Effect of temperature and atmosphere on ash sintering characteristics of furfural residue with high K and S

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20211237

Abstract

Abstract:

The energy utilization of furfural residue is an effective way for clean generation and carbon reduction in furfural industry. However, the existing direct combustion and utilization often face problems such as serious ash sintering caused by high K of furfural slag, large SO_x emissions caused by high S, and low combustion efficiency caused by high water content. To solve these problems, in this study, a tubular furnace was employed to research the sintering behavior of furfural residue ash in the pure (N₂, CO₂, O₂) and mixed (N₂+H₂O, CO₂+H₂O, O₂+H₂O) atmosphere at different temperatures. The variations of ash color, shrinking rate, micromorphology, mineral compositions and K/S release characteristics were systematically analyzed. The results show that with the increase of temperature, the ash sample shrinking rate increased. Steam played important promotion roles in ash sintering. SEM analysis indicated that the ash microstructure was melted and slaged at low temperature before sintering. XRD analysis displayed that ash sintering was closely related to the composition change of ash. N₂ promoted the composition of microcline, CO₂ inhibited the composition of microcline, while O₂ strengthened the formation of anorthite and diopside. Steam promoted the formation of various potassium aluminum silicates such as microcline and leucite. XRF analysis indicated that, with the increase of temperature, G_K(retention rate of K) and G_S(retention rate of S) in ash decreased. In pure atmospheres, G_K was the smallest in N₂, while the effect of pure atmosphere on G_S was limited. In the mixed atmospheres, compared to G_K, the effect of atmospheres on G_S was much more obvious, especially in O₂+H₂O. To restrain ash sintering and migrate K and S, the suitable operating conditions of furfural residue combustion in fluidized bed should be at temperature below 900℃ and lower N₂ content in atmosphere by introducing a stream of flue gas.

Key words: biomass, decoupling combustion, fluidized bed, alkali metal, sintering, atmosphere

摘要：

糠醛渣的能源化利用是糠醛产业清洁生产和碳减排的有效途径。然而，现有的直接燃烧利用常面临着因糠醛渣高K引起的灰分烧结严重、高S导致的SO_x排放量大和高水含量导致的燃烧效率低等难题。基于此，在管式炉中考察了单一气氛(N₂、CO₂、O₂)和混合气氛(N₂+H₂O、CO₂+H₂O、O₂+H₂O)中糠醛渣灰在不同温度下的烧结特性，并对灰分颜色、收缩率、微观形貌、矿物质成分和K/S释放等特性进行系统分析。灰分热收缩行为显示，随温度升高，灰样收缩率增加；在单一气氛中添加水蒸气能促进灰分烧结。SEM分析发现，在灰分烧结前，其微观结构在低温下已出现熔融和结渣。XRD分析表明，灰分烧结与低熔点矿物生成紧密相关。单一气氛中，高温下N₂促进钾长石生成；CO₂抑制钾长石生成；O₂促进钙铝黄长石和透辉石生成。在混合气氛中，水蒸气的出现促进多种低熔点钾铝硅酸盐生成，如钾长石和白榴石等。XRF分析显示，随温度升高，灰样中K的固留率(G_K)和S的固留率(G_S)降低；在考察的单一气氛中，高温时，N₂中G_K最低；G_S受气氛的影响较小。在考察的复合气氛中，高温时，G_K受气氛影响较小；G_S受气氛影响严重，特别地，O₂+H₂O气氛中G_S最高，S逸散最少。为抑制糠醛渣灰分烧结和K/S元素逸散到气相中，糠醛渣在流化床燃烧过程中应控制运行温度(低于900℃)、降低气氛中N₂的含量。

关键词: 生物质, 解耦燃烧, 流化床, 碱金属, 烧结, 气氛

CLC Number:

TQ 519

Xiaorong WANG, Xi ZENG, Fang WANG, Guangyi ZHANG, Deping XU, Guangwen XU. Effect of temperature and atmosphere on ash sintering characteristics of furfural residue with high K and S[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(1): 411-424.

