燃煤发电耦合压缩S-CO₂储能系统构建与热力学分析

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20251024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着我国“双碳”战略的深入推进，风电、光伏等间歇性可再生能源发电占比不断升高，导致电网调峰调频需求急剧增加。为显著提升传统燃煤发电机组运行灵活性，本研究提出了一种压缩超临界二氧化碳（S-CO₂）储能系统与燃煤机组耦合的方案。通过建立系统热力学模型，并基于㶲分析原理，深入研究关键运行参数对系统整体及各组成部件不可逆损失分布的影响。研究结果表明：该系统可实现68.12%的往返效率，在三种典型运行方式下的㶲效率分别为56.18%、57.84%和62.94%；S-CO₂工质流量、压缩机组入口压力及压缩机效率是对系统㶲效率影响最为显著的关键参数。研究成果可对未来建设S-CO₂储能循环工程应用奠定理论基础。

关键词: 燃煤机组, 储能, 超临界二氧化碳, ?分析

Abstract:

With the in-depth advancement of China's "dual carbon" strategy, the proportion of intermittent renewable energy generation such as wind power and photovoltaic power is constantly increasing, leading to a sharp rise in the demand for peak shaving and frequency regulation in the power grid. To significantly enhance the operational flexibility of traditional coal-fired power units, this study proposes a scheme for coupling a compressed supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) energy storage system with coal-fired units. By establishing a thermodynamic model of the system and based on the principle of exergy analysis, the influence of key operating parameters on the distribution of irreversible losses in the overall system and its components is deeply investigated. The research results show that the system can achieve a round-trip efficiency of 68.12%, with exergy efficiencies of 56.18%, 57.84%, and 62.94% under three typical operating modes; the S-CO₂ working fluid flow rate, the inlet pressure of the compressor, and the compressor efficiency are the most significant parameters affecting the exergy efficiency of the system. The research findings can lay a theoretical foundation for the future construction of CO₂ energy storage cycle engineering applications.

Key words: coal-fired power unit, energy storage, supercritical carbon dioxide, exergy analysis

中图分类号:

TK 123

王迪, 李胜杰, 崔颖晗, 孙灵芳, 李晓莉. 燃煤发电耦合压缩S-CO₂储能系统构建与热力学分析[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251024.

Di WANG, Shengjie LI, Yinghan CUI, Lingfang SUN, Xiaoli LI. Construction and thermodynamic analysis of a coupled compression S-CO₂ energy storage system for coal-fired power generation[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20251024.

图/表 22

图1 耦合压缩S-CO2储能循环的燃煤机组系统构图

Fig. 1 Configuration of the coal-fired unit system coupled with a compressed S-CO2 energy storage cycle

表1 各部件㶲分析模型

Table 1 Exergy analysis models of each component

储能部件	E_F,k	E_P,k	E_D,k
压缩机	W_com	E_2,C-E_1,C	E_F,C-E_P,C
透平	E_1,T-E_2,T	W_tur	E_F,T-E_P,T
换热器	E_3,HE-E_4,HE	E_2,HE-E_1,HE	E_F,HE-E_P,HE
储能汽轮机	E_1,ESST-E_2,ESST	W_ESST	E_F,ESST-E_P,ESST

表2 燃煤机组主要参数验证

Table 2 Verification of main parameters of coal-fired units

参数	设计值	仿真值	误差/%
发电机功率/MW	350	355	1.43
汽轮机总进汽量/(kg/s)	276.17	286.02	3.56
主蒸汽温度/℃	566	566	0
主蒸汽压力/MPa	24.2	23.1	4.5
再热蒸汽温度/℃	566	566	0
再热蒸汽压力/MPa	3.79	3.92	3.43
给水流量/(kg/s)	276.17	286.02	3.56
给水温度/℃	276.6	279.91	1.19

表3 压缩S-CO2储能循环模型验证输入

Table 3 Input for model validation of compressed S-CO2 energy storage cycle

参数	数值^[36]
压缩机入口流量/(kg/s)	100
压缩机入口温度/℃	35
压缩机入口压力/MPa	7.8
透平入口温度/℃	410
透平入口压力/MPa	29

表4 压缩S-CO2储能循环模型验证结果

Table 4 Model validation results of the compressed S-CO2 energy storage cycle

参数	仿真值	文献值^[36]	误差/%
压缩机功耗/MW	5.13	4.93	4.1
压缩机出口温度/℃	116.128	116.2	0.1
透平功率/MW	13.704	13.57	1.0
透平出口温度/℃	266.594	266.6	0.002

