木质素基絮凝剂的合成与应用

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250290

化工学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (9): 4709-4722.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250290

木质素基絮凝剂的合成与应用

李泽权¹(), 蔡天宇¹, 刘家骏², 陈奇志³, 肖沛文⁴(), 徐小飞²(), 赵双良¹()

^1.广西大学省部共建特色金属材料与组合结构全寿命安全国家重点实验室，广西南宁 530004
^2.华东理工大学化工学院，上海 200237
^3.广西汇元锰业有限责任公司，广西来宾 546138
^4.中国石油勘探开发研究院提高油气采收率全国重点实验室（纳米化学重点实验室），北京 100083

收稿日期:2025-03-24 修回日期:2025-05-07 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-10-23
通讯作者: 肖沛文,徐小飞,赵双良
作者简介:李泽权（1992—），男，博士，讲师，zequan@gxu.edu.cn
基金资助:
广西大学省部共建特色金属材料与组合结构全寿命安全国家重点实验室开放课题(MMCS2023OF06);广西重点研发计划项目(AB23075211)

Synthesis and application of lignin-based flocculants

Zequan LI¹(), Tianyu CAI¹, Jiajun LIU², Qizhi CHEN³, Peiwen XIAO⁴(), Xiaofei XU²(), Shuangliang ZHAO¹()

^1.State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
^2.School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
^3.Guangxi Huiyuan Manganese Industry Limited Liability Company, Laibin 546138, Guangxi, China
^4.National Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery (Key Laboratory of Nanochemistry), China National Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2025-03-24 Revised:2025-05-07 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-10-23
Contact: Peiwen XIAO, Xiaofei XU, Shuangliang ZHAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

木质素作为自然界储量丰富的可再生高分子化合物，因其独特的结构特性及环境友好性，在污水处理领域展现出巨大应用潜力。系统综述了木质素基絮凝剂的制备策略、絮凝机理、关键影响因素及其实际应用问题。通过接枝共聚、胺化反应、交联改性和磺化改性等化学手段，可有效调控木质素分子量，优化官能团活性，并优化空间构型，从而显著提升其絮凝性能。电荷中和、吸附桥接及网捕作用是木质素絮凝剂的絮凝机理。絮凝效率受浓度、pH和温度等因素的协同影响。实验研究表明，木质素基絮凝剂在浊度去除、染料去除及重金属去除方面表现优异。如对阴离子染料的去除率可达94%以上，对重金属离子（如Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺）的去除率接近100%。与传统絮凝剂相比，木质素基絮凝剂具有低毒、可生物降解的优点，但其实际应用仍面临改性工艺复杂、潜在毒性试剂残留等问题。为推动木质素基絮凝剂的规模化应用，仍需进一步优化绿色改性工艺，平衡性能需求与环保要求，并建立高效可持续的合成路径和应用方案。

关键词: 木质素, 絮凝剂, 化学反应, 生物质, 再生能源

Abstract:

As a renewable polymer compound with abundant reserves in nature, lignin has shown great application potential in the field of sewage treatment due to its unique structural characteristics and environmental friendliness. We review the preparation strategies, flocculation mechanisms, key influencing factors, and practical application challenges of lignin-based flocculants. Through chemical modification approaches such as graft copolymerization, amination, cross-linking, and sulfonation, the molecular weight of lignin can be effectively regulated, with functional group activity optimized, and spatial configuration tailored. As a result, the flocculation performance can be significantly enhanced. Flocculation mechanisms include charge neutralisation, adsorption bridging, and sweep coagulation. Flocculation efficiency is synergistically influenced by factors such as concentration, pH and temperature. Experimental studies have shown that lignin-based flocculants exhibit excellent performance in turbidity removal, dye removal, and heavy metal removal. For example, the removal rate of anionic dyes can reach more than 94%, and the removal rate of heavy metal ions (such as Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺) is close to 100%. Compared with conventional flocculants, lignin-based flocculants offer advantages of low toxicity and biodegradability. However, their practical application still faces challenges such as complex modification processes and potential residual toxic reagents. To promote large-scale application, further optimization of green modification techniques is required to balance performance requirements with environmental considerations, along with establishing efficient and sustainable synthesis pathways and application protocols.

Key words: lignin, flocculant, chemical reaction, biomass, renewable energy

中图分类号:

TQ 317

李泽权, 蔡天宇, 刘家骏, 陈奇志, 肖沛文, 徐小飞, 赵双良. 木质素基絮凝剂的合成与应用[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(9): 4709-4722.

Zequan LI, Tianyu CAI, Jiajun LIU, Qizhi CHEN, Peiwen XIAO, Xiaofei XU, Shuangliang ZHAO. Synthesis and application of lignin-based flocculants[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(9): 4709-4722.

图/表 11

图1 木质素的几种典型键的化学模型结构及三种苯基丙烷前体和基本单元

Fig. 1 Chemical model structures of several typical bonds in lignin and three phenylpropane precursors, and basic units

图2 传统絮凝剂与木质素基絮凝剂的性能对比

Fig. 2 Comparison between the properties of conventional flocculants and lignin flocculants

表1 用于制备木质素基絮凝剂的接枝共聚反应的单体示例

Table 1 Examples of monomers used in graft copolymerization reactions for the preparation of lignin-based flocculants

类型	单体
非离子型	丙烯酰胺（AM）
阳离子型	丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）
	甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DMC）
	3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵（CHPTAC）
	(3-丙烯酰胺丙基)三甲基氯化铵（ATMAC）
	二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDMAC）
阴离子型	丙烯酸（AA）
	苯乙烯磺酸（SSA）
	2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）

图3 通过将DMC和AM接枝到酶解木质素上形成的絮凝剂的合成路线

Fig. 3 Synthesis route of flocculants formed by grafting DMC and AM onto enzymatic hydrolysis lignin

图4 木质素的曼尼希反应

Fig.4 Mannich reaction of lignin

表2 木质素曼尼希反应中常用的脂肪胺与醛类

Table 2 Commonly used aliphatic amines and aldehydes in lignin Mannich reaction

脂肪胺与醛类	种类	举例
脂肪胺	多胺	乙二胺、己二胺、三乙基四胺、四乙基五胺
脂肪胺	氨基酸	甘氨酸、亚氨基二乙酸
醛类	单醛	甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、苯甲醛、糠醛
	二醛	戊二醛、乙二醛
	不饱和醛	丙烯醛、丁烯醛

图5 木质素磺酸钠交联产物的合成路线

Fig.5 Synthetic routes to the cross-linked products of sodium lignosulfonate

图6 氨基和磺化基团合成氨基功能化和磺酸化木质素的合成路线[41]

Fig. 6 A synthetic route to synthesize amino-functionalized and sulfonated lignans by combining amino and sulfonated groups[41]

图7 絮凝机理示意图

Fig.7 Schematics of the flocculation mechanism

图8 絮凝过程的流程图

Fig.8 Flow scheme of flocculation process

图9 总结与展望

Fig.9 Summary and outlook

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木质素基絮凝剂的合成与应用

Synthesis and application of lignin-based flocculants

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