王晓蓉, 曾玺, 王芳, 张光义, 许德平, 许光文. 温度和气氛对高K高S糠醛渣灰分的烧结特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(1): 411-424.

Figures/Tables 20

Table 1 Technology analysis of furfural residue utilization

利用技术	优点	局限性
堆积或填埋	简单，无技术难度	占用大量土地，产生二次污染
作物栽培	提高农作物产量和菌类产菌率	食品安全性有待验证
土壤用肥	提高碱性土壤可耕作性，扩大可耕种土地面积	难进行大规模利用且仅适用于盐碱土地
提取木质素或纤维素	经济效益好	生产成本高，工艺复杂
制备活性炭	工艺比较成熟，设备投资少，生产成本低	活性炭品质低，仅适用于工业污水处理
燃烧等能源化利用	成本低，处理效率快，可为糠醛生产提供热量	原料高含水，燃烧室温度分布不均，灰分易烧结，NO_x含量高

Table 2 Comparison of alkali metal content in biomass ash samples

生物质灰	含量/%(质量)
生物质灰	Na₂O	K₂O	SO₃
糠醛渣	0.94	12.57	23.82
稻壳	0.39	1.86	0.09
木屑	0.01	8.21	7.60
花生壳	0.67	10.40	3.42
谷壳	2.90	0.06	1.3
杨树	8.20	0.70	5.50
稻秸秆	10.80	1.91	2.36

Table 3 Proximate and ultimate analysis of furfural residue

样品	工业分析 w_ad/%				元素分析 w_daf/%
样品	M	A	V	FC	C	H	O^①	N	S
糠醛渣	4.53	20.94	61.68	12.85	56.45	5.66	36.75	0.69	0.45

Table 4 Components of furfural residue ash

各种组分含量/%(质量)
SiO₂	SO₃	K₂O	Al₂O₃	CaO	Fe₂O₃	MgO	P₂O₅	TiO₂	其他
37.78	23.82	12.57	9.06	5.79	3.78	3.08	1.72	1.12	1.28

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of experimental system for ash agglomeration

Fig.2 Variation of ash morphologies (a) and shrinking rate (b) at different temperatures in N2 and N2+H2O

Fig.3 Variation of ash morphologies (a) and shrinking rate (b) at different temperatures in CO2 and CO2+H2O

Fig.4 Variation of ash morphologies (a) and shrinking rate (b) at different temperatures in O2 and O2+H2O

Fig.5 Variation of shrinking rate at different temperatures in pure (a) and mixed (b) atmosphere

Fig.6 Micro morphology of ash samples at different temperatures in N2 (a) and N2+H2O (b)

Fig.7 Micro morphology of ash samples at different temperatures in CO2 (a) and CO2+H2O (b)

Fig.8 Micro morphology of ash samples at different temperatures in O2 (a) and O2+H2O (b)

Fig.9 Components variation of ash sample in N2 (a) and N2+H2O (b) at different temperatures

Table 5 Typical data analysis for thermal treatment of biomass ash

气氛		灰样烧结温度区间/℃	烧结前收缩率范围
单一气氛	N₂	1000~1100	30.1~68.9
	CO₂	1100~1150	42.4~55
	O₂	1100~1150	49.3~77.3
混合气氛	N₂+H₂O	900~1000	26.7~57.3
	CO₂+H₂O	1000~1100	35~59.6
	O₂+H₂O	1000~1100	19.3~64

