图1 液-液非均相反应中相际传递与反应过程示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of interphase transfer and reaction process in liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction

图2 不同液-液非均相反应的本征反应速率与产热速率比较[19,23-27]

Fig.2 Comparison of intrinsic reaction rates and heat production rates of different liquid-liquid heterogeneous reactions[19,23-27]

图3 不同反应器之间的传热速率和传质速率比较[38]

Fig.3 Comparison of heat and mass transfer rates between different reactors[38]

图4 (a)苯乙腈相转移烷基化过程中的传质和反应动力学步骤; (b)苯乙腈与正丁基溴烷基化反应中的主反应和副反应; (c)不同水-有机相体积流量比下催化剂浓度对转化率的影响; (d)停留时间对反应转化率的影响; (e)水相、有机相流速比对转化率、选择性和产率的影响; (f)停留时间对反应选择性的影响

Fig.4 (a) Mass-transfer and kinetic steps in the phase-transfer alkylation of phenylacetonitrile; (b) Main reaction and side reactions in alkylation of phenylacetonitrile with n-butyl bromide; (c) Conversion as a function of catalyst concentration at different aqueous-to-organic phase volumetric flow ratios; (d) The effect of residence time on the conversion rate of reaction; (e) Conversion, selectivity, and productivity as functions of AO flow ratio; (f) Effect of residence time on reaction selectivity

图5 双分子消除反应（E2）机理，双分子亲核取代反应（SN2）机理和分子内亲核取代反应（SNi）机理

Fig.5 Bimolecular elimination reaction (E2) mechanism, bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) mechanism and intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SNi) mechanism

图6 (a)搅拌釜、高剪切和旋转填充床反应器; (b) 1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱氯化氢反应表观反应速率与传质效率的理论关系; (c)转速和温度对搅拌釜中反应速率的影响; (d)高剪切反应器对反应的强化效果; (e)旋转填充床反应器对反应的强化效果

Fig.6 (a) Apparatus used in the experiments: standard stirred tank, high-speed homogenizer and rotating packed bed; (b) Theoretical relation of the apparent reaction rate and mass transfer efficiency; (c) Effects of rotating speeds and temperature on reaction rate in the stirred tank; (d) The results of reaction intensifying by a homogenizer; (e) The results of reaction intensifying by a rotating packed bed

图7 Prilezhaev环氧化反应与相际传递过程示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of Prilezhaev epoxidation reaction and interphase transfer process

图8 (a)水力空化反应装置; (b)搅拌釜反应器在500rpm下分散相液滴尺寸分布和索特平均直径; (c)反应过程中水力空化反应器中的温度变化; (d)水力空化反应器在2.5bar入口压力下分散相液滴尺寸分布和索特平均直径; (e)反应过程中搅拌釜反应器中的温度变化

Fig.8 (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus; (b) The size distribution and Sauter diameter of dispersed droplets in stirred tank reactor at 500rpm; (c) Temperature changes in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor; (d) The size distribution and Sauter diameter of dispersed phase droplets in the hydraulic cavitation reactor with inlet pressure of 2.5bar; (e) Temperature changes in a stirred-tank reactor

图9 芳烃硝化反应机理

Fig.9 Mechanism of aromatics nitration reaction

图10 (a)微通道反应器实验装置示意图; (b)邻二甲苯的硝化反应网络; (c) 不同温度下邻二甲苯的转化率随停留时间的变化曲线; (d)停留时间对传质的影响; (e)温度对传质的影响

Fig.10 (a) Schematic diagram of the microchannel reactor experimental device; (b) Network of the o-xylene nitration reaction; (c) The plot of conversion of o-xylene versus residence time at different temperatures; (d) The effect of residence time on mass transfer; (e) The effect of temperature on mass transfer