The tangent plane distance (TPD) method is the most popular method for phase analysis, which needs to find the global minimum value of TPD function. Because the Gibbs free energy function has multiple minima caused by the strong nonideality and the optimization problem always has a tiresome trivial solution, local optimization algorithm will not converge to global minimum in general, which leads to wrong judgment for phase stability. Linear constraint particle swarm optimization algorithm is a global optimization dealing with constraints of non-negative and affine real space. It generates initial particle population in a feasible space and utilizes the intrinsic linear operation, which makes the whole population always evolves in the feasible space. Considering the characteristics of tangent plane distance method, local acceleration and stopping criteria were devised, which increases the efficiency of algorithm. This method can be applied to any thermodynamic model, including activity coefficient model and EOS model, and this work extends phase analysis from liquid-liquid phase splitting to liquid-liquid-vapor phase splitting.

The mass，momentum，energy transfer equations of a multi-component electromagnetic fluid were reviewed subject to viscous processes，heat transfer by conduction，radiation，and convection，electromagnetic energy transfer，matter diffusion and chemical reactions. These transfer equations were used to reestablish the entropy transfer equation for the electromagnetic fluid，and further to reconstitute the differential component equations for different forms of exergy and the differential equation for total exergy in the fluid by the definitions of thermal，pressure，chemical，kinetic，potential and electromagnetic forms of exergy. These component equations revealed the relations of transfer and inter-conversions between the different forms of exergy，including the breakdown into reversible and irreversible conversions，which provided an approach to comprehending the irreversible exergy transfer mechanism，to calculating correctly the exergy destruction due to reversibility，and to improving the efficiency and performance of electromagnetic fluid transfer process.

The vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) data of α-pinene+β-pinene (428. 82—438. 13 K),α-pinene+p-cymene (429. 05—447. 15 K), β-pinene+p-cymene (439. 20—448. 66 K) and α-pinene+β-pinene+p-cymene (432. 17—448. 11 K) were determined at atmospheric pressure (100. 7 kPa) with the modified Ellis still. The thermodynamic consistency of the experimental data was confirmed by means of the Herington method. Three activity coefficient models, Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC，were used to correlate and calculate the VLE data of these binary systems to obtain the binary parameters. Average relative deviations between calculated values and experimental data of vapor phase mole fraction were all less than 0. 40%.The binary parameters of Wilson equation were also used to calculate the bubble point and the vapor phase composition for the ternary mixture without any additional adjustment. The predicted VLE for the ternary system was in good agreement with the experimental results.

It is very important for reactor design and control to choose and control the temperature throughout the reaction process. The linear stability analysis showed that control parameters contained in a nonlinear kinetic system of equations resulted in the diversity of temperature self-organization structures and occurring critical values in Lindemann uni-molecular chemical reaction-diffusion-heat conduction systems. The results of numerical simulations also showed that the differences of occurring critical values of Turing bifurcation led to multiple wave number values of spatially periodic structures of temperature field. Without doubt，these significant results should be considered in order to reasonably design，correctly choose the reactor type and optimally control chemical reactors.

The natural convection heat transfer of electrically non-conducting fluids can be controlled by gradient magnetic field. The gradient magnetic fields with different profiles of magnetic field intensity were set up by various configurations of neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet system. The magnetic field intensities and magnetic accelerations for differently configured gradient magnetic fields were obtained by numerical simulation. The natural convection heat transfer of air in a two-dimensional enclosure that was placed in different gradient magnetic fields was numerically investigated. The flow and temperature fields for the air natural convection were presented and the local and mean Nusselt numbers on the walls were calculated and compared. The results showed that the natural convection heat transfer of air can be enhanced or controlled by applying permanent gradient magnetic fields with different magnetic accelerations.

The condensation heat transfer of the water-ethanol vapor mixture on vertical tubes with different radii was studied experimentally at the same vapor velocity and different vapor pressures. A wide range of ethanol concentration was used. The results indicated that the condensation heat transfer of water-ethanol vapor mixture on vertical tubes was extremely intensified in the low ethanol concentration range. The maximum heat transfer coefficient was 150 kW·m^-2·K^-1 at p=84. 52 kPa，U=2 m·s^-1，C=1%，on the tube with 5 mm radius，which was around 8 times of that of pure water vapor. With the increase of ethanol concentration，the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreased notably. Moreover，with the increase of vapor-to-surface temperature difference，the condensation curves of heat flux and heat transfer coefficient revealed nonlinear characteristics and had peak values. The nonlinear condensation characteristic curves were caused by the complex changes in condensation mode and the diffusion resistance inherent as vapor-side thermal resistance in the condensation of the binary vapor mixtures. The condensation heat transfer characteristics were also different when different tube radii were adopted. Under the same conditions，the maximum heat transfer coefficient of the vapor mixture on the vertical tube with 5 mm radius was at a higher degree of super-cooling of surface compared with that of the tube with 10 mm radius，and the value was higher than that of the tube with 10 mm radius. In addition，according to the condensation modes recorded，dropwise condensation occurred over a wide range of ethanol concentration and vapor-to-surface temperature difference.

