effectively reduce the coupling effect of water pump and radiator fan, and significantly reduce the overshoot and regulation time of the temperature and the temperature difference of the cooling water at the inlet and outlet of the stack. In addition, although the neural network auto-disturbance control strategy has a poor control effect at the maximum power condition, the overall control effect is better than the flow following current control strategy.

Key words: fuel cell, control strategy, neural network, thermal management system

中图分类号:

TM 911.4

赵洪波, 刘杰, 马彪, 郭强, 刘晓辉, 潘凤文. 水冷PEMFC热管理系统控制策略及仿真研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(5): 2139-2150.

Hongbo ZHAO, Jie LIU, Biao MA, Qiang GUO, Xiaohui LIU, Fengwen PAN. Control strategy and simulation research of water-cooled PEMFC thermal management system[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(5): 2139-2150.

图/表 21

图1 PEMFC热管理系统模型框图

Fig.1 PEMFC thermal management system model block

图2 控制策略原理

Fig.2 Control strategy principle

图3 神经网络自抗扰控制策略

Fig.3 Neural network auto disturbance rejection control strategy

图4 NARX神经网络结构

Fig.4 Nonlinear autoregressive neural network with external input structure

图5 NARX神经网络算法流程

Fig.5 Nonlinear autoregressive neural network with external input algorithm flow

图6 热管理系统模型验证

Fig.6 Thermal management system model verification

表1 热管理系统控制实验参数

Table 1 Thermal management system control experimental parameters

参数	数值
电堆进口冷却水温度/℃	60
冷却水温差/℃	5.5
电流变化/A	18—25—28—30

图7 冷却水流量随时间的变化

Fig.7 Change of cooling water flow over time

图8 电堆进出口冷却水温度和温差随时间响应变化

Fig.8 Temperature and temperature difference of cooling water at inlet and outlet of the reactor change with time

表2 燃料电池实验参数

Table 2 Fuel cell experimental parameters

空气

过量比

氢气

过量比

图9 燃料电池的极化曲线和功率曲线

Fig.9 Fuel cell polarization curve and power curves

图10 电堆电流和电压随时间动态响应变化

Fig.10 Dynamic response of stack current and voltage over time

图11 冷却水流量随时间的变化（策略对比）

Fig.11 Change of cooling water flow over time (strategy comparison)

图12 散热器风扇流量随时间的变化（策略对比）

Fig.12 Radiator fan flow changes over time(strategy comparison)

图13 燃料电池堆进出口冷却水温度及温差随时间的变化（策略A）

Fig.13 Temperature and temperature difference of cooling water at the fuel cell stack inlet and outlet of the reactor change with time(Strategy A)

图14 燃料电池堆进出口冷却水温度及温差随时间的变化（策略B）

Fig.14 Temperature and temperature difference of cooling water at the fuel cell stack inlet and outlet of the reactor change with time(Strategy B)

图15 燃料电池堆进出口冷却水温度及温差随时间的变化（策略C）

Fig.15 Temperature and temperature difference of cooling water at the fuel cell stack inlet and outlet of the reactor change with time(Strategy C)

图16 燃料电池堆进出口冷却水温度及温差随时间的变化（策略对比）

Fig.16 Temperature and temperature difference of cooling water at the fuel cell stack inlet and outlet of the reactor change with time(strategy comparison)

图17 电堆进出口冷却水温度及温差波动程度

Fig.17 Temperature and temperature difference fluctuation of the stack inlet and outlet cooling water

图18 电堆电压波动程度和相对增大程度

Fig.18 Degree of fluctuation and relative increase in the voltage of the stack

图19 控制策略的控制品质（策略对比）

Fig.19 Control quality of control strategy (strategy comparison)

