吸附法CO2直接空气捕集技术能耗现状

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240963

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

CO₂直接空气捕集（DAC）技术相对于传统的固定源烟气捕集技术具有位置灵活、应用广泛等优势，但由于大气中CO₂浓度极低（仅为0.04%左右），DAC技术的高能耗成为阻碍其商业化的首要难题。聚焦吸附法DAC技术的能耗问题，先后进行理论分析和案例引证。DAC技术的CO₂分离理想最小功为19.64 kJ·mol^-1（温度298.15 K，捕集率50%，纯度95%），为同等条件下烟气捕集技术的3.5倍。再生温度393 K时变温真空吸附循环（TVSA）第二定律分离效率为22.75%。吸附、排空、再生、冷凝、压缩等过程主要通过机械能和热能推动。其中排空过程机械能仅占3%左右；冷凝过程热能可以通过回热循环回收；压缩过程机械能由目标压力决定，在部分研究中计入DAC能耗。吸附过程流动机械能受反应器压降主导，床层厚度减小和吸附剂有序堆积均能够改善流动损耗问题。再生过程热能占DAC能耗的主要部分，为50%~80%，再生温度、反应器与吸附剂的质量比、吸附剂对H₂O吸附性的强弱，均能造成热耗的成倍变化。在分析过程能耗的基础上，给出了吸附法DAC在反应器设计、循环方式及操作参数、自然环境及能量来源等方面的能耗优化建议。

关键词: 二氧化碳捕集, 能耗, 吸附, 脱附, 温室气体

Abstract:

Compared to traditional fixed source flue gas capture technologies, CO₂ direct air capture (DAC) has advantages such as flexible positioning and wide application. However, due to the extremely low concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere (only around 0.04%), the high energy consumption of DAC has become the primary obstacle to its commercialization. Focusing on the energy consumption issue of adsorption based DAC, theoretical analysis and case studies have been conducted. The ideal minimum work for CO₂ separation of DAC was calculated to be 19.64 kJ·mol^-1 (temperature of 298.15 K, capture ratio of 50%, purity of 95%), which is 3.5 times that of flue gas capture technology under the same conditions. At a regeneration temperature of 393 K, the second law separation efficiency of temperature vacuum swing adsorption cycle (TVSA) is 22.75%. The processes of adsorption, evacuation, regeneration, condensation, compression, etc., are mainly driven by mechanical and thermal energy. The mechanical energy during the evacuation process accounts for only about 3% of the total energy consumption. The heat energy during the condensation process can be recovered through a regenerative cycle. The mechanical energy of the compression process is included in DAC in some studies and is determined by the target pressure. The flow mechanical energy during the adsorption process accounts for over 90% of the mechanical energy consumption, which is 5.43 GJ·t^-1 when using a conventional reactor. Structured reactors can reduce pressure drop to 1/1000, and reducing flow rate can also improve resistance and enhance capture ratio. The thermal energy during the regeneration process accounts for the main part of DAC energy consumption, about 50%—80%. The regeneration temperature, the mass ratio of the reactor to the adsorbent, and the strength of the adsorbent's adsorption of H₂O can all cause a multiple change in the heat consumption. Based on the analysis of the process energy consumption, recommendations for optimizing the energy consumption of adsorption DAC in terms of reactor design, circulation mode and operating parameters, natural environment and energy sources are given.

Key words: CO₂capture, energy consumption, adsorption, desorption, greenhouse gas

中图分类号:

X 701

赵俊德, 周爱国, 陈彦霖, 郑家乐, 葛天舒. 吸附法CO₂直接空气捕集技术能耗现状[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(4): 1375-1390.

Junde ZHAO, Aiguo ZHOU, Yanlin CHEN, Jiale ZHENG, Tianshu GE. Current status of energy consumption of adsorption CO₂ direct air capture[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(4): 1375-1390.

