低品位含铌矿物中铌的提取工艺研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200901

化工学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (4): 1847-1862.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20200901

低品位含铌矿物中铌的提取工艺研究进展

孙林泉^1,^2,³(),王丽娜^1,²,于宏东^1,²,苏慧^1,^2,³,陈德胜^1,²,齐涛^1,²()

^1.中国科学院过程工程研究所湿法冶金清洁生产技术国家工程实验室，北京 100190
^2.中国科学院绿色过程与工程重点实验室，北京 100190
^3.中国科学院大学化工学院，北京 100049

收稿日期:2020-07-06 修回日期:2020-09-28 出版日期:2021-04-05 发布日期:2021-04-05
通讯作者: 齐涛
作者简介:孙林泉（1996—），男，博士研究生，lqsun@ ipe.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目(QYZDJ-SSW-JSC021);中国科学院创新交叉团队项目

Research progress on extraction technologies of niobium from low-grade niobium-bearing minerals

SUN Linquan^1,^2,³(),WANG Lina^1,²,YU Hongdong^1,²,SU Hui^1,^2,³,CHEN Desheng^1,²,QI Tao^1,²()

^1.National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^3.School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2020-07-06 Revised:2020-09-28 Online:2021-04-05 Published:2021-04-05
Contact: QI Tao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着电子、材料等尖端行业的迅速发展，铌因其独特的物化性质已被视为关键战略性金属资源，其需求量逐年递增，铌的冶金提取技术也受到越来越多的关注。我国白云鄂博地区铌资源丰富，但因铌品位低、矿相复杂、选矿分离难度大，目前尚未有效地开发利用。研究开发适用于我国低品位铌资源的提铌技术，具有重要的研究价值和战略意义。综述了主要的低品位铌资源提铌技术的研究现状，包括火法还原法、酸分解法、碱分解法、氯化法和火法-湿法联合法等，探讨了各种技术工艺的优势和特点，以及铌低品位条件对提铌效果的影响。近年来开发的亚熔盐法和焙烧-酸浸联合法也用于低品位铌资源提铌，这两类方法展现了良好的提取效果和应用价值，具有较为广阔的前景。前者由于分解率高、环境负担小而具有较大的潜力。现有研究表明后者可以较为高效地分解低品位铌矿，铌浸出率可达到98%。最后，对目前低品位铌资源提铌方法存在的问题和未来研究发展方向进行了总结和展望。

关键词: 铌资源, 低品位, 回收, 还原, 分解, 污染, 联合法

Abstract:

With the rapid development of cutting-edge industries such as electronics and materials, niobium has been regarded as a crucial strategic metal resource due to its unique physicochemical properties. The demand for niobium is increasing year by year, and the metallurgical extraction technologies of niobium have also received more and more attention. China's Bayan Obo region is rich in niobium resource, but it has not been effectively exploited and utilized yet as a result of the low-grade niobium, complicated ore phases, and difficulty in beneficiation and separation. Developing suitable niobium extraction technologies from low-grade niobium resources in China has important research value and strategic significance. In this review, the research status of main niobium extraction technologies from low-grade niobium resources including pyrometallurgical reduction, acid decomposition, alkali decomposition, chlorination, and combined pyrometallurgy-hydrometallurgy technology is summarized. The advantages and characteristics of various technical processes above are concluded. The effect of low-grade niobium on niobium extraction is discussed. Besides, the sub-melting salt method and the combined roasting-acid leaching method developed in recent years are also used to extract niobium from low-grade niobium resources. These two methods demonstrate great extraction effect and application value, and expansive prospects. The former has great potential owing to its high decomposition rate and light environmental burden. Existing studies have shown that the latter is able to decompose low-grade niobium ores more efficiently, and the leaching rate of niobium reaches 98%. Finally, the problems existing in the current technologies of niobium extraction from low-grade niobium resources and future research and development directions are summarized and previewed.