Table 6 Components of ash sample in different atmospheres

序号	化学式	名称	熔融/分解温度℃	序号	化学式	名称	熔融/分解温度℃
1	SiO₂	石英	1750	12	CaSO₄	硫酸钙	880~1150
2	Ca(Al₂SiO₈)	钙长石	1250~1550	13	Fe₂SiO₄	铁橄榄石	1200
3	K(AlSi₃O₈)	钾长石	1130~1450	14	(KH)₂(MgFe)₂(AlFe)₂(SiO₄)	黑云母	1800
4	CaAl₄O₇	钙铝氧化物	1890	15	KAlSi₂O₆	白榴石	1120~1380
5	Mg₂SiO₄	镁橄榄石	1580~1750	16	Ca(Mg,Al,Fe)Si₂O₆	辉石	1300~1400
6	Al₅SiO_9.5	莫来石	1170~1390	17	SiO₂	硫方英石	1713
7	CaMgSi₂O₆	透辉石	2054~2572	18	Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃	钙铝榴石	1080
8	NaAlSiO₄	霞石	1526	19	KAlSi₃O₈	正长石	1050
9	Ca₂Al₂SiO₇	钙铝黄长石	1593	20	NaFeSi₂O₆	锥辉石	1000~1204
10	KAlSiO₄	钾铝硅酸盐	1130~1450	21	(Ca_0.79Fe_0.21)SiO₃	铁硅灰石	1540
11	Al₂(SO₄)₂	硫酸铝	880~1150

Fig.10 Components variation of ash in CO2 (a) and CO2+H2O (b) at different temperatures

Fig.11 Components variation of ash in O2 (a) and O2+H2O (b) at different temperatures

Fig.12 Retention rate variation of K (a) and S (b) in ash samples treated by different pure atmospheres

Fig.13 Variation of retention rate of K (a) and S (b) in ash samples treated by different mixed atmospheres

Table 7 Reactions among components in furfural residue ash at high temperatures

序号	化学反应方程式
R1	Al₂(SO₄)₃ $→ ?????$ Al₂O₃＋3SO₃
R2	CaSO₄ $→ ?????$ CaO+SO₃
R3	CaO+Al₂O₃ $→ ?????$ CaAl₄O₇
R4	K₂O+Al₂O₃+6SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2K(AlSi₃O₈)
R5	2CaO+Al₂O₃+SiO₂ $→ ?????$ Ca₂Al₂SiO₇
R6	10K(AlSi₃O₈)+5SO₃ $→ ?????$ 2Al₅SiO_9.5+28SiO₂+5K₂SO₄
R7	CaO+MgO+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ CaMgSi₂O₆
R8	Na₂O+Al₂O₃+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2NaAlSiO₄
R9	2MgO+SiO₂ $→ ?????$ Mg₂SiO₄
R10	4FeO+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2Fe₂SiO₄
R11	K₂O+Al₂O₃+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2KAlSiO₄
R12	K₂O+Al₂O₃+4SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2KAlSi₂O₆
R13	3CaO+Al₂O₃+3SiO₂ $→ ?????$ Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
R14	Na₂O+Fe₂O₃+4SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2NaFeSi₂O₆

Table 7 Reactions among components in furfural residue ash at high temperatures

序号	化学反应方程式
R1	Al₂(SO₄)₃ $→ ?????$ Al₂O₃＋3SO₃
R2	CaSO₄ $→ ?????$ CaO+SO₃
R3	CaO+Al₂O₃ $→ ?????$ CaAl₄O₇
R4	K₂O+Al₂O₃+6SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2K(AlSi₃O₈)
R5	2CaO+Al₂O₃+SiO₂ $→ ?????$ Ca₂Al₂SiO₇
R6	10K(AlSi₃O₈)+5SO₃ $→ ?????$ 2Al₅SiO_9.5+28SiO₂+5K₂SO₄
R7	CaO+MgO+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ CaMgSi₂O₆
R8	Na₂O+Al₂O₃+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2NaAlSiO₄
R9	2MgO+SiO₂ $→ ?????$ Mg₂SiO₄
R10	4FeO+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2Fe₂SiO₄
R11	K₂O+Al₂O₃+2SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2KAlSiO₄
R12	K₂O+Al₂O₃+4SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2KAlSi₂O₆
R13	3CaO+Al₂O₃+3SiO₂ $→ ?????$ Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
R14	Na₂O+Fe₂O₃+4SiO₂ $→ ?????$ 2NaFeSi₂O₆

