基于固液氧化还原靶向反应的能量存储技术：材料、器件及动力学

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231268

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着双碳政策的推进和可再生能源的快速发展，能源存储技术成为解决能源转型和可持续发展的关键支撑。氧化还原液流电池（RFB）是一种用于大规模储能的电化学器件，具有设计灵活、存储容量大、循环寿命长、安全性高等特点。然而受氧化还原介质分子溶解度的限制，其能量密度相对较低，同时可实用化的体系较少。为解决这一问题，基于固液氧化还原靶向反应的能量存储技术应运而生。氧化还原靶向液流电池（RTFB）在提高能量密度的同时保持良好流动性，克服了传统RFB的限制。综述了近年来该技术在材料、器件及动力学方面的研究进展，包括各种材料的特点、器件的设计及性能以及动力学过程的表征与建模。最后总结当前研究的不足之处并展望未来发展趋势。

关键词: 电化学, 氧化还原靶向反应, 氧化还原靶向液流电池, 电解液, 液流电池, 化学反应器

Abstract:

With the advancement of the carbon neutrality and the rapid development of renewable energy, energy storage technology has become a crucial pillar for addressing energy transition and sustainable development. Redox flow battery (RFB) is an electrochemical device used for large-scale energy storage. It has the characteristics of flexible design, large storage capacity, long cycle life, and high safety. However, limited by the solubility of redox mediator molecules, its energy density is relatively low, and there are few practical systems. To meet this challenge, energy storage technologies based on solid-liquid redox-targeting reactions, i.e. redox-targeting flow batteries (RTFBs) have emerged to enhance energy density, maintain excellent flowability and elevate the constraint of traditional RFBs. This review provides a comprehensive perspective of recent research progress in materials, devices, and kinetics related to RTFBs including characteristics of various materials, the design and performance of devices, as well as the characterization and modeling of kinetic processes. The bottleneck of current research is summarized and the insights into future development trends are also provided.

Key words: electrochemistry, redox-targeting reactions, redox-targeting flow batteries, electrolyte, flow batteries, chemical reactors

中图分类号:

TQ 152

李云璇, 刘新悦, 陈熙, 刘文, 周明月, 蓝兴英. 基于固液氧化还原靶向反应的能量存储技术：材料、器件及动力学[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1222-1240.

Yunxuan LI, Xinyue LIU, Xi CHEN, Wen LIU, Mingyue ZHOU, Xingying LAN. Energy storage technologies based on solid-liquid redox-targeting reactions: materials, devices, and kinetics[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1222-1240.

图/表 9

图1 （a）RFB示意图[7]；（b）RTFB示意图；（c）氧化还原介质分子S与LiFePO4等绝缘电极材料发生氧化还原靶向反应的示意图[8]；(d）氧化还原介质RM+与LiFePO4的SMRT反应的能量和电荷转移过程示意图[9]

Fig.1 (a) Schematic diagram of RFB[7];(b) Schematic diagram of RTFB; (c) The redox-targeting reaction principle of freely diffusing shuttle molecules S and insulating electrode materials such as LiFePO4[8]; (d) Energy diagram and charge transfer of SMRT reaction between RM+ and LiFePO4[9]

表1 氧化还原电对在常规和氧化还原靶向RFB中的特点

Table 1 Characteristics of redox pairs in conventional RFB and RTFB

场景	电对的作用	电对的溶解度要求	电对与电池性能关联
常规RFB	储能介质	大于1 mol/L	决定能量密度、功率性能
氧化还原靶向RFB	传递能量+储能	大于0.05 mol/L	决定功率性能

图2 （a）部分金属离子的标准电极电势[16]；（b）部分有机小分子的电位及等效电子浓度对比[33]；（c）部分插层材料的标准电极电势

Fig.2 (a) Redox potential of metal ions[16]; (b) Comparison of redox potential and equivalent electron concentration of organic small molecules[33]; (c) Redox potential of intercalation materials

表2 传统液流电池电化学性能

Table 2 Electrochemical performance of traditional flow batteries

指标

全钒

电池^[54]

铁铬

电池^[55]

锌铁

电池^[56]

锌溴

电池^[57]

图3 （a）基于氧化还原靶向反应的氧化还原钠离子液流电池示意图[45]；（b）氧化还原靶向钒液流电池（RT-VRB）示意图[58]；（c）氧化还原介导的锌-空气燃料电池（RM-ZAFC）的结构和操作示意图[69]；（d）基于氧化还原靶向反应的太阳能可充电电池示意图[70]