参考文献 30

1	李奇. 质子交换膜燃料电池系统建模及其控制方法研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2011.
	Li Q. Research on modeling and control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2011.
2	Kandlikar S G, Lu Z. Thermal management issues in a PEMFC stack—a brief review of current status[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2009, 29(7): 1276-1280.
3	Li Q, Chen W, Liu Z, et al. Control of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system breathing based on maximum net power control strategy[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 241: 212-218.
4	Zhao X, Li Y, Liu Z, et al. Thermal management system modeling of a water-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(7): 3048-3056.
5	Zhang Y J, Ouyang M G, Luo J X, et al. Mathematical modeling of vehicle fuel cell power system thermal management[R]. SAETechnical Paper, 2003.
6	Rowe A, Li X. Mathematical modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 102(1/2): 82-96.
7	Yoon Y G, Yang T H, Park G G, et al. A multi-layer structured cathode for the PEMFC[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 118(1/2): 189-192.
8	Zhao D, Gao F, Massonnat P, et al. Parameter sensitivity analysis and local temperature distribution effect for a PEMFC system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2015, 30(3): 1008-1018.
9	Carton J G, Lawlor V, Olabi A G, et al. Water droplet accumulation and motion in PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell mini-channels[J]. Energy, 2012, 39(1): 63-73.
10	Zamel N, Li X. Non‐isothermal multi‐phase modeling of PEM fuel cell cathode[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2010, 34(7): 568-584.
11	Pandiyan S, Jayakumar K, Rajalakshmi N, et al. Thermal and electrical energy management in a PEMFC stack—an analytical approach[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2008, 51(3/4): 469-473.
12	Rojas J D, Ocampo-Martínez C, Kunusch C. Thermal modelling approach and model predictive control of a water-cooled PEM fuel cell system[C]//IECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2013: 3806-3811.
13	Ahn J W, Choe S Y. Coolant controls of a PEM fuel cell system[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 179(1): 252-264.
14	Cao T F, Lin H, Chen L, et al. Numerical investigation of the coupled water and thermal management in PEM fuel cell[J]. Applied Energy, 2013, 112: 1115-1125.
15	Liso V, Nielsen M P, Kær S K, et al. Thermal modeling and temperature control of a PEM fuel cell system for forklift applications[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(16): 8410-8420.
16	Cheng S, Fang C, Xu L, et al. Model-based temperature regulation of a PEM fuel cell system on a city bus[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(39): 13566-13575.
17	Saygili Y, Eroglu I, Kincal S. Model based temperature controller development for water cooled PEM fuel cell systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(1): 615-622.
18	陈维荣, 牛茁, 韩喆, 等. 水冷 PEMFC 热管理系统流量跟随控制策略[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(4): 1490-1498.
	Chen W R, Niu Z, Han Z, et al. Flow following control strategy for thermal management of water-cooled PEMFC[J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(4): 1490-1498.
19	Huang L, Chen J, Liu Z, et al. Adaptive thermal control for PEMFC systems with guaranteed performance[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(25): 11550-11558.
20	Pourrahmani H, Moghimi M, Siavashi M. Thermal management in PEMFCs: the respective effects of porous media in the gas flow channel[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(5): 3121-3137.
21	陈维荣, 李艳昆, 李岩, 等. 水冷型质子交换膜燃料电池温度控制策略[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2015, 50(3): 393-399.
	Chen W R, Li Y K, Li Y, et al. Temperature control strategy for water-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2015, 50(3) : 393-399.
22	Han J, Park J, Yu S. Control strategy of cooling system for the optimization of parasitic power of automotive fuel cell system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(39): 13549-13557.
23	Yu S, Jung D. Thermal management strategy for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system with a large active cell area[J]. Renewable Energy, 2008, 33(12): 2540-2548.
24	Yu X, Zhou B, Sobiesiak A. Water and thermal management for Ballard PEM fuel cell stack[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 147(1/2): 184-195.
25	徐政, 章飞, 何少强. 光伏扬水系统的优化设计[J]. 太阳能学报, 2013, 34(12): 2151-2158.
	Xu Z, Zhang F, He S Q. Optimization of solar water pumping system[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2013, 34(12):2151-2158.
26	韩京清. 自抗扰控制技术: 估计补偿不确定因素的控制技术[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2008.
	Han J Q. Active Disturbance Rejection Control Technique—the Technique for Estimating and Compensating the Uncertaintics[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2008.
27	史青. 水冷型 PEMFC 热管理系统建模与控制研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2017.
	Shi Q. Study on the water-cooled PEMFC thermal management system modeling and control[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2017.
28	牛茁. 水冷型质子交换膜燃料电池热管理系统控制研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2018.
	Niu Z. Study thermal management system control of water-cooled PEMFC[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2018.
29	Pukrushpan J T, Stefanopoulou A G, Peng H. Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems: Principles, Modeling, Analysis and Feedback Design[M]. Springer Science & Business Media, 2004.
30	王瑞敏. 基于神经网络辨识模型的质子交换膜燃料电池系统建模与控制研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2008.
	Wang R M. Modeling and control based on proton exchange membrane fuel cell system neural network identification model[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2008.

[1]	李艺彤, 郭航, 陈浩, 叶芳. 催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.
[2]	温凯杰, 郭力, 夏诏杰, 陈建华. 一种耦合CFD与深度学习的气固快速模拟方法[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3775-3785.
[3]	陈哲文, 魏俊杰, 张玉明. 超临界水煤气化耦合SOFC发电系统集成及其能量转化机制[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3888-3902.
[4]	诸程瑛, 王振雷. 基于改进深度强化学习的乙烯裂解炉操作优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3429-3437.
[5]	闫琳琦, 王振雷. 基于STA-BiLSTM-LightGBM组合模型的多步预测软测量建模[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3407-3418.
[6]	尹刚, 李伊惠, 何飞, 曹文琦, 王民, 颜非亚, 向禹, 卢剑, 罗斌, 卢润廷. 基于KPCA和SVM的铝电解槽漏槽事故预警方法[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3419-3428.
[7]	徐野, 黄文君, 米俊芃, 申川川, 金建祥. 多源信息融合的离心式压缩机喘振诊断方法[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2979-2987.
[8]	高学金, 姚玉卓, 韩华云, 齐咏生. 基于注意力动态卷积自编码器的发酵过程故障监测[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2503-2521.
[9]	黄磊, 孔令学, 白进, 李怀柱, 郭振兴, 白宗庆, 李平, 李文. 油页岩添加对准东高钠煤灰熔融行为影响的研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 2123-2135.
[10]	贠程, 王倩琳, 陈锋, 张鑫, 窦站, 颜廷俊. 基于社团结构的化工过程风险演化路径深度挖掘[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(4): 1639-1650.
[11]	罗来明, 张劲, 郭志斌, 王海宁, 卢善富, 相艳. 1~5 kW高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆的理论模拟与组装测试[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(4): 1724-1734.
[12]	吴选军, 王超, 曹子健, 蔡卫权. 数据与物理信息混合驱动的固定床吸附穿透深度学习模型[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1145-1160.
[13]	钱志广, 樊越, 王世学, 岳利可, 王金山, 朱禹. 吹扫条件对PEMFC阻抗弛豫现象和低温启动的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1286-1293.
[14]	张江淮, 赵众. 碳三加氢装置鲁棒最小协方差约束控制及应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1216-1227.
[15]	吴心远, 刘奇磊, 曹博渊, 张磊, 都健. Group2vec：基于无监督机器学习的基团向量表示及其物性预测应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1187-1194.