References 46

1	王素芬, 苏东海, 周凌云. 废物糠醛渣的农业利用研究进展[J]. 河北农业科学, 2009, 13(11): 97-99.
	Wang S F, Su D H, Zhou L Y. Research progress of agricultural utilization of furfural residue[J]. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 13(11): 97-99.
2	汪丹妮. 糠醛渣和石膏对碱土型水稻土改良效果及水稻生长的影响[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2020.
	Wang D N. Improvement of alkaline paddy soil by furfural residue and gypsum and their influence on rice growth[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2020.
3	阳瑞. 糠醛渣综合利用新探索[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2011.
	Yang R. A new exploration of the comprehensive utilization of furfural residues[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2011.
4	杨志荣. 糠醛渣在循环流化床中的燃烧特性试验研究[D]. 吉林: 东北电力大学, 2012.
	Yang Z R. Experimental studies of furfural residue combustion characteristics in fluidized bed[D]. Jilin: Northeast Dianli University, 2012.
5	米铁, 陈汉平, 吴正舜, 等. 生物质灰化学特性的研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2004, 25(2): 236-241.
	Mi T, Chen H P, Wu Z S, et al. Chemistry characteristic study on biomass ash[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2004, 25(2): 236-241.
6	曹琴, 黄胜, 吴诗勇, 等. 生物质中矿物质在气化条件下的演变行为研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2016, 44(6): 668-673.
	Cao Q, Huang S, Wu S Y, et al. Evolution behaviors of mineral matters in biomass under gasification conditions[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2016, 44(6): 668-673.
7	李丹琼, 周来, 张谷春, 等. 生物质灰理化特性及其应用于土壤改良的研究进展[J]. 能源环境保护, 2020, 34(1): 1-7.
	Li D Q, Zhou L, Zhang G C, et al. Review on the physicochemical properties of biomass ash and its application in soil amelioration and remediation[J]. Energy Environmental Protection, 2020, 34(1): 1-7.
8	Gatternig B, Karl J. Investigations on the mechanisms of ash-induced agglomeration in fluidized-bed combustion of biomass[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2015, 29(2): 931-941.
9	Niu Y Q, Du W Z, Tan H Z, et al. Further study on biomass ash characteristics at elevated ashing temperatures: the evolution of K, Cl, S and the ash fusion characteristics[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 129: 642-645.
10	Wang X B, Liu Y Y, Tan H Z, et al. Mechanism research on the development of ash deposits on the heating surface of biomass furnaces[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51(39): 12984-12992.
11	孟晓晓, 孙锐, 袁皓, 等. 不同热解温度下玉米秸秆中碱金属K和Na的释放及半焦中赋存特性[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(4): 1600-1607.
	Meng X X, Sun R, Yuan H, et al. Effect of different pyrolysis temperature on alkali metal K and Na emission and existence in semi-char[J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(4): 1600-1607.
12	郭飞强, 刘元, 郭成龙, 等. 微型流化床内碱金属和碱土金属对稻壳热解动力学的影响特性[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(10): 3795-3804.
	Guo F Q, Liu Y, Guo C L, et al. Influence of AAEM on kinetic characteristics of rice husk pyrolysis in micro-fluidized bed reactor [J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(10): 3795-3804.
13	余作伟, 刘倩, 钟文琪, 等. 烘焙生物质燃烧过程中钾的赋存形态及析出迁移特性[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(4): 2258-2266.
	Yu Z W, Liu Q, Zhong W Q, et al. Occurrence form and release and migration characteristics of potassium during combustion of torrefied biomass[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(4): 2258-2266.
14	Song W J, Tang L H, Zhu X D, et al. Prediction of Chinese coal ash fusion temperatures in Ar and H₂ atmospheres[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23(4): 1990-1997.
15	王立群, 张羽钧, 马亮. 生物质与煤共气化灰熔融和结渣特性[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 52(4): 1307-1315.