Fig.3 (a) Schematic diagram of a redox flow sodium-ion battery based on redox-targeting reaction[45]; (b) Schematic diagram of redox-targeting vanadium flow battery (RT-VRB)[58]; (c) Schematic diagram of the structure and operation of a redox mediated zinc air fuel cell (RM-ZAFC)[69]; (d) Schematic diagram of solar rechargeable batteries based on redox-targeting reaction[70]

图4 （a）基于双层电极电化学方法的反应动力学测定方法[82]；（b）标准PB和BG、Br2氧化PB和Br-还原BG的FTIR光谱[66]；（c）PB和Br2氧化PB的Fe 2p XPS光谱[66]；（d）充电前后的正极罐中NVP的XRD谱图[45]；（e）[Fe(CN)6]4-原始和部分还原PB的ND模式[66]；（f）从精修ND结果中获得的原始（底部）和还原的PB（或PW，顶部）的最可能结构[66]

Fig.4 (a) An electrochemical approach based on a double-layer electrode to determine the reaction kinetics[82]; (b) FTIR spectra of standard PB and BG, Br2-oxidized PB, and Br--reduced BG[66]; (c) Fe 2p XPS spectra of PB and Br2-oxidized PB[66]; (d) XRD patterns of NVP collected from the catholyte tank before and after charging[45]; (e) ND patterns of pristine and partially reduced PB by [Fe(CN)6]4-[66]; (f) The most probable structures of pristine (bottom) and reduced PB (or PW, top) unit cells obtained from the refinement of ND patterns[66]

图5 （a）SECM法测定氧化还原靶向反应的界面电荷转移动力学[83]；（b）添加过量锌前后DHPS电解液的原位紫外-可见光谱[84]；（c）DHPS电解液在静置、添加过量锌和放电过程中的ATR-FTIR光谱[84]；（d）平面石英反应器中还原态FL与NVP颗粒反应后的荧光显微镜图像[45]

Fig.5 (a) Interfacial charge-transfer kinetics of redox-targeting reactions measured by SECM[83]; (b) In situ UV-Vis spectra of DHPS electrolyte before and after addition of excess zinc[84]; (c) Operando ATR-FTIR spectra of DHPS electrolyte recorded during resting, after adding excess zinc and during discharge process[84]; (d) Fluorescence microscopic images of a planar quartz reactor filled with 20 mmol/L fully reduced FL upon reacting with a compact NVP granule assembly[45]

图6 （a）在SMRT系统中LiFePO4固体材料利用率与标称功率和能量的相关性[9]；（b）lgieffn-η的关系图（含极化曲线）[84]；（c）NVP/MPTZ体系中SMRT反应的动力学数据[45]；（d）LFP30被[Fe(CN)6]3-氧化的动力学[85]

Fig.6 (a) Utilization of LiFePO4 as a function of power in an SMRT system and correlation of power and energy at different utilizations of solid material[9]; (b) lgieffn- η relationship (including polarization curve)[84]; (c) Kinetic data of SMRT reaction in NVP/MPTZ system[45];(d) Oxidation kinetics of LFP30 oxidized by [Fe(CN)6]3- [85]

图7 （a）活性材料储能罐[10]；（b）一个装满LiFePO4颗粒瓶子的照片[9]；（c）去除某种物质的吸附柱[88]；（d）一种污水处理装置[89]；（e）氧化还原靶向液流电池储能技术研究的展望

Fig.7 (a) An energy-storage tank filled with active materials[10]; (b) Photograph of a bottle filled with LiFePO4 processed into granules[9]; (c) Adsorption column to remove a substance[88]; (d) The utility model relates to a sewage treatment device[89]; (e) Outlook for future study of redox-targeting flow battery energy storage technology

