Research progress on endothermic nanofluid fuels

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231127

Abstract

Abstract:

Endothermic nanofluid fuel is a new type of fuel that has the potential to solve the problem of overheating hypersonic aircraft engines. In order to explore the cracking performance of endothermic nanofluid fuel and provide reference for subsequent research, this article first introduces the dispersion stability mechanism of nanofluid fuel and outlines its preparation and methods to improve stability. Secondly, the research progress on the cracking of endothermic nanofluid fuels is reviewed. The key factors affecting cracking are analyzed from various aspects such as nano additives, organic protective ligands, reaction mechanisms and pathways. Finally, the future development trend of endothermic nanofluid fuels is proposed.

Key words: fuel, surfactants, dispersion stability, nanoparticles, catalytic cracking, catalytic mechanism

摘要：

吸热型纳米流体燃料是一种有潜力解决高超声速飞行器发动机过热问题的新型燃料。为探究吸热型纳米流体燃料的裂解性能，并为后续研究提供参考，首先介绍了纳米流体燃料的分散稳定性机理，并概述了其制备及提高稳定性的方法；其次，综述了吸热型纳米流体燃料的裂解研究进展，从纳米添加剂、有机保护配体及反应机理和路径等多方面分析了影响裂解的关键因素；最后对吸热型纳米流体燃料的未来发展趋势提出展望。

关键词: 燃料, 表面活性剂, 分散稳定性, 纳米粒子, 催化裂解, 催化机理

CLC Number:

TQ 51

Zhouyang SHEN, Kang XUE, Qing LIU, Chengxiang SHI, Jijun ZOU, Xiangwen ZHANG, Lun PAN. Research progress on endothermic nanofluid fuels[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1167-1182.

申州洋, 薛康, 刘青, 史成香, 邹吉军, 张香文, 潘伦. 吸热型纳米流体燃料研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1167-1182.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1 Simplified schematic diagram of cooling channel

Fig.2 Schematic of several endothermic nanofluid fuels

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of Brownian motion of nanoparticles (a) and DLVO theory and nanofluid stability (b)[23-25]

Fig.4 Photographs of GO dispersed at a concentration of 0.5% in JP-10 with different time: (a) 0 h; (b) 3 h; (c) 2 weeks[41]

Fig.5 (a) Schematic of the proposed enhancing mechanisms of n-C12H26 fuel decomposition in the presence of Pt@FGS;(b) MD snapshots for an example of H2 formation from the surface of Pt@FGS and the recovery of Pt-cluster on the FGS (cyan: C, white: H, red: O, and orange: Pt)[59]

Fig.6 Conversion and heat sink of decalin-based nanofluids[9]

Fig.7 Schematic of hyperbranched polyglycerol (HMS)[61] (a), hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HPEI)[50] (b), and the synergistic catalytic cracking of decalin by hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)-encapsulated metal nanoparticles (HEMNs)[40] (c)

Table 1 Cracking performance of precious metal nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/(MJ/kg)
[9]	钯	十氢萘	750	3.50	91.9	3.50
[27]	铂	JP-10	680	4.00	55.2	2.70
[41]	铂	十氢萘	675	3.50	50.7	2.62
[49]	钯	十氢萘	725	4.00	77.0	3.61
[50]	铂	甲基环己烷	650	3.50	33.0	2.24
[61]	铂	甲基环己烷	650	3.50	61.5	2.39

Fig.8 Possible reaction routes during n-decane cracking over prepared catalysts[69]

Fig.9 Schematic of the preparation of hydrocarbon dispersible nanozeolites[77]

Fig.10 SEM images of HZSM-5 samples with different Si/Al ratios[80]

Table 2 Cracking performance of molecular sieve nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/(MJ/kg)
[78]	Beta分子筛	JP-10	700	4.00	63.2	2.80
[87]	ZSM-5	正癸烷	758	3.00	—	4.64

Fig.11 Reaction pathways for catalytic dehydrogenation by the oxygen-containing FGS, derived by ReaxFF MD simulations: (a) deprotonation/protonation, (b) regeneration, (c) reaction pathways for MCH containing added FGS held at 1700 K for 6.0 ns[90]

Fig.12 Schematic of the preparation of Pt@FGS/JP-10 nanofluid[41]

Table 3 Cracking performance of graphene nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/(MJ/kg)
[41]	Pt@FGS	JP-10	420	4.00	48.5	—
[90]	FGS	甲基环己烷	547	4.70	64.2	—

Fig.13 Molecular structure of C-undecyl calix[4]resorcinarene (a); TEM images of C-undecyl calix[4]resorcinarene-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (b) and Ni-B nano-amorphous alloy (c)[93-94]

Table 4 Cracking performance of transition metal nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/（MJ/kg）
[96]	Ni/SiO₂-A	正癸烷	750	3.50	84.0	3.93
[97]	Ni/SiO₂	正癸烷	750	3.50	—	4.04
[99]	ZSM-5@Ni_M	正癸烷	780	3.00	—	4.59

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