1~5 kW高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆的理论模拟与组装测试

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20221589

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以大尺寸单电池(有效工作面积为165 cm²)和多片单电池组装而成的电堆为研究对象，通过数值模拟和实验测试相结合的方法探究了单电池数量对高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆输出性能、单池一致性和热管理的影响。模拟结果显示，当电堆的单池数量从10片增加至60片时，平均单池电压从0.6414 V略微降低至0.6404 V，且单池之间电压极差从1.8 mV增加至6.5 mV；单池间的平均工作温度从431.01 K升高至433.90 K，且每单池自身工作温度的极差从6.95 K增加至10.22 K。表明随着电堆单池数量的增加，电堆的平均单池电压呈轻微下降趋势，且单池间电压极差变大，单池电压一致性有所下降，单池间的温差变大，其单池自身的均温一致性也有所降低，电堆热管理难度增加。在模拟结果的指导下分别组装了30、60和120片单池的高温膜燃料电池堆，在氢/空干气、33 A的恒流放电条件下，测得30、60和120片单池电堆的平均单池电压分别为0.6566、0.6548和0.6552 V，单池极差从24 mV增加到59 mV，与模拟结果显示出良好的一致性，验证了模拟结果的有效性。在氢/空干气计量系数为1.5/2.5的操作条件下，展示出了优异的输出性能，三个电堆在80 A电流放电时的输出功率分别达到1.35、2.64和5.28 kW。研究结果可为千瓦级高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆的设计和组装测试提供理论和实践指导。

关键词: 燃料电池, 千瓦级电堆, 数学模拟, 实验验证, 高温聚合物电解质膜, 电池一致性

Abstract:

In this work, the influence of the single cell number on output performance, cell uniformity and thermal management of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells stack (HT-PEMFCs stack) was investigated by combining numerical simulation and experimental method. The numerical simulation results show that when the number of single cell of the stack increases from 10 to 60, the average single cell voltage decreases slightly from 0.6414 V to 0.6404 V, and the voltage range between single cells increases from 1.8 mV to 6.5 mV. The average working temperature between single cells increases from 431.01 K to 433.90 K, and the range of the working temperature of each single cell increases from 6.95 K to 10.22 K. The numerical simulation results indicate that with the increase of the number of single cells in the stack, the average single cell voltage of the stack has a slight downward trend, and the voltage range between the single cells has increased, the voltage consistency between the single cells has decreased. Furthermore, the temperature difference between the single cells has increased, the uniformity of the average temperature of the single cell itself has also decreased, and the difficulty of the thermal management of the stack has increased. Under the guidance of the simulation results, HT-PEMFCs stacks with 30, 60, and 120 single cells were assembled and evaluated. Under the operating condition of dry hydrogen/air gas and the discharge current of 33 A, the average single cell voltage of fuel cell stacks with 30, 60, and 120 single cells was 0.6566, 0.6548, and 0.6552 V, respectively. The single cell range increased from 24 mV to 59 mV, which showed good consistency with the simulation results and verified the effectiveness of the simulation results. Under the operating condition of dry hydrogen/air gas with the metering coefficient of 1.5/2.5, the fuel cell stacks show excellent output performance. The output power of the three stacks reaches 1.35, 2.64, and 5.28 kW at 80 A discharge current, respectively. The results of this work provide theoretical and practical guidance for the design, assembly and evaluation of kW-scale high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks.

Key words: fuel cells, kW-scale stack, mathematical modeling, experimental validation, high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane, cell uniformity

中图分类号:

TH 3

罗来明, 张劲, 郭志斌, 王海宁, 卢善富, 相艳. 1~5 kW高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆的理论模拟与组装测试[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(4): 1724-1734.

Laiming LUO, Jin ZHANG, Zhibin GUO, Haining WANG, Shanfu LU, Yan XIANG. Simulation and experiment of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells stack in the 1—5 kW range[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1724-1734.

图/表 12

图1 单池内部结构和组装示意图(a)以及电堆(60片)模型示意图(b)

Fig.1 Internal structure and assembly diagram of single cell (a) and model diagram of stack (60 cells) (b)

表1 HT-PEMFCs电堆模型几何参数

Table 1 Geometry parameters of HT-PEMFCs stack model

几何参数	数值
单池数量	10~60
膜电极长度/mm	176.55
膜电极宽度/mm	93.65
膜电极面积/cm²	165
气体扩散电极厚度/μm	430
质子交换膜厚度/μm	40
密封圈厚度/mm	0.9
石墨双极板厚度/mm	2.5
金属端板厚度/mm	20

图2 电堆(60片)模型网格划分示意图和三视图(俯视图，左视图和前视图)（单位：m)

Fig.2 Grid schematic diagram and three views (top view, left view and front view) of stack model (60 cells)