	Wang L Q, Zhang Y J, Ma L. Fusion and slagging characteristics of ash produced by co-gasification of biomass and coal[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2021, 52(4): 1307-1315.
16	张冠军. 还原气氛下煤和生物质灰熔融行为[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2017, 23(6): 65-69.
	Zhang G J. Ash melting behavior of coal and biomass in reducing atmosphere[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2017, 23(6): 65-69.
17	Wei X L, Schnell U, Hein K R G. Behaviour of gaseous chlorine and alkali metals during biomass thermal utilisation[J]. Fuel, 2005, 84(7/8): 841-848.
18	吕俊复, 史航, 吴玉新, 等. 烟气气氛对准东煤灰熔融特性影响的显微观察[J]. 煤炭学报, 2021, 46(1): 263-273.
	Lyu J F, Shi H, Wu Y X, et al. Influence of flue gas atmosphere on Zhundong coal ash melting characteristics through microscopic observation[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2021, 46(1): 263-273.
19	Öhman M, Pommer L, Nordin A. Bed agglomeration characteristics and mechanisms during gasification and combustion of biomass fuels[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2005, 19(4): 1742-1748.
20	黄芳, 张立麒, 易宝军, 等. O₂/CO₂气氛下高温煤灰热行为及其矿物相转化规律[J]. 煤炭学报, 2015, 40(11): 2714-2719.
	Huang F, Zhang L Q, Yi B J, et al. Thermal and mineral matter transformation behavior of coal ashes in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2015, 40(11): 2714-2719.
21	杜胜磊, 杨海平, 钱柯贞, 等. 生物质热解过程中碱及碱土金属迁徙规律研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013, 33(26): 48-53.
	Du S L, Yang H P, Qian K Z, et al. Releasing behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals during biomass pyrolysis[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013, 33(26): 48-53.
22	王雪. 中药渣流化床热解气化及其灰熔融特性研究[D]. 马鞍山: 安徽工业大学, 2016.
	Wang X. Research on pyrolysis and gasification in fluidized bed and ash fusion characteristics of herb residue[D]. Ma’anshan: Anhui University of Technology, 2016.
23	王勤辉, 景妮洁, 骆仲泱, 等. 灰成分影响煤灰烧结温度的实验研究[J]. 煤炭学报, 2010, 35(6): 1015-1020.
	Wang Q H, Jing N J, Luo Z Y, et al. Experiments on the effect of chemical components of coal ash on the sintering temperature[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2010, 35(6): 1015-1020.
24	陈胜, 于敦喜, 吴建群, 等. 新疆高钙煤混烧对灰中含钙矿物熔融特性影响[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(9): 4260-4269.
	Chen S, Yu D X, Wu J Q, et al. Effects of Xinjiang high calcium coal co-firing on melting characteristics of Ca-bearing minerals in ash[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(9): 4260-4269.
25	毛燕东, 金亚丹, 李克忠, 等. 煤催化气化工艺中内蒙王家塔烟煤灰烧结温度的影响因素分析[J]. 化工学报, 2015, 66(3): 1080-1087.
	Mao Y D, Jin Y D, Li K Z, et al. Analysis of influencing factors on sintering temperature of Inner Mongolia Wangjiata bituminous coal ash during catalytic coal gasification[J]. CIESC Journal, 2015, 66(3): 1080-1087.
26	Mlonka-Mędrala A, Magdziarz A, Gajek M, et al. Alkali metals association in biomass and their impact on ash melting behaviour [J]. Fuel, 2020, 261: 116421.
27	Niu Y Q, Tan H Z, Wang X B, et al. Study on fusion characteristics of biomass ash[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(23): 9373-9381.
28	刘璐, 王永征, 王旭, 等. 富磷添加剂对生物质燃烧中积灰结渣和腐蚀作用的探析[J]. 可再生能源, 2018, 36(7): 949-954.
	Liu L, Wang Y Z, Wang X, et al. Study on the effect of phosphorus rich additives on ash deposition, slag and corrosion during biomass combustion[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 2018, 36(7): 949-954.
29	姚锡文, 许开立, 徐晓虎. 灰化温度对生物质灰特性与沾污结渣的影响[J]. 农业机械学报, 2016, 47(1): 182-189.
	Yao X W, Xu K L, Xu X H. Influence of ashing temperature on slagging and fouling characteristics of biomass ash[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2016, 47(1): 182-189.
30	许洁, 李帅丹, 刘帅君. 典型秸秆类生物质灰的特性研究[J]. 热能动力工程, 2019, 34(12): 137-141, 154.