表5 压缩S-CO2储能循环运行主要参数

Table 5 Main operating parameters of the compressed S-CO2 energy storage cycle

参数	数值
CO₂流量/(kg/s)	50
压缩机组入口压力/MPa	8
压缩机效率/%	90
透平效率/%	90
低压储气室体积/m³	220
高压储气室体积/m³	440
储热罐温度/℃	62
环境温度/℃	25
储能时间/min	60
释能时间/min	60

表6 压缩S-CO2储能循环主要参数变化范围

Table 6 Range of main parameter variations in the compressed S-CO2 energy storage cycle

参数	设计值	取值范围
压缩机入口压力/MPa	8	7.5-8
压缩机入口流量/(kg/s)	50	50-100
2#压缩机入口压/MPa	18.5	10-20
压缩机效率/%	90	70-90

图2 入口压力对储能系统影响

Fig. 2 The influence of inlet pressure on the energy storage system

图3 入口压力对燃煤机组影响

Fig. 3 The influence of inlet pressure on coal-fired units

图4 入口流量变化对储能系统影响

Fig. 4 The impact of inlet flow variation on the energy storage system

图5 入口流量变化对机组影响

Fig. 5 Influence of inlet flow variation on the unit

图6 2#压缩机入口压力变化对储能系统影响

Fig. 6 The influence of the inlet pressure variation of Compressor No. 2 on the energy storage system

图7 2#压缩机入口压力变化对机组影响

Fig. 7 The influence of the inlet pressure change of Compressor No. 2 on the unit

图8 压缩机效率对储能系统影响

Fig. 8 The influence of compressor efficiency on energy storage systems

图9 储能汽轮机效率对燃煤机组影响

Fig. 9 The influence of energy storage steam turbine efficiency on coal-fired units

图10 三种不同工作方式对储能系统影响

Fig. 10 The influence of three different working modes on energy storage systems

图11 压缩机组入口压力对储能系统及各部件㶲效率影响

Fig. 11 The influence of the inlet pressure of the compressor unit on the exergy efficiency of the energy storage system and its components

图12 S-CO2流量对储能系统及各部件㶲效率影响

Fig. 12 The influence of S-CO2 flow rate on the exergy efficiency of the energy storage system and its components

图13 2#压缩机入口压力对储能系统及各部件㶲效率影响

Fig. 13 The influence of the inlet pressure of compressor No. 2 on the exergy efficiency of the energy storage system and its components

图14 压缩机效率对储能系统及各部件㶲效率影响

Fig. 14 Impact of compressor efficiency on the exergy efficiency of the energy storage system and components