The small-scale flat capillary pumped loop（CPL）for the cooling of electronic apparatus was presented，and its operation principle and characteristics were analyzed. Based on the structure characteristics of small-scale flat CPL evaporator，the effect of metal side wall conduction of evaporator on the CPL work limit was analyzed，and the heat transfer limit of side wall effect was introduced. In order to improve the heat transfer capacity of CPL，fins were added on the bottom of evaporator. The flow and heat transfer in the porous structure were modeled by using two-phase layered saturated porous model，and the conduction models of metal wall and fluid region were established. The entire evaporator was solved with the SIMPLE algorithm as a conjugate problem. The numerical results showed that the heated surface temperatures of the evaporator were low，and the temperature difference along the heated surface was small. The temperature gradients in the wick structure of evaporator with fins increased，and the temperature distribution in the wick structure was reasonable. The temperatures of heated surface and bottom metal wall of finned evaporator decreased，and the heat transfer capacity was improved remarkably.

In the process of bioleaching of ore dump，a novel method for enhancing mass transfer of oxygen in leaching solution under electric field was put forward，and some experiments were performed to study its mechanism. The results showed that mass transfer could be enhanced by using electric field，and the effect of electric field on enhancing mass transfer was related to the strength of electric field and the properties of leaching solution. The higher the strength of electric field and the concentration of leaching solution，the more evident the effect of electric field. Mass transfer rate was affected by such factors as mass transfer coefficient，the size and movement of bubble，gas/liquid ratio and mass concentration of oxygen in gas phase. When the strength of electric field was 80 V·mm^-1，total mass transfer coefficient would be 28. 2% higher than that without electric field.

A heat transfer experiment was performed to investigate the heat transfer performance of a small thermosyphon using carbon nanotube（CNT）suspensions. The study was focused on the effects of the mass concentration of the CNT suspension and the operating pressure of the thermosyphon on the heat transfer and critical heat flux（CHF）in the evaporator. The CNT concentration ranged from 0. 1% to 3%(mass) and the operating pressures of the thermosyphon varied from 7. 45 kPa to 19. 97 kPa. The experimental results showed that CNT suspensions could significantly enhance heat transfer coefficient and CHF in the evaporator under sub-atmospheric pressures. Under the pressure of 7. 45 kPa，the heat transfer coefficient and CHF of the evaporator increased by 40 % and 120 % when water was replaced by 2. 0% CNT suspension. Wall heat flux had remarkable influence on the heat transfer of CNT suspensions. The enhanced heat transfer effect was weak at a low heat flux and it gradually increased with the increase of wall heat flux.

A two-dimensional lattice model that highlights the hydrophobic interaction between protein and micro-filtration（MF）membrane was presented for dynamic Monte Carlo simulation of the membrane fouling process. The effect of membrane pore size，protein concentration and structure on membrane fouling was examined. It was shown that the MF process could be divided into three stages according to the changes in the trans-membrane flux，i. e. ，rapid declining，slow declining and quasi-steady-state. For the MF membrane with a small pore size，cake resistance became dominating while the pore resistance contributed less to the overall filtration resistance along with the filtration process，while the filtration using the membrane with a large pore size was dominated by the pore resistance. The increase of protein concentration accelerated the shift of the dominating role from pore resistance to cake resistance. The hydrophobic interaction between membrane and protein may lead to the unfolding of protein，the enhancement of the irreversible multi-layer adsorption onto membrane surface，and consequently，the reduction of trans-membrane flux. The enhancement of protein structure characterized [JP+3]by hydrophobic core may repress the adsorption and this could be accomplished by choosing an appropriate solution. The simulation results agreed well with both experimental investigation and theoretical models reported elsewhere. The molecular insight of the MF process provided by the above simulation is helpful for the optimization of the MF process and design of new MF membrane.

Fluid flow in the microchannel is limited to the low Reynolds number regime. As a result, mixing of solutions with different concentrations in the microchannel is inherently diffusion dominated，requiring a long mixing channel and retention time to attain a homogeneous solution. In this paper the flow characteristics in the two-dimension closed-end microchannel electroosmotic flow were simulated，and the mixing efficiencies of the closed-end microchannel electroosmotic flow applying different electric field intensities were compared. The results showed that because of existing non-uniform induced back pressure，there were two annular flows in the whole closed-end microchannel，enhancing the convection effect and leading to a shorter mixing time and higher mixing efficiency.

