催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230341

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

催化层中铂载量沿流道方向的梯度分布会影响反应物利用以及热量和物质的传递，而操作条件对铂载量梯度分布质子交换膜燃料电池电性能和传热传质的影响尚不明确。因此，基于二维、非等温、两相质子交换膜燃料电池模型探究了操作条件反应物流向和化学计量比对铂载量二梯度分布和多梯度分布中的三梯度分布质子交换膜燃料电池的影响。研究表明，反应物流向对铂载量梯度分布燃料电池的电性能和物质含量的影响较弱；化学计量比的增加可以提高铂载量梯度分布燃料电池的电性能，并且随着化学计量比的增加，铂载量梯度分布的燃料电池性能相对于均匀分布的燃料电池性能的提升效果增强。

关键词: 质子交换膜燃料电池, 催化剂, 非均匀分布, 操作条件, 电池性能, 传热, 传质

Abstract:

The gradient distribution of platinum loading in the catalyst layer along the flow channel direction affects the utilization of reactants and the transfer of heat and species. On this basis, the influence of operating conditions on the cell performance, heat and mass transfer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with platinum loading gradient distribution along the flow channel direction is still unclear. Therefore, based on a two-dimensional, non-isothermal, two-phase proton exchange membrane fuel cell model, the effects of reactants flow direction and stoichiometric ratio on proton exchange membrane fuel cells with the two-gradient distribution or the three-gradient distribution of platinum loading in the multi-gradient distributions were investigated. The results show that the reactant flow direction has a weak impact on the electrical performance and species content of platinum loading gradient distribution fuel cells and the increase of stoichiometric ratio can improve the performance of the fuel cell with platinum loading gradient distribution. Furthermore, with the increase of stoichiometric ratio, the performance improvement degree of the cell with gradient distribution of platinum loading increases compared with the uniform distribution.

Key words: proton exchange membrane fuel cell, catalyst, non-uniform distribution, operating condition, cell performance, heat transfer, mass transfer

中图分类号:

TM 911.4

李艺彤, 郭航, 陈浩, 叶芳. 催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.

Yitong LI, Hang GUO, Hao CHEN, Fang YE. Study on operating conditions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with non-uniform catalyst distributions[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.

图/表 16

图1 模型计算区域

Fig.1 Computational domain

图2 单元数无关性检验

Fig.2 Test of element number independence

表1 文献［34］中的实验条件

Table 1 Experimental conditions in Ref. ［34］

参数	取值
铂载量/(mg/cm²)	0.4
操作温度/K	343.15
操作压力/MPa	0.1
阳极氢气流量/(ml/min)	600
质子交换膜厚度/m	5.3×10^-5
催化层厚度/m	1.5×10^-5
气体扩散层厚度/m	3.75×10^-4
流道宽度/m	7.5×10^-4
流道深度/m	1.0×10^-3
流道长度/m	4.0×10^-2

图3 模型准确性验证

Fig.3 Model validation

图4 阴极催化层内铂载量的分布方式

Fig.4 Distribution of platinum loading in the cathode catalyst layer

表2 顺流和逆流流动时的电流密度

Table 2 Current density for downstream and countercurrent flow

流动方式		电流密度/(A/cm²)
流动方式		均匀分布	二梯度分布	三梯度分布
0.8 V	顺流	0.0829	0.0860	0.0850
0.8 V	逆流	0.0834	0.0864	0.0854
0.5 V	顺流	0.9672	0.9735	0.9712
0.5 V	逆流	0.9715	0.9773	0.9749
0.2 V	顺流	1.3891	1.4474	1.4288
0.2 V	逆流	1.3897	1.4480	1.4292

表3 顺流和逆流流动时阴极催化层中平均氧气浓度和液态水饱和度

Table 3 The average oxygen concentration and liquid water saturation in the cathode catalyst layer for downstream and countercurrent flow

铂载量分布方式	氧气浓度/(mol/m³)		液态水饱和度
铂载量分布方式	顺流	逆流	顺流	逆流
均匀分布	3.24	3.23	0.0709	0.0712
二梯度分布	3.15	3.13	0.0746	0.0749
三梯度分布	3.16	3.15	0.0742	0.0744

表4 顺流和逆流流动时在0.5 V电压下膜电极组件内的温度

Table 4 Temperature in the membrane electrode assembly at 0.5 V for downstream and countercurrent flow

铂载量分布方式	平均温度/K		温度标准差/K
铂载量分布方式	顺流	逆流	顺流	逆流
均匀分布	348.38	348.64	0.9391	0.8945
二梯度分布	348.69	348.73	1.0605	1.1917
三梯度分布	348.66	348.71	0.9980	1.1351

图5 化学计量比对铂载量二梯度分布时燃料电池性能的影响

Fig.5 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on cell performance for two-gradient distribution of platinum loading

图6 化学计量比对铂载量二梯度分布时沿流道方向阴极催化层中线氧气浓度的影响

Fig.6 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on oxygen concentration on the cathode catalyst layer center line along the flow channel direction for two-gradient distribution of platinum loading

图7 化学计量比对铂载量二梯度分布时沿流道方向阴极催化层中线温度的影响

Fig.7 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on temperature on the cathode catalyst layer center line along the flow channel direction for two-gradient distribution of platinum loading

图8 化学计量比对铂载量三梯度分布时燃料电池性能的影响

Fig.8 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on cell performance for three-gradient distribution of platinum loading

图9 化学计量比对铂载量三梯度分布时沿流道方向阴极催化层中线氧气浓度的影响

Fig.9 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on oxygen concentration on the cathode catalyst layer center line along the flow channel direction for three-gradient distribution of platinum loading

图10 化学计量比对铂载量三梯度分布时沿流道方向阴极催化层中线温度的影响

Fig.10 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on temperature on the cathode catalyst layer center line along the flow channel direction for three-gradient distribution of platinum loading

图11 化学计量比对铂载量均匀分布时燃料电池性能的影响

Fig.11 Effect of stoichiometric ratio on cell performance for uniform distribution of platinum loading

图12 不同化学计量比下铂载量梯度分布相比与均匀分布的最大功率密度增加量

Fig.12 Increment of maximum power density of gradient distribution compared to uniform distribution under different stoichiometric ratios

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