垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗后三种固液分离方法参数比较及优化

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20221675

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗后的最佳固液分离方式和工艺参数，将6种飞灰样品以3 L·kg^-1液固比水洗后，分别采用重力沉降、离心沉降和抽滤3种方式固液分离，依据上清液/滤液浊度和总固体(TS)浓度、泥饼含水率和毛细吸水时间等指标，评价不同固液分离方式的效果。结果表明，重力沉降适用于分离粒度分布集中的飞灰，最佳的沉降时间应设在重力沉降曲线的拐点处(20~70 min)。最佳的离心沉降参数为转速3000 r·min^-1、时间5 min。抽滤降低上清液/滤液浊度和泥饼含水率的效果最好，适用于分离粒度分布范围较广的飞灰。研究结果可为水洗后飞灰固液分离的工程化应用提供理论依据，应用时可根据飞灰的粒度分布、处理规模和场地需求选用合适的固液分离方式。

关键词: 飞灰, 重力沉降, 离心沉降, 抽滤, 粒度分布, 分离

Abstract:

In order to explore the optimal solid-liquid separation method and process parameters, six air pollution control (APC) residues from waste incinerators were washed with water at a liquid to solid ratio of 3 L·kg^-1. Three methods of solid-liquid separation were adopted for the APC residues suspension, i.e., gravity sedimentation, centrifugal sedimentation and suction filtration. Their effects were evaluated based on the turbidity and total solids (TS) concentration of the supernatant/filtrate, the moisture content and capillary suction time of the mud cake. The results showed that gravity sedimentation was suitable for separating the APC residues with concentrated particle size distribution, and the best settling time should be set at the inflection point of the gravity sedimentation curve (20—70 min). The optimal centrifugal sedimentation parameters were 3000 r·min^-1, and 5 min. Suction filtration had the best effect on reducing supernatant/filtrate turbidity and mud cake moisture content, and was suitable for separating the APC residues with a wide range of particle size distribution. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the engineering application of solid-liquid separation of washed APC residues, and the appropriate solid-liquid separation method can be selected according to the particle size distribution of APC residues, treatment capacity and site requirements.

Key words: air pollution control residues, gravity sedimentation, centrifugal sedimentation, suction filtration, particle size distribution, separation

中图分类号:

X 705

王瑞恒, 何品晶, 吕凡, 章骅. 垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗后三种固液分离方法参数比较及优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(4): 1712-1723.

Ruiheng WANG, Pinjing HE, Fan LYU, Hua ZHANG. Parameter comparison and optimization of three solid-liquid separation methods for washed air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incinerators[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1712-1723.

图/表 12

表1 生活垃圾焚烧厂概况和飞灰中部分元素含量

Table 1 General information of the municipal solid waste incinerators and content of some elements in the APC residues

焚烧厂	所在区域	处理规模/(t·d^-1)	烟气净化处理工艺	飞灰可溶性氯含量/%	飞灰溶解性盐含量/%	飞灰中Na含量/%	飞灰中K含量/%	飞灰中Ca含量/%
MSWI1	华中	1500	SNCR+SDS+AC+BF	15.87±0.17	53.59±0.11	4.04	5.44	39.89
MSWI2	华东	1350	SNCR+SDS+DS+AC+BF	17.66±0.33	55.33±0.28	4.00	5.35	35.58
MSWI3	华东	770	SNCR+DS+AC+BF+WS+SCR	17.22±0.34	56.45±0.74	5.62	8.79	27.66
MSWI4	华北	1000	SDS+DS+AC+BF	15.28±0.22	48.62±0.63	3.06	5.27	34.20
MSWI5	华东	800	SNCR+DS+AC+BF+WS+GGH	16.74±0.23	63.18±0.57	6.13	6.69	30.69
MSWI6	华南	1200	SNCR+SDS+DS+AC+BF	17.57±0.15	49.28±0.20	4.33	6.76	36.49