表2 HT-PEMFCs电堆模型边界条件和物性参数

Table 2 Boundary conditions and physical parameters of HT-PEMFCs stack model

边界条件和物性参数	数值
氢气摩尔分数	1.0
氧气摩尔分数	0.21
氮气摩尔分数	0.79
氢气/空气（计量比）	1.5/2.5
氢空及冷却液进口温度/℃	150
氢空及冷却液出口压力/Pa	101325
阳极参考交换电流密度/(A/m²)	10²
阴极参考交换电流密度/(A/m²)	10^-3
催化层比表面积/ m^-1	3×10⁵
气体扩散层孔隙率	0.4
催化层孔隙率	0.3
气体扩散层渗透率/ m²	1.18×10^-11
催化层渗透率/ m²	2.36×10^-12
气体扩散电极电导率/(S/m)	222
质子交换膜电导率/(S/m)	7.64
氢气参考浓度/(mol/m³)	40.88
氧气参考浓度/(mol/m³)	40.88

图3 由30、60、120片单电池组装的高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆实物图

Fig.3 Photographs of HT-PEMFCs stacks with 30, 60 and 120 cells

图4 不同单池数量(从左至右10~60片)的电堆温度分布(a)、膜电极温度分布(b)以及膜电极电流密度分布(c)

Fig.4 The stacks temperature distribution (a), MEA temperature distribution (b) and current density distribution on the MEA reaction interface (c) of different single cell numbers (10—60 cells from left to right)

表3 不同单池数量对电堆模型物理场参数的影响

Table 3 Effect of different single cell numbers on the physical parameters of stacks

电堆单池数量	输出电压/V	输出功率/W	膜电极最高温度/K	膜电极最低温度/K	膜电极温差/K	氢气流道压降/Pa	空气流道压降/Pa	冷却液流道压降/Pa	空压机和泵的寄生功耗/W	净输出功率/W
10	6.41	211.66	431.01	424.06	6.95	69.07	913.30	2918.01	0.47	211.19
20	12.82	423.16	431.91	423.97	7.94	69.17	913.40	4021.40	0.99	422.17
30	19.23	634.72	431.90	423.87	8.03	69.11	913.61	5994.63	1.61	633.11
40	25.64	846.15	431.91	423.80	8.11	69.18	915.38	8726.89	2.38	843.77
50	32.04	1057.45	432.64	423.72	8.92	69.29	915.84	12885.26	3.41	1054.04
60	38.42	1267.93	433.90	423.68	10.22	69.33	917.95	19512.85	4.92	1263.00

图5 不同单池数量电堆的电压一致性(a)，膜电极均温、最高温以及温差一致性[(b)~(d)]

Fig.5 Voltage consistency (a), MEA average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature difference consistency of stacks with different single cell numbers [(b)—(d)]

表4 不同单池数量对电堆单池电压一致性的影响

Table 4 Effect of different single cell numbers on the voltage consistency of stacks

电堆单池数量	平均电压/mV	标准偏差	最高单池电压/mV	最低单池电压/mV	极差/mV
10	0.6414	5.93×10^-4	0.6426	0.6408	1.8
20	0.6412	7.16×10^-4	0.6429	0.6405	2.4
30	0.6411	7.75×10^-4	0.6432	0.6405	2.7
40	0.6410	8.89×10^-4	0.6434	0.6401	3.3
50	0.6409	1.17×10^-3	0.6438	0.6396	4.2
60	0.6404	1.77×10^-3	0.6445	0.6380	6.5

图6 单电池和不同单池数量电堆的极化曲线和功率曲线

Fig.6 Polarization and power curves of single cell and stacks with different single cell numbers

图7 30(a)和60(b)片单池电堆实验和模拟的电压一致性以及120片单池电堆实验测试电压一致性曲线(c)

Fig.7 Experimental and simulation voltage consistency curves for 30 (a) and 60 (b) cells stacks, and experimental voltage consistency curve of 120 cells stack (c)

表5 30和60片单池电堆（实验和模拟）以及120片单池电堆（实验测试）电压一致性参数

Table 5 Voltage consistency parameters of 30 and 60 cells stacks （experiment and simulation）， and 120 cells stack （experiment）

电堆单池数量	平均电压/mV	标准偏差	最高单池电压/mV	最低单池电压/mV	极差/mV
30
实验	0.6566	6.51×10^-3	0.6700	0.6460	24
模拟	0.6411	7.75×10^-4	0.6432	0.6405	2.7
60
实验	0.6548	5.48×10^-3	0.6790	0.6520	27
模拟	0.6404	1.77×10^-3	0.6445	0.6380	6.5
120
实验	0.6552	1.62×10^-2	0.6590	0.6000	59

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