图15 三种工作方式㶲效率

Fig. 15 Exergy efficiency of three working modes

表7 与传统储能方式对比

Table 7 Comparison with traditional energy storage methods

储能方式	往返效率/%
抽水蓄能	70-87
压缩空气储能	42-75
熔盐储能	39.2-83.5
本文结构	61-68.12

参考文献 45

[1]	申融容, 玄婉玥, 张健, 等. 面向电源侧灵活性提升的热电解耦技术综述[J]. 中国能源, 2021, 43(5): 51-59.
	Shen R R, Xuan W Y, Zhang J, et al. Summary of thermo-electrolytic coupling technology for improving power supply side flexibility[J]. Energy of China, 2021, 43(5): 51-59.
[2]	刘纹佳, 杜如雪, 王思齐, 等. 电-热转换功能型相变储热材料的研究进展及应用[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(7): 3185-3196.
	Liu W J, Du R X, Wang S Q, et al. Research status and application of functional phase change materials for electro-thermal conversion in thermal energy storage[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(7): 3185-3196.
[3]	严晓生, 王小东, 韩旭, 等. 液态压缩二氧化碳储能与火电机组耦合方案研究[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(2): 90-100.
	Yan X S, Wang X D, Han X, et al. Study on coupling scheme of liquid compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system and thermal power unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(2): 90-100.
[4]	Fütterer B, Lausterer G K, Leibbrandt S R. Improved unit dynamic response using condensate stoppage[J]. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1992, 25(1): 129-134.
[5]	Lausterer G K. Improved maneuverability of power plants for better grid stability[J]. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 1997, 30(17): 589-594.
[6]	刘吉臻, 王耀函, 曾德良, 等. 基于凝结水节流的火电机组AGC控制优化方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(23): 6918-6925.
	Liu J Z, Wang Y H, Zeng D L, et al. An AGC control method of thermal unit based on condensate throttling[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(23): 6918-6925.
[7]	李文杰, 丁宁, 陈学奇, 等. 高加旁路提升超(超)临界机组一次调频能力的研究与应用[J]. 浙江电力, 2018, 37(9): 45-49.
	Li W J, Ding N, Chen X Q, et al. Research and application of primary frequency modulation improvement of ultra-supercritical unit through high-pressure heater bypass[J]. Zhejiang Electric Power, 2018, 37(9): 45-49.
[8]	Wang W, Jing S T, Sun Y, et al. Combined heat and power control considering thermal inertia of district heating network for flexible electric power regulation[J]. Energy, 2019, 169: 988-999.
[9]	邓拓宇, 田亮, 刘吉臻. 供热机组锅炉储能与热网储能空间时间多尺度分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(2): 599-606.
	Deng T Y, Tian L, Liu J Z. Spatial and temporal multiscale analysis on energy storage in heat supply units' boiler and heat supply nets[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(2): 599-606.
[10]	Zhao Y L, Wang C Y, Liu M, et al. Improving operational flexibility by regulating extraction steam of high-pressure heaters on a 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant: a dynamic simulation[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 212: 1295-1309.
[11]	Zhou Y L, Wang D. An improved coordinated control technology for coal-fired boiler-turbine plant based on flexible steam extraction system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 125: 1047-1060.
[12]	Liu M, Zhang X W, Yang K X, et al. Comparison and sensitivity analysis of the efficiency enhancements of coal-fired power plants integrated with supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle and steam Rankine cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 198: 111918.
[13]	李建林, 袁晓冬, 郁正纲, 等. 利用储能系统提升电网电能质量研究综述[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43(8): 15-24.
	Li J L, Yuan X D, Yu Z G, et al. Comments on power quality enhancement research for power grid by energy storage system[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2019, 43(8): 15-24.
[14]	王辉, 李峻, 祝培旺, 等. 应用于火电机组深度调峰的百兆瓦级熔盐储能技术[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1760-1767.
	Wang H, Li J, Zhu P W, et al. Hundred-megawatt molten salt heat storage system for deep peak shaving of thermal power plant[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1760-1767.
[15]	梁志宏, 刘吉臻, 洪烽, 等. 电力级大功率飞轮储能系统耦合火电机组调频技术研究及工程应用[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(21): 8518-8531.
	Liang Z H, Liu J Z, Hong F, et al. Research and engineering application of frequency modulation technology of power-level high-power flywheel energy storage system coupled with thermal power unit[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(21): 8518-8531.
[16]	Sun Y, Wang L, Xu C, et al. Enhancing the operational flexibility of thermal power plants by coupling high-temperature power-to-gas[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 263: 114608.
[17]	Avgerinou H, Braimakis K, Roumpedakis T C, et al. Thermodynamic modeling and techno-economic assessment of hydrogen fuelled diabatic compressed air energy storage configurations[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 278: 127325.
[18]	Li T Y, Chen L J, Liu H C, et al. Configuration optimization for advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage considering thermal coupling characteristics[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 131: 117249.
[19]	Jiang Z R, Zhang S S, Hu Z B, et al. Analysis of compressed air energy storage system coupled with thermal storage and photothermal[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2025, 3011(1): 012008.
[20]	姜文, 黄乐清, 张松航, 等. 压缩空气储能地下储气库地质评价研究进展[J]. 煤田地质与勘探, 2025, 53(8): 62-75.
	Jiang W, Huang L Q, Zhang S H, et al. Advances in research on geological evaluation of compressed air energy storage in underground gas storage facilities[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration, 2025, 53(8): 62-75.