图1 飞灰水洗悬浮液的重力沉降曲线

Fig.1 Gravity sedimentation curves of the APC residues suspensions

图2 飞灰的粒度分布

Fig.2 Particle size distribution of the APC residues

表2 飞灰水洗悬浮液重力沉降速度的计算参数和结果

Table 2 Calculation parameters and results for gravity sedimentation velocity of the APC residues suspensions

样品	$ρ_{p}$ /(kg·m^-3)	$ρ$ /(kg·m^-3)	$g$ /(m·s^-2)	$μ$ /(10^-3 Pa·s)	实际沉降速度/(10^-5 m·s^-1)	飞灰的平均粒径D₅₀/(10^-6 m)	理论沉降速度/(10^-5 m·s^-1)
A1	1314±3	1060±1	9.794	1.40±0.05	1.408	68.3	46.05
A2	1287±7	1078±1	9.794	1.35±0.05	2.929	19.3	3.138
A3	1248±2	1073±1	9.794	1.40±0.05	1.670	29.9	6.081
A4	1260±6	1069±1	9.794	1.40±0.10	3.780	37.8	10.61
A5	1311±7	1084±1	9.794	1.50±0.10	2.568	34.0	9.519
A6	1280±10	1070±1	9.794	1.55±0.05	6.620	39.5	11.50

表2 飞灰水洗悬浮液重力沉降速度的计算参数和结果

Table 2 Calculation parameters and results for gravity sedimentation velocity of the APC residues suspensions

样品	$ρ_{p}$ /(kg·m^-3)	$ρ$ /(kg·m^-3)	$g$ /(m·s^-2)	$μ$ /(10^-3 Pa·s)	实际沉降速度/(10^-5 m·s^-1)	飞灰的平均粒径D₅₀/(10^-6 m)	理论沉降速度/(10^-5 m·s^-1)
A1	1314±3	1060±1	9.794	1.40±0.05	1.408	68.3	46.05
A2	1287±7	1078±1	9.794	1.35±0.05	2.929	19.3	3.138
A3	1248±2	1073±1	9.794	1.40±0.05	1.670	29.9	6.081
A4	1260±6	1069±1	9.794	1.40±0.10	3.780	37.8	10.61
A5	1311±7	1084±1	9.794	1.50±0.10	2.568	34.0	9.519
A6	1280±10	1070±1	9.794	1.55±0.05	6.620	39.5	11.50

图3 飞灰水洗悬浮物重力沉降过程中不同指标随沉降时间的变化

Fig.3 Changes of different indexes with time during gravity sedimentation of the APC residues suspensions

图4 飞灰水洗悬浮液固液分离参数随离心转速（离心时间=15min）和离心时间（离心转速=3000 r·min-1）的变化

Fig.4 Changes of separation indexes of the APC residues suspensions with centrifugal speed (centrifugal time = 15 min) and centrifugal time (centrifugal speed = 3000 r·min-1)

表3 离心沉降速度计算参数（离心转速3000 r·min-1）

Table 3 Calculation parameters of centrifugal sedimentation rate at 3000 r·min-1 centrifugal speed

样品	5 min内可以完全沉降的最小飞灰粒径/(10^-6 m)	5 min内不能完全沉降的飞灰累积体积密度/%
A1	2.59	2.01
A2	2.80	6.90
A3	3.12	7.93
A4	2.99	2.43
A5	2.84	5.98
A6	3.00	4.74

图5 飞灰水洗悬浮液抽滤指标

Fig.5 Filtration index of the APC residues suspensions

图6 3种固液分离方式分离后泥饼含水率及显著性差异

Fig.6 Moisture content and significant difference of the cakes from three solid-liquid separation methods

图7 3种方式固液分离后上清液/滤液浊度

Fig.7 Turbidity of supernatant/filtrate separated by three solid-liquid separation methods

图8 3种固液分离方式分离后上清液/滤液中TS浓度及显著性差异

Fig.8 Concentration of TS and significant difference in supernatant/filtrate separated by three solid-liquid separation methods

图9 3种固液分离方式分离后上清液/滤液中Ca、K、Na浓度及显著性差异

Fig.9 Concentration and significant difference of Ca, K, Na in supernatant/filtrate separated by three solid-liquid separation methods

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