	Xu J, Li S D, Liu S J. Investigation on the ash properties of straw[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2019, 34(12): 137-141, 154.
31	Llorente M J F, Arocas P D, Nebot L G, et al. The effect of the addition of chemical materials on the sintering of biomass ash[J]. Fuel, 2008, 87(12): 2651-2658.
32	李冬冬, 刘圣勇, 李冲, 等. 添加剂对小麦秸秆燃烧结渣特性影响的试验研究[J]. 河南农业大学学报, 2017, 51(6): 845-851.
	Li D D, Liu S Y, Li C, et al. Effects of additives on slag characteristics of wheat straw[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural University, 2017, 51(6): 845-851.
33	Boström D, Grimm A, Boman C, et al. Influence of Kaolin and calcite additives on ash transformations in small-scale combustion of oat[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23(10): 5184-5190.
34	赖喜锐, 周肇秋, 刘华财, 等. 生物质灰烧结熔融规律实验研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2016, 47(3): 158-166.
	Lai X R, Zhou Z Q, Liu H C, et al. Experiment study of biomass ash sintering and melting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2016, 47(3): 158-166.
35	于志浩, 金晶, 张瑞璞, 等. 白云石添加剂对稻秆灰熔融特性及固钾能力的影响[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2020, 48(7): 795-803.
	Yu Z H, Jin J, Zhang R P, et al. Influence of dolomite additive on the ash fusion and potassium fixation characteristics of rice straw[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2020, 48(7): 795-803.
36	Pan Z Z, Zhang S P, Liu X Z, et al. Effect of sludge-based additive on ash characteristic and potassium fixation during the rice straw combustion process[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(3): 3367-3375.
37	Vassilev S V, Kitano K, Takeda S, et al. Influence of mineral and chemical composition of coal ashes on their fusibility[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 1995, 45(1): 27-51.
38	李风海, 黄戒介, 房倚天, 等. 小龙潭褐煤灰熔融特性影响因素的研究[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2010, 16(6): 49-53.
	Li F H, Huang J J, Fang Y T, et al. Research on the effect of the fusion characteristics of Xiaolongtan lignite ashes[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2010, 16(6): 49-53.
39	马修卫, 李风海, 马名杰, 等. 长治煤与生物质混合灰熔融特性研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2018, 46(2): 129-137.
	Ma X W, Li F H, Ma M J, et al. Fusion characteristics of blended ash from Changzhi coal and biomass[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2018, 46(2): 129-137.
40	Blomberg T. A thermodynamic study of the gaseous potassium chemistry in the convection sections of biomass fired boilers[J]. Materials and Corrosion, 2011, 62(7): 635-641.
41	Thy P, Jenkins B M, Grundvig S, et al. High temperature elemental losses and mineralogical changes in common biomass ashes[J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(5/6): 783-795.
42	Boonsongsup L, Iisa K, Frederick W J. Kinetics of the sulfation of NaCl at combustion conditions[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1997, 36(10): 4212-4216.
43	Brus E, Öhman M, Nordin A. Mechanisms of bed agglomeration during fluidized-bed combustion of biomass fuels[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2005, 19(3): 825-832.
44	Grimm A, Skoglund N, Boström D, et al. Bed agglomeration characteristics in fluidized quartz bed combustion of phosphorus-rich biomass fuels[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2011, 25(3): 937-947.
45	Niu Y Q, Tan H Z, Hui S E. Ash-related issues during biomass combustion: alkali-induced slagging, silicate melt-induced slagging (ash fusion), agglomeration, corrosion, ash utilization, and related countermeasures[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2016, 52: 1-61.
46	Demirbas A. Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2005, 31(2): 171-192.

