大温差两相流动诱导水锤冲击的数值模型

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241187

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当冷水回流或注入蒸汽管路时，将在管道内形成大温差的两相流动，导致管内发生蒸汽凝结水锤现象，造成瞬态高峰压力脉冲。为了预报凝结水锤的压力载荷，建立一种计及管道截面弹性形变的可压缩两相流体六方程数学模型，通过真实物性状态方程、两相流型判别公式和流动传热计算模型库予以封闭，并通过自编程序实现压力载荷的数值模拟。基于凝结水锤的PMK-2实验验证了模型的计算精度，压力峰值的预报结果与实验值偏差为1.7%。使用该模型对冷水注入蒸汽管道和非能动余热排出两种工况进行了计算研究。在冷水注入工况下发现：随着冷水流速提高，压力脉冲峰值增加；液相温度提高，压力峰值随之减小；当管道直径足够小时，将不再出现水锤现象。

关键词: 气液两相流, 凝结, 水锤, 传质传热, 数值模拟

Abstract:

The injection or return of cold water into a steam line results in the formation of a two-phase flow with a large temperature differential within the piping. This phenomenon gives rise to the condensation of steam and the generation of water hammer, which in turn causes transient peak pressure pulses. Such pulses have the potential to cause damage to the piping. In order to forecast the pressure load of condensation hammer, this paper establishes a six-equation mathematical model of compressible two-fluid flow taking into account the elastic deformation of pipeline cross-section, which is closed by the real physical equation of state, the two-phase flow pattern discrimination formula and the flow heat transfer calculation model library. The model is used to simulate high-temperature steam condensation hammer and to forecast the pressure load by a self-programmed procedure. The PMK-2 test based on condensation water hammer verified the calculation accuracy of the model, and the prediction result of the pressure peak deviated from the test value by 1.7%. Numerical simulations were carried out for two working conditions: cold water injection into steam pipes and non-energetic waste heat discharge. The effect of cold-water flow rate, temperature and pipe diameter on condensation water hammer was investigated using the model in this paper. The findings revealed that an increase in cold water flow rate results in a corresponding rise in peak pressure pulse, while an increase in liquid phase temperature leads to a reduction in peak pressure. Additionally, the study demonstrated that when pipe diameter is sufficiently small, the water hammer phenomenon is no longer observable.

Key words: gas-liquid two-phase flow, condensation, water hammer, mass and heat transfer, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

O 359.1

赵子祥, 段钟弟, 孙浩然, 薛鸿祥. 大温差两相流动诱导水锤冲击的数值模型[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(S1): 170-180.

Zixiang ZHAO, Zhongdi DUAN, Haoran SUN, Hongxiang XUE. Numerical modelling of water hammer induced by two phase flow with large temperature difference[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(S1): 170-180.

图/表 15

图1 流型划分示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of flow regime

图2 算法流程图

Fig.2 Algorithm flow diagram

图3 PMK-2实验段管道示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of pipeline in PMK-2 test section

图4 PMK-2实验和本研究计算结果的压力时历对比

Fig. 4 Comparison of pressure time histories between PMK-2 test and results calculated in this paper

表1 冷水流速对凝结水锤的影响

Table 1 Effect of cold water flow rate on condensation water hammer

冷水流速/(m/s)	压力峰值/MPa	水锤发生时间/s	水锤发生位置/cm
0.10	7.07	3.86	28.5
0.24	13.78	2.09	57.0
0.30	17.16	0.65	57.0
0.33	20.13	0.65	57.0
0.40	21.51	0.38	85.5

图5 不同冷水流速下管道内压力时历

Fig.5 Time history of pressure in pipe at different cold water flow rates

表2 冷水温度对凝结水锤的影响

Table 2 Effect of cold water temperature on condensation water hammer

冷水温度/K	压力峰值/MPa	水锤发生时间/s	水锤发生位置/cm
285	18.51	2.12	57.0
295	13.78	2.08	57.0
305	11.05	1.97	28.5
315	7.03	1.84	28.5
325	脉冲效应不明显，最大压力为1.85 MPa

图6 不同冷水温度下管道内压力时历

Fig.6 Time history of pressure in pipe at different cold water temperatures

表3 管道直径对凝结水锤的影响

Table 3 Effect of tube diameters

管道直径/mm	压力峰值/MPa	水锤发生时间/s
80.5	20.31	2.44
78.0	15.03	2.24
75.5	14.39	2.19
73.0	13.78	2.08
70.5	6.44	1.96
68.0	脉冲效应不明显，最大压力为2.78 MPa
63.0	脉冲效应不明显，最大压力为1.80 MPa

图7 余热排出工况计算示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of waste heat discharge condition

图8 余热排出工况下的压力时历

Fig.8 Pressure history under waste heat discharge condition

图9 余热排出工况下的冷凝速率时历

Fig.9 Time history of condensation rate under waste heat discharge condition

图10 含气率分布示意图

Fig.10 Schematic diagram of vapor fraction distribution

图11 不同冷水温度下的管道内压力时历

Fig.11 Time history of pressure at different cold water temperature

图12 不同蒸汽注入速度下的管道内压力时历

Fig.12 Time history of pressure at different steam injection rate

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