参考文献 61

62	Li G C, Yang L Q, Jiang X, et al. A multi-electron redox mediator for redox-targeting lithium-sulfur flow batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 378: 418-422.
63	Self E C, Delnick F M, Ruther R E, et al. High-capacity organic radical mediated phosphorus anode for sodium-based redox flow batteries[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2019, 4(11): 2593-2600.
64	Yu J Z, Fan L, Yan R T, et al. Redox targeting-based aqueous redox flow lithium battery[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3(10): 2314-2320.
65	吴晓宏, 贾鑫, 秦伟, 等. 一种基于氧化还原靶向反应的中性水系液流锂电池: 113258114B[P]. 2022-04-08.
	Wu X H, Jia X, Qin W, et al. Stable and high-capacity neutral aqueous liquid flow lithium battery based on redox targeting reaction: 113258114B[P]. 2022-04-08.
66	Chen Y, Zhou M Y, Xia Y H, et al. A stable and high-capacity redox targeting-based electrolyte for aqueous flow batteries[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(9): 2255-2267.
67	Zhang J L, Li L Y, Nie Z M, et al. Effects of additives on the stability of electrolytes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2011, 41(10): 1215-1221.
68	Páez T, Zhang F F, Muñoz M Á, et al. The redox-mediated nickel-metal hydride flow battery[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12(1): 2102866.
69	Zhang H, Huang S Q, Salla M, et al. A redox-mediated zinc-air fuel cell[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2022, 7(8): 2565-2575.
70	Fan L, Jia C K, Zhu Y G, et al. Redox targeting of Prussian blue: toward low-cost and high energy density redox flow battery and solar rechargeable battery[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2017, 2(3): 615-621.
71	Rahman M A, Wang X J, Wen C E. High energy density metal-air batteries: a review[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013, 160(10): A1759-A1771.
72	Zhu Y G, Jia C K, Yang J, et al. Dual redox catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions: towards a redox flow Li-O₂ battery[J]. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51(46): 9451-9454.
73	Zhang F F, Gao M Q, Huang S Q, et al. Redox targeting of energy materials for energy storage and conversion[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(25): 2104562.
74	Amunátegui B, Ibáñez A, Sierra M, et al. Electrochemical energy storage for renewable energy integration: zinc-air flow batteries[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2018, 48(6): 627-637.
75	Gao M Q, Song Y X, Zou X, et al. A redox-mediated iron-air fuel cell for sustainable and scalable power generation[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2023, 13(38): 2301868.
76	Akbarzadeh A, Wadowski T. Heat pipe-based cooling systems for photovoltaic cells under concentrated solar radiation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 1996, 16(1): 81-87.
77	Zhang H, Zhang F F, Yu J Z, et al. Redox targeting-based thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle flow cell for enhanced low-grade heat harnessing[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(5): e2006234.
78	Zhang H, Lek D G, Huang S Q, et al. Efficient low-grade heat conversion and storage with an activity-regulated redox flow cell via a thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(34): e2202266.
79	Yan S, Huang S P, Xu H, et al. Redox targeting-based neutral aqueous flow battery with high energy density and low cost[J]. ChemSusChem, 2023, 16(19): e202300710.
80	Vorotyntsev M A, Zader P A. Simulation of mediator-catalysis process inside redox flow battery[J]. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2022, 58(11): 1041-1056.
81	Lee G, Wong C M, Sevov C S. Single vs dual shuttle cycling of polyferrocenyl cathodes for redox targeting flow batteries[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2022, 7(10): 3337-3344.
82	Jennings J R, Huang Q Z, Wang Q. Kinetics of Li _x FePO₄ lithiation/delithiation by ferrocene-based redox mediators: an electrochemical approach[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2015, 119(31): 17522-17528.
83	Yan R T, Ghilane J, Phuah K C, et al. Determining Li⁺-coupled redox targeting reaction kinetics of battery materials with scanning electrochemical microscopy[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9(3): 491-496.
84	Huang S Q, Yuan Z Z, Salla M, et al. A redox-mediated zinc electrode for ultra-robust deep-cycle redox flow batteries[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023, 16(2): 438-445.
1	Yang Z G, Zhang J L, Kintner-Meyer M C, et al. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2011, 111(5): 3577-3613.
2	Krishna R, Dhass A D, Arya A, et al. An assessment of the strategies for the energy-critical elements necessary for the development of sustainable energy sources[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023, 30(39): 90276-90297.
3	Chen H, Zhang X Y, Zhang S R, et al. A comparative study of iron-vanadium and all-vanadium flow battery for large scale energy storage[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 429: 132403.
4	Soloveichik G L. Flow batteries: current status and trends[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(20): 11533-11558.
5	Thaller L H. Electrically rechargeable REDOX flow cell: US3996064[P]. 1976-12-07.
6	Huang Q Z, Wang Q. Next-generation, high-energy-density redox flow batteries[J]. ChemPlusChem, 2015, 80(2): 312-322.
7	Pan F, Wang Q. Redox species of redox flow batteries: a review[J]. Molecules, 2015, 20(11): 20499-20517.