图/表 22

图1 NETL统计的碳捕集项目[21]

Fig.1 Carbon capture projects statistics from NETL[21]

图2 NETL根据关键技术和最终规模统计的DAC项目[21]

Fig.2 DAC projects based on key technologies and final scale statistics from NETL[21]

图3 理想分离最小功的计算

Fig.3 Calculation of minimum work for ideal separation

图4 空气捕集和烟气回收中分离最小功和空气处理量随捕集率、环境空气CO2浓度和产气纯度的变化

Fig.4 Variation of the minimum work of separation and air handling capacity with capture rate, ambient air CO2 concentration and product gas purity in air capture and flue gas recovery

图5 工业分离过程第二定律效率与浓缩因子的经验关系[24]

Fig.5 Empirical relationship between the concentration factor of industrial separation processes vs the achieved second-law efficiency of those processes[24]

图6 不同解吸温度、吸附温度、解吸压力和环境空气CO2浓度下的TVSA的第二定律效率[25]

Fig.6 The second-law efficiency of TVSA at different desorption temperature, adsorption temperature, desorption pressure and ambient air CO2 concentration[25]

图7 GHSV对克服流动阻力能耗、压降和CO2捕集率的影响[33]

Fig.7 Effect of GHSV on the energy consumption for flow, pressure drop, and CO2 capture rate[33]

图8 床层压降随空气流速、吸附剂粒径（通道内半径）、球形度和床层厚度的变化

Fig.8 Variation of bed pressure drop with air flow rate, adsorbent pellet size (in-channel radius), sphericity and bed thickness

图9 TOYOTA MOTOR用于净化废气的过滤器结构[39]

Fig.9 Structure of filter for purifying exhaust gases from TOYOTA MOTOR[39]

图10 Climeworks用于吸附气体分离过程的颗粒吸附床的低压降结构[40]

Fig.10 Low-pressure drop structure of particle adsorbent bed for adsorption gas separation process from Climeworks[40]

表1 Climeworks吸附床结构的压降测试结果［40］

Table 1 Pressure drop test results for adsorption bed structures from Climeworks［40］

Volume flow/(m³·h^-1)	Pressure drop/Pa
200	16
400	31
600	58
800	98

图11 将采用3DFD打印技术制备的ZSM-5沸石材料用于气体分离[41]

Fig.11 3DFD printed ZSM-5 monolith gas separation[41]

图12 900 μm、400 μm ZSM-5材料照片；400 μm纤维结构的SEM图和放大SEM图[41]

Fig.12 Picture of 900 μm and 400 μm monolith; SEM and zoom-in SEM images of a 400 μm fiber[41]

图13 3D打印胺基硅吸附剂及其与相应粉末材料在25℃、1 bar下10%CO2的N2中的CO2吸附能力对比[44]

Fig.13 3D-printed aminosilica monoliths and CO2 adsorption capacities corresponding powders obtained at 25℃ and 1 bar using 10% CO2 in N2[44]

图14 排空过程的真空机械能随目标真空度的变化

Fig.14 The vacuum mechanical energy during the evacuation process varies with the target vacuum degree

图15 不同再生温度下APG-Ⅲ捕获CO2的能耗（Tads=23.5℃，GHSV=13400 h-1）[33]

Fig.15 Energy consumption per ton of CO2 captured by APG-Ⅲ at different regeneration temperatures (Tads = 23.5℃, GHSV = 13400 h-1) [33]

图16 反应器与吸附剂比值对能耗的影响[51]

Fig.16 The impact of reactor to adsorbent ratio on energy consumption[51]

图17 反应器与吸附剂比值（不同壁厚造成的）对能耗的影响[23]

Fig.17 The impact of reactor to adsorbent ratio (due to different wall thicknesses) on energy consumption[23]

图18 水碳比对能耗的影响

Fig.18 The impact of ratio of water to carbon on energy consumption

图19 压缩机械能随目标压力和产气纯度的变化

Fig.19 The variation of compression mechanical energy with target pressure and gas purity

图20 DAC过程能耗统计

Fig.20 DAC process energy consumption statistics

图21 DAC能耗统计

Fig.21 DAC energy consumption statistics

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吸附法CO₂直接空气捕集技术能耗现状

Current status of energy consumption of adsorption CO₂ direct air capture

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