Key words: niobium resources, low-grade, recovery, reduction, decomposition, pollution, combined technology

中图分类号:

O 614.5

孙林泉, 王丽娜, 于宏东, 苏慧, 陈德胜, 齐涛. 低品位含铌矿物中铌的提取工艺研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(4): 1847-1862.

SUN Linquan, WANG Lina, YU Hongdong, SU Hui, CHEN Desheng, QI Tao. Research progress on extraction technologies of niobium from low-grade niobium-bearing minerals[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(4): 1847-1862.

图/表 9

表1 世界主要铌矿（矿山）原矿和精矿铌品位（以Nb2O5计）

Table 1 Niobium (Nb2O5) grade of raw ores and concentrates of main niobium ores (mines) in the world

国家	铌矿（矿山）	主要矿物	原矿品位/%	精矿品位/%	文献
巴西	Araxa	烧绿石	1.5～3.5	55～60	[3,6]
巴西	Catalao	烧绿石	0.8～1.5	63.7	[5,6]
加拿大	Niobec	烧绿石	0.4	58	[6]
加拿大	Aley	烧绿石、铌铁矿	0.5	—	[3]
加拿大	Nechalcho	烧绿石、褐钇铌矿	0.4	—	[3]
沙特	Ghuray yah	烧绿石、铌铁矿	0.28	—	[3]
肯尼亚	Mrima Hill	烧绿石	0.7	—	[3]
美国	EIK Creek	烧绿石	0.79	—	[3]
澳大利亚	Mt Weld	烧绿石、铌铁金红石	1.4	—	[3]
加纳	Mabou nie	烧绿石、铌铁矿	1.2	—	[3]
中国	白云鄂博	铌铁金红石、钕易解石	0.10～0.15	1.0～5.0	[3,5]
中国	宜春	铌钽铁矿、细晶石	0.008	25	[5]

图1 高炉-转炉-电炉-电炉工艺流程

Fig.1 Flow diagram of blast furnace-converter-electric furnace-electric furnace

图2 含碳冷固结球团二步电炉冶炼工艺流程

Fig.2 Flow diagram of Nb-Fe smelting with cold consolidated pellets containing carbon by two-step electric furnace

图3 三相交流工频等离子体冶炼工艺流程

Fig.3 Flow diagram of Nb-Fe smelting by three-phase AC power frequency plasma

图4 磁化焙烧-磁选-等离子冶炼工艺流程

Fig.4 Flow diagram of magnetizing roasting-magnetic separation-plasma smelting process

图5 选择性还原-熔分-冶炼工艺流程

Fig.5 Flow diagram of selective reduction-melting-smelting process

图6 隧道窑式选择性还原-中频电炉熔分-直流电弧炉碳热还原工艺流程

Fig.6 Flow diagram of selective reduction in tunnel kiln-smelting of intermediate frequency electric furnace-DC electric arc furnace carbothermal reduction process

表2 低品位含铌矿物的火法还原冶炼研究

Table 2 Low-grade niobium-containing minerals by pyrometallurgy

原料	冶炼方法	产品	文献
铁水	铁水分段预处理、喷雾法连续提铌、氧气底（或顶）吹转炉提铌、空气侧吹转炉提铌	低级铌铁产品	[35]
含铌铁水	中频感应电炉，脱硅-提铌-铌渣直接合金化	低硅含铌半钢	[36]
含铌铁矿	CO/CO₂混合气体选择性热还原含铌铁矿、盐酸酸浸	含Nb₂O₅ 29.6%，Nb/Fe=6，Nb/P≥12的酸浸渣	[37]
含铌铁精矿	煤基直接还原	Nb₂O₅ 1.75%，回收率94%	[38]

图7 KOH焙烧-水浸回收铌钽工艺流程

Fig.7 Flow diagram of recovery of niobium and tantalum by KOH roasting-water leaching process

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低品位含铌矿物中铌的提取工艺研究进展

Research progress on extraction technologies of niobium from low-grade niobium-bearing minerals

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