8	Wang Q, Zakeeruddin S M, Wang D Y, et al. Redox targeting of insulating electrode materials: a new approach to high-energy-density batteries[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English), 2006, 45(48): 8197-8200.
9	Zhou M Y, Huang Q Z, Pham T T N, et al. Nernstian-potential-driven redox-targeting reactions of battery materials[J]. Chem, 2017, 3(6): 1036-1049.
10	Yan R T, Wang Q. Redox-targeting-based flow batteries for large-scale energy storage[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(47): e1802406.
11	Huang Q Z, Li H, Grätzel M, et al. Reversible chemical delithiation/lithiation of LiFePO₄: towards a redox flow lithium-ion battery[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2013, 15(6): 1793-1797.
12	Wang Q, Evans N, Zakeeruddin S M, et al. Molecular wiring of insulators: charging and discharging electrode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries by molecular charge transport layers[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129(11): 3163-3167.
13	Li Z N, Jiang T L, Ali M, et al. Recent progress in organic species for redox flow batteries[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2022, 50: 105-138.
14	Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices[J]. Science, 2011, 334(6058): 928-935.
15	Wei X L, Xu W, Huang J H, et al. Radical compatibility with nonaqueous electrolytes and its impact on an all-organic redox flow battery[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English), 2015, 54(30): 8684-8687.
16	Wang W, Luo Q T, Li B, et al. Recent progress in redox flow battery research and development[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2013, 23(8): 970-986.
17	Zhang H M, Lu W J, Li X F. Progress and perspectives of flow battery technologies[J]. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2019, 2(3): 492-506.
18	Gong K, Xu F, Grunewald J B, et al. All-soluble all-iron aqueous redox-flow battery[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2016, 1(1): 89-93.
19	Bae C, Roberts E P L, Chakrabarti M H, et al. All-chromium redox flow battery for renewable energy storage[J]. International Journal of Green Energy, 2011, 8(2): 248-264.
20	Sanz L, Lloyd D, Magdalena E, et al. Description and performance of a novel aqueous all-copper redox flow battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 268: 121-128.
21	Rahbani N, de Silva P, Baudrin E. Density functional theory-based protocol to calculate the redox potentials of first-row transition metal complexes for aqueous redox targeting flow batteries[J]. ChemSusChem, 2023, 16(18): e202300482.
22	Modiba P, Matoetoe M, Crouch A M. Kinetics study of transition metal complexes (Ce-DTPA, Cr-DTPA and V-DTPA) for redox flow battery applications[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 94: 336-343.
23	Cappillino P J, Pratt H D III, Hudak N S, et al. Application of redox non-innocent ligands to non-aqueous flow battery electrolytes[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2014, 4(1): 1300566.
24	Holland-Cunz M V, Cording F, Friedl J, et al. Redox flow batteries— concepts and chemistries for cost-effective energy storage[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 2018, 12(2): 198-224.
85	Vivo-Vilches J F, Nadeina A, Rahbani N, et al. LiFePO₄-ferri/ferrocyanide redox targeting aqueous posolyte: set-up, efficiency and kinetics[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 488: 229387.
86	Zhang L Y, Feng R Z, Wang W, et al. Emerging chemistries and molecular designs for flow batteries[J]. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2022, 6: 524-543.
87	Xia L, Long T, Li W Y, et al. Highly stable vanadium redox-flow battery assisted by redox-mediated catalysis[J]. Small, 2020, 16(38): e2003321.
88	Pallavicini J, Fedeli M, Scolieri G D, et al. Digital twin-based optimization and demo-scale validation of absorption columns using sodium hydroxide/water mixtures for the purification of biogas streams subject to impurity fluctuations[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 219: 119466.
89	Naha A, Antony S, Nath S, et al. A hypothetical model of multi-layered cost-effective wastewater treatment plant integrating microbial fuel cell and nanofiltration technology: a comprehensive review on wastewater treatment and sustainable remediation[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2023, 323: 121274.
25	Giri S, Dash I. Ferrocene to functionalized ferrocene: a versatile redox-active electrolyte for high-performance aqueous and non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2023, 11(31): 16458-16493.
26	Ding Y, Zhang C K, Zhang L Y, et al. Molecular engineering of organic electroactive materials for redox flow batteries[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47(1): 69-103.
27	Wei X L, Cosimbescu L, Xu W, et al. Towards high-performance nonaqueous redox flow electrolyte via ionic modification of active species[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(1): 1400678.
28	Cong G T, Zhou Y C, Li Z J, et al. A highly concentrated catholyte enabled by a low-melting-point ferrocene derivative[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2017, 2(4): 869-875.
29	Pan F, Yang J, Huang Q, et al. Redox targeting of anatase TiO₂ for redox flow lithium-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2014, 4(15): 1400567.
30	Skyllas-Kazacos M, Kazacos G, Poon G, et al. Recent advances with UNSW vanadium-based redox flow batteries[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2010, 34(2): 182-189.
31	Shin K, Lee J H, Heo J, et al. Current status and challenges for practical flowless Zn-Br batteries[J]. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2022, 32: 100898.