[21]	徐进良, 刘超, 孙恩慧, 等. 超临界二氧化碳动力循环研究进展及展望[J]. 热力发电, 2020, 49(10): 1-10.
	Xu J L, Liu C, Sun E H, et al. Review and perspective of supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2020, 49(10): 1-10.
[22]	Morandin M, Mercangöz M, Hemrle J, et al. Thermoeconomic design optimization of a thermo-electric energy storage system based on transcritical CO₂ cycles[J]. Energy, 2013, 58: 571-587.
[23]	Budt M, Wolf D, Span R, et al. A review on compressed air energy storage: Basic principles, past milestones and recent developments[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 170: 250-268.
[24]	Yang D L, Tang G H, Luo K H, et al. Integration and conversion of supercritical carbon dioxide coal-fired power cycle and high-efficiency energy storage cycle: Feasibility analysis based on a three-step strategy[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 269: 116074.
[25]	Yin L, Ju Y L, Lin Q G. An integrated solution of energy storage and CO₂ reduction: Trans-critical CO₂ energy storage system combining carbon capture with LNG cold energy[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 482: 144228.
[26]	李源, 赵明智, 徐玉杰, 等. 液态二氧化碳储能系统变工况运行特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(7): 2761-2771.
	Li Y, Zhao M Z, Xu Y J, et al. Variable-operating-condition operational characteristics of liquid carbon dioxide energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(7): 2761-2771.
[27]	He Q, Liu H, Hao Y P, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of a novel supercritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system through advanced exergy analysis[J]. Renewable Energy, 2018, 127: 835-849.
[28]	Xu W P, Zhao P, Ma N, et al. Design and performance analysis of a combined cooling, heating and power system: Integration of an isobaric compressed CO₂ energy storage and heat pump cycle[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 91: 112146.
[29]	Liu Y F, Wang Y J, Zhang Y P, et al. Design and performance analysis of compressed CO₂ energy storage of a solar power tower generation system based on the S-CO₂ Brayton cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 249: 114856.
[30]	He Z, Xu X X, Hao Y Y, et al. Investigation on dynamic characteristics of a novel isochoric-isobaric discharging compressed CO₂ energy storage system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2025, 343: 120149.
[31]	Su W, Jiao K Q, Jin X, et al. Performance analysis of a novel solar-assisted liquid CO₂ energy storage system with flexible cooling, heating and power outputs: Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects[J]. Energy, 2025, 324: 136010.
[32]	郝佳豪, 郑平洋, 越云凯, 等. 一种耦合光热的超临界二氧化碳储能发电系统性能分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(14): 5369-5381.
	Hao J H, Zheng P Y, Yue Y K, et al. Performance analysis of a supercritical carbon dioxide energy storageand power generation system with integrated photothermal unit[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(14): 5369-5381.
[33]	He T Y, Cao Y, Si F Q, Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with a combined heating and power unit[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 277: 116618.
[34]	Zheng Q Y, Zhang Z T, Yang J L, et al. Thermodynamic and economic analysis of compressed carbon dioxide energy storage systems based on different storage modes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 243: 122669.
[35]	Wang C Y, Liu M, Li B X, et al. Thermodynamic analysis on the transient cycling of coal-fired power plants: Simulation study of a 660 MW supercritical unit[J]. Energy, 2017, 122: 505-527.
[36]	Xu C, Zhang Q, Yang Z P, et al. An improved supercritical coal-fired power generation system incorporating a supplementary supercritical CO₂cycle[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 231: 1319-1329.
[37]	Rehman S, Al-Hadhrami L M, Alam M M. Pumped hydro energy storage system: a technological review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 44: 586-598.
[38]	Pérez-Díaz J I, Chazarra M, García-González J, et al. Trends and challenges in the operation of pumped-storage hydropower plants[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 44: 767-784.
[39]	Kong Y G, Kong Z G, Liu Z Q, et al. Pumped storage power stations in China: The past, the present, and the future[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 71: 720-731.
[40]	Jankowski M, Pałac A, Sornek K, et al. Status and development perspectives of the compressed air energy storage (CAES) technologies: a literature review[J]. Energies, 2024, 17(9): 2064.
[41]	Miao X X, Zhang K, Wang J G, et al. Coupled thermodynamic and thermomechanical modelling for compressed air energy storage in underground mine tunnels[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2024, 176: 105717.
[42]	Rabi A M, Radulovic J, Buick J M. Comprehensive review of compressed air energy storage (CAES) technologies[J]. Thermo, 2023, 3(1): 104-126.
[43]	Zhu C, Zhang G M, Zhu K Y, et al. A molten salt energy storage integrated with combined heat and power system: Scheme design and performance analysis[J]. Energy, 2024, 313: 133755.
[44]	Ladkany S, Culbreth W, Loyd N. Molten salts and applications III: worldwide molten salt technology developments in energy production and storage[J]. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 2018, 12(11): 533-544.
[45]	Xu J, Liu W H, Wang Z P, et al. Comparative investigation on the thermodynamic performance of coal-fired power plant integrating with the molten salt thermal storage system[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 89: 111738.