[1]	Jiali ZHENG, Zhihui LI, Xinqiang ZHAO, Yanji WANG. Kinetics of ionic liquid catalyzed synthesis of 2-cyanofuran [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3708-3715.
[2]	Jiaqi CHEN, Wanyu ZHAO, Ruichong YAO, Daolin HOU, Sheying DONG. Synthesis of pistachio shell-based carbon dots and their corrosion inhibition behavior on Q235 carbon steel [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3446-3456.
[3]	Rubin ZENG, Zhongjie SHEN, Qinfeng LIANG, Jianliang XU, Zhenghua DAI, Haifeng LIU. Study of the sintering mechanism of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles based on molecular dynamics simulation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3353-3365.
[4]	Wentao WU, Liangyong CHU, Lingjie ZHANG, Weimin TAN, Liming SHEN, Ningzhong BAO. High-efficient preparation of cardanol-based self-healing microcapsules [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(7): 3103-3115.
[5]	Zhenghao YANG, Zhen HE, Yulong CHANG, Ziheng JIN, Xia JIANG. Research progress in downer fluidized bed reactor for biomass fast pyrolysis [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2249-2263.
[6]	Juhui CHEN, Qian ZHANG, Lingfeng SHU, Dan LI, Xin XU, Xiaogang LIU, Chenxi ZHAO, Xifeng CAO. Study on flow characteristics of nanoparticles in a rotating fluidized bed based on DEM method [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2374-2381.
[7]	Maolin DONG, Lidong CHEN, Liulian HUANG, Weibing WU, Hongqi DAI, Huiyang BIAN. Research progress in preparation of lignonanocellulose by acid hydrotropes and their functional applications [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2281-2295.
[8]	Yuanyuan ZHANG, Jiangyuan QU, Xinxin SU, Jing YANG, Kai ZHANG. Gas-liquid mass transfer and reaction characteristics of SNCR denitration in CFB coal-fired unit [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2404-2415.
[9]	Zefeng GE, Yuqing WU, Mingxun ZENG, Zhenting ZHA, Yuna MA, Zenghui HOU, Huiyan ZHANG. Effect of ash chemical components on biomass gasification properties [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 2136-2146.
[10]	Zihan YUAN, Shuyan WANG, Baoli SHAO, Lei XIE, Xi CHEN, Yimei MA. Investigation on flow characteristics of wet particles with power-law liquid-solid drag models in fluidized bed [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 2000-2012.
[11]	Caihong LIN, Li WANG, Yu WU, Peng LIU, Jiangfeng YANG, Jinping LI. Effect of alkali cations in zeolites on adsorption and separation of CO₂/N₂O [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 2013-2021.
[12]	Yongquan ZHANG, Weiwei XUAN. Mechanism of alkali metal/(FeO+CaO+MgO) influence on the structure and viscosity of silicate ash slag [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1764-1771.
[13]	Haiqin LIU, Bowen LI, Zhe LING, Liang LIU, Juan YU, Yimin FAN, Qiang YONG. Facile preparation and properties of chemically modified galactomannan films via mild hydroxy-alkyne click reaction [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1370-1378.
[14]	Lingxin ZU, Rongting HU, Xin LI, Yudao CHEN, Guanglin CHEN. Carbon release products and denitrification bioavailability from chemical components of woody biomass [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1332-1342.
[15]	Jieyuan ZHENG, Xianwei ZHANG, Jintao WAN, Hong FAN. Synthesis and curing kinetic analysis of eugenol-based siloxane epoxy resin [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(2): 924-932.