32	Huskinson B, Marshak M P, Suh C, et al. A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery[J]. Nature, 2014, 505: 195-198.
33	Zhang C K, Li X F. Perspective on organic flow batteries for large-scale energy storage[J]. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2021, 30: 100836.
34	Wang W, Xu W, Cosimbescu L, et al. Anthraquinone with tailored structure for a nonaqueous metal-organic redox flow battery[J]. Chemical Communications, 2012, 48(53): 6669-6671.
35	DeBruler C, Hu B, Moss J, et al. A sulfonate-functionalized viologen enabling neutral cation exchange, aqueous organic redox flow batteries toward renewable energy storage[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3(3): 663-668.
36	Zhao Z M, Liu X H, Zhang M Q, et al. Development of flow battery technologies using the principles of sustainable chemistry[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2023, 52(17): 6031-6074.
37	Zhang J, Lai L, Wang H, et al. Energy storage mechanisms of anode materials for potassium ion batteries[J]. Materials Today Energy, 2021, 21: 100747.
38	Zanzola E, Gentil S, Gschwend G, et al. Solid electrochemical energy storage for aqueous redox flow batteries: the case of copper hexacyanoferrate[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 321: 134704.
39	Meng Y T, Nie C H, Guo W J, et al. Inorganic cathode materials for potassium ion batteries[J]. Materials Today Energy, 2022, 25: 100982.
40	Wang X, Zhou M Y, Zhang F F, et al. Redox targeting of energy materials[J]. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2021, 29: 100743.
41	Braconnier J J, Delmas C, Fouassier C, et al. Comportement electrochimique des phases Na_xCoO₂ [J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 1980, 15(12): 1797-1804.
42	Padhi A K, Nanjundaswamy K S, Goodenough J B. Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1997, 144(4): 1188.
43	Huang Q Z, Yang J, Ng C B, et al. A redox flow lithium battery based on the redox targeting reactions between LiFePO₄ and iodide[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(3): 917-921.
44	Zhu Y G, Du Y H, Jia C K, et al. Unleashing the power and energy of LiFePO₄-based redox flow lithium battery with a bifunctional redox mediator[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(18): 6286-6289.
45	Zhou M Y, Chen Y, Zhang Q Q, et al. Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ as the sole solid energy storage material for redox flow sodium-ion battery[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(30): 1901188.
46	Shea J J, Luo C. Organic electrode materials for metal ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(5): 5361-5380.
47	Visco S J, Mailhe C C, de Jonghe L C, et al. A novel class of organosulfur electrodes for energy storage[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1989, 136(3): 661.
48	Su Y Z, Dong W, Zhang J H, et al. Poly[bis(2-aminophenyloxy)disulfide]: a polyaniline derivative containing disulfide bonds as a cathode material for lithium battery[J]. Polymer, 2007, 48(1): 165-173.
49	Schröter E, Stolze C, Meyer J, et al. Organic redox targeting flow battery utilizing a hydrophilic polymer and its in-operando characterization via state-of-charge monitoring of the redox mediator[J]. ChemSusChem, 2023, 16(14): e202300296.
50	Schröter E, Stolze C, Saal A, et al. All-organic redox targeting with a single redox moiety: combining organic radical batteries and organic redox flow batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(5): 6638-6648.
51	Lakraychi A E, Deunf E, Fahsi K, et al. An air-stable lithiated cathode material based on a 1,4-benzenedisulfonate backbone for organic Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(39): 19182-19189.
52	Zhang H C, Huang Q H, Xia X, et al. Aqueous organic redox-targeting flow battery based on Nernstian-potential-driven anodic redox-targeting reactions[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10(12): 6740-6747.
53	Zanzola E, Dennison C R, Battistel A, et al. Redox solid energy boosters for flow batteries: polyaniline as a case study[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 235: 664-671.
54	Li L, Kim S, Wang W, et al. A stable vanadium redox‐flow battery with high energy density for large‐scale energy storage[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2011, 1(3): 394-400.
55	Waters S E, Robb B H, Marshak M P. Effect of chelation on iron-chromium redox flow batteries[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5(6): 1758-1762.
56	Yuan Z Z, Duan Y Q, Liu T, et al. Toward a low-cost alkaline zinc-iron flow battery with a polybenzimidazole custom membrane for stationary energy storage[J]. iScience, 2018, 3: 40-49.
57	Mahmood A, Zheng Z, Chen Y. Zinc-bromine batteries: challenges, prospective solutions, and future[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(3): e2305561.
58	Cheng Y H, Wang X, Huang S P, et al. Redox targeting-based vanadium redox-flow battery[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2019, 4(12): 3028-3035.
59	Jia C K, Pan F, Zhu Y G, et al. High-energy density nonaqueous all redox flow lithium battery enabled with a polymeric membrane[J]. Science Advances, 2015, 1(10): e1500886.
60	Pan F, Huang Q Z, Huang H, et al. High-energy density redox flow lithium battery with unprecedented voltage efficiency[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28(7): 2052-2057.
61	Li J F, Yang L Q, Yang S L, et al. The application of redox targeting principles to the design of rechargeable Li-S flow batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(24): 1501808.

