图1 乳液液滴跨界面运动过程中的介尺度结构调控。（a）乳液液滴跨界面运动过程的示意图[21]；（b）微通道中水相液滴W1由连续油相O1至连续水相W2的跨界面运动过程，以及其液滴界面上两亲分子聚集态介尺度结构的示意图[21]

Fig.1 Regulation of meso-scale structures of emulsion droplets during their trans-interfacial transfer process. (a) Schematic illustration of the trans-interfacial transfer process of an emulsion droplet[21]. (b) Schematic illustration of the trans-interfacial transfer of aqueous droplets (W1) from continuous oil phase (O1) to continuous water phase (W2), and the aggregation meso-scale structures of amphiphilic molecules at the droplet interface[21]

图2 乳液液滴融合过程中的介尺度结构调控。不同温度下液滴的赤道位置（a）和顶部位置（b）界面上荧光PNIPAM纳米颗粒的排布结构[17]；（c）温控触发融合过程中液滴界面上荧光PNIPAM纳米颗粒的排布结构变化[17]；（d）T型微通道中经金属微针介导的液滴融合过程示意图[18]；T型微通道中经金属微针介导的单乳液滴对的融合过程（e）以及单乳液滴和双重乳液液滴融合过程（f）的高速摄像图[18]

Fig.2 Regulation of meso-scale structures of emulsion droplets during their coalescence process. Packing structures of fluorescent PNIPAM nanoparticles on the equator (a) and the top (b) of a droplet at different temperatures[17]. (c) Packing structural change of fluorescent PNIPAM nanoparticles at droplet interface during the temperature-triggered coalescence process[17]. (d) Schematic illustration showing the metal-microneedle-induced coalescence of emulsion droplets in T-junction microchannels[18]. High-speed snapshots showing the metal-microneedle-induced coalescence between two single emulsion droplets (e), and between one single emulsion droplet and one double emulsion droplet (f)[18]

图3 乳液液滴在浸润吞并过程和反浸润演化过程中的介尺度结构调控。（a）液滴经选择性浸润吞并形成双重乳液液滴的示意图[20]；微通道中液滴经浸润吞并形成单核双重乳液液滴（b）、多核双重乳液液滴（c）以及三重乳液液滴（d）的高速摄像图[20]；（e）球形核壳型双重乳液液滴经反浸润演化形成非球形橡子型乳液液滴的示意图[22]

Fig.3 Regulation of meso-scale structures of emulsion droplets during their wetting-induced engulfment and dewetting-induced evolution processes. (a) Schematic illustration showing the formation of double emulsion droplets from selective wetting-induced engulfment between single emulsion droplets[20]. High-speed snapshots showing the formation process of single-core double emulsion droplets (b), multi-core double emulsion droplets (c), and triple emulsion droplets (d) via wetting-induced engulfment[20]. (e) Schematic illustration showing the dewetting-induced evolution from spherical core-shell double emulsion droplets to non-spherical acorn-like emulsion droplet[22]

图4 界面传质与自组装对微颗粒材料介尺度结构的调控。经可控跨界面传质和自组装过程由W/W型乳液液滴模板制备实心（a）和中空（b）PAH/PSS聚电解质微颗粒的示意图[23]；（c）经可控跨界面传质和自组装过程由W/W型乳液液滴模板制备实心金纳米颗粒/PSS微颗粒的示意图[37]；（d）实心金纳米颗粒/PSS微颗粒的扫描电镜图[37]；（e）实心金纳米颗粒/PSS微颗粒制备过程的光学显微镜图[37]

Fig.4 Regulation of the meso-scale structures of microparticles via trans-interfacial mass transfer and self-assembly. Schematic illustrations showing the synthesis of solid (a) and hollow (b) PAH/PSS polyelectrolyte microparticles from W/W emulsion templates via controllable trans-interfacial mass transfer and self-assembly[23]. (c) Schematic illustrations showing the synthesis of solid Au-nanoparticle/PSS microparticles from W/W emulsion templates via controllable trans-interfacial mass transfer and self-assembly[37]. (d) SEM image of the solid nanoparticle/PSS microparticle[37]. (e) Optical microscopic snapshots showing the fabrication process of Au-nanoparticle/PSS microparticle[37]

图5 界面传质与反应对中空微颗粒材料的介尺度结构调控。（a）经跨界面传质和交联反应由W/O型乳液液滴模板制备中空壳聚糖微颗粒的示意图[25]；（b）~（d）经界面传质和反应调控制得的不同结构中空壳聚糖微颗粒的激光共聚焦图[25]

Fig.5 Regulation of the meso-scale structures of hollow microparticles via trans-interfacial mass transfer and reaction. (a) Schematic illustrations showing the synthesis of hollow chitosan microparticles from W/O emulsion templates via trans-interfacial mass transfer and crosslinking reaction[25]. (b) — (d) Confocal laser scanning microscope images of hollow chitosan microparticles with different structures from regulation of trans-interfacial mass transfer and reaction[25]

图6 界面传质与反应对多孔微颗粒材料的介尺度结构调控。（a）~（d）基于跨界面传质过程在乳液液滴内形成纳米级水滴作为致孔模板以构建具有多孔结构的气泡驱动型微颗粒的示意图[41]；（e）气泡驱动型多孔微颗粒基于气泡驱动运动的传质强化和ZIF-8@ZnO的光催化降解耦合以有效降解水中有机污染物的示意图[41]

Fig.6 Regulation of the meso-scale structures of porous microparticles via trans-interfacial mass transfer and reaction. (a) — (d) Schematic illustrations showing the synthesis of bubble-propelled porous microparticles via creation of water nanodroplets in emulsion droplets as pore-forming templates induced by trans-interfacial mass transfer[41]. (e) Schematic illustrations showing the bubble-propelled porous microparticles for efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water based on coupling mass-transfer intensification of bubble-propelled motion and photo-catalytic degradation of ZIF-8@ZnO[41]

图7 界面传质与反应对分级式多孔微颗粒材料的介尺度结构调控。（a）基于跨界面传质和反应过程由W/O/W型双重乳液液滴模板制备分级式多孔微颗粒示意图[39]；具有分级式多孔结构的气泡驱动型功能微颗粒[40] （b）以及结合MIL-88A纳米颗粒的分级式多孔微颗粒（c）的扫描电镜图[42]

Fig.7 Regulation of the meso-scale structures of hierarchical porous microparticles via trans-interfacial mass transfer and reaction. (a) Schematic illustrations showing the synthesis of hierarchical porous microparticles from W/O/W double emulsions via trans-interfacial mass transfer and reaction[39]. SEM images of bubble-propelled hierarchical porous microparticles[40] (b), and hierarchical porous microparticles integrated with MIL-88A nanoparticles (c)[42]