[1]	吴希, 孙博, 刘银东, 齐传磊, 陈凯毅, 王路海, 许崇, 李永峰. 钠离子电池沥青基碳负极材料制备技术研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1270-1283.
[2]	贾旭东, 杨博龙, 程前, 李雪丽, 向中华. 分步负载金属法制备铁钴双金属位点高效氧还原电催化剂[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1578-1593.
[3]	严孝清, 赵瑛, 张宇哲, 欧鸿辉, 黄起中, 胡华贵, 杨贵东. 五重孪晶铜纳米线@聚吡咯制备及其电催化硝酸盐还原制氨[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1519-1532.
[4]	孙铭泽, 黄鹤来, 牛志强. 铂基氧还原催化剂：从单晶电极到拓展表面纳米材料[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1256-1269.
[5]	李昂, 赵振宇, 李洪, 高鑫. 微波诱导高分散Pd/FeP催化剂构筑及其电催化性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1594-1606.
[6]	潘娜, 田昌, 怀兰坤, 刘玉玉, 张芬芬, 高晓梅, 刘伟, 闫良国, 赵艳侠. 聚合铝钛基絮凝剂的合成与应用[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(3): 1009-1018.
[7]	吴吉昊, 陈涛, 刘思宇, 刘梦柯, 杨卷. 双功能活化制备沥青基硬炭用于钠离子电池负极[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(3): 1019-1027.
[8]	尹玉华, 方灿, 易清风, 李广. 不同碳导电剂对铁-空气电池性能的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(2): 685-694.
[9]	闻文, 王慧艳, 周静红, 曹约强, 周兴贵. 石墨负极颗粒对锂离子电池容量衰减及SEI膜生长影响的模拟研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 366-376.
[10]	齐元帅, 彭文朝, 李阳, 张凤宝, 范晓彬. 电化学脱盐机理及相关研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 171-189.
[11]	王婷, 王忠东, 项星宇, 何呈祥, 朱春英, 马友光, 付涛涛. 微反应器内环酯类锂电池添加剂合成研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 95-109.
[12]	胡超, 董玉明, 张伟, 张红玲, 周鹏, 徐红彬. 浓硫酸活化五氧化二钒制备高浓度全钒液流电池正极电解液[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 338-345.
[13]	程业品, 胡达清, 徐奕莎, 刘华彦, 卢晗锋, 崔国凯. 离子液体基低共熔溶剂在转化CO₂中的应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3640-3653.
[14]	胡亚丽, 胡军勇, 马素霞, 孙禹坤, 谭学诣, 黄佳欣, 杨奉源. 逆电渗析热机新型工质开发及电化学特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3513-3521.
[15]	张琦钰, 高利军, 苏宇航, 马晓博, 王翊丞, 张亚婷, 胡超. 碳基催化材料在电化学还原二氧化碳中的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2753-2772.