The subsurface flow wetland was simulated by using a commercial computational fluid dynamic code，Fluent（Fluent Inc. ,Version 6. 2. 16）. The media constructed in the wetland was modeled by the porous media and the particle trajectory model was introduced to discuss the effect of two types of catchment area，the layer pattern and protector pattern on the hydraulic performance of the wetland. The simulation results confirmed that dispersion was an important factor for hydraulic efficiency while mean residence time changed little in all reviewed cases. For the type of layer pattern，the smaller the ratio of media resistance of purge and catchment area，the bigger the effect of their changes on hydraulic efficiency. With the increase of catchment height，the dispersion of flow increased and the hydraulic efficiency of the wetland decreased accordingly. For the type of protector pattern，with the decrease of catchment breadth，hydraulic efficiency could be improved and the effect of resistance ratio on hydraulic efficiency could be weakened. The effect of catchment height on the performance of the wetland was slight and with the increase of catchment height，hydraulic efficiency was improved slightly and when the height increased to the top of the wetland，the effect of resistance ratio on hydraulic efficiency decreased further. As compared with the layer pattern catchment area，the wetland with the protector pattern catchment area had high hydraulic efficiency and by decreasing [JP+4]catchment breadth，hydraulic efficiency could be improved and the effect of resistance ratio on hydraulic efficiency could be weakened. Therefore，the protector pattern catchment area was better than the layer pattern.

The turbulent flow-field characteristics in a 180° curved duct with rectangular cross-section were investigated. The profiles of tangential velocity and pressure were measured by using five-hole probe and simulated by FLUENT 6. 2. The results showed that centrifugal force was generated as the fluid rotated，which contributed to the change of tangential velocity and pressure. Tangential velocity increased and pressure decreased in the section between 0° and 60° when the fluid rotation began，while tangential velocity decreased and pressure increased in the section between 60° and 180° near the inner wall. On the contrary，the tangential velocity decreased and pressure increased in the section between 0° and 60°，but tangential velocity increased and pressure decreased in the section between 60° and 180° near the outer wall. This investigation indicated that turbulent flow-field characteristics in the 180° curved duct could be understood by combined experiment measurement and numerical simulation.

Shearing stresses and velocity distributions of quantum fluid helium at different temperatures flowing in the nano-channel were obtained by molecular dynamics simulation. The kinematic viscosities of quantum fluid helium in different temperature and density ranges could be calculated by the expression describing the relationship between shearing stress and velocity distribution. LJ model and QFH potential function were used to perform the MD simulation for two molecular systems with different sizes. The results showed that the simulation process with the quantum effect considered needed much time to obtain steady state.

Based on the combination of the methanol aqueous-phase reforming (APR) and catalytic hydrogenation of phenol, a novel reaction system of liquid phase in-situ catalytic hydrogenation of phenol for the synthesis of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, in which hydrogen is produced from methanol aqueous-phase reforming in the same reactor over the Raney Ni catalyst, is proposed. The production, preservation and transportation of H₂ in the traditional hydrogenation process could be eliminated, which leads to the decrease of cost and enhancement of safety significantly. In this coupling process, methanol is the raw material of the aqueous-phase reforming reaction. It is the solvent of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of phenol, on the other hand. While hydrogen is the product of the aqueous-phase reforming of methanol, it is at the same time the raw material of phenol hydrogenation reaction. The active hydrogen generated from the aqueous-phase reforming of methanol could be quickly removed from the active sites of the catalyst, through the in-situ hydrogenation of phenol, which could improve the selectivity of hydrogen for the APR process of methanol. Furthermore, highly selective hydrogenation of phenol to the aimed products cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol could be realized over the Raney Ni catalyst (100% of the total selectivity to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol), which is superior to the traditional catalytic hydrogenation method by using H₂.

NaIO₄ oxidized dextran (500×10³) conjugated laccase was prepared to enhance the laccase catalytic stability in acidic pH condition. The dextran conjugated laccase had a molecular weight over 200×10³, as determined by HPLC and SDS-PAGE. Fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that the conjugated laccase maintained the tertiary and secondary structures of the native laccase. While the conjugated laccase showed similar substrate specificity, catalytic activity, as compared to its native counterpart, the enzyme stability at acidic pH values was significantly improved. The half-life of enzymatic activity was extended from 0. 07 h to 17. 1 h at 50℃. In the presence of 30% (vol) acetonitrile, the half-life of enzyme activity was also extended from 0. 11 h to 10. 3 h. CD spectrum at 216 nm and at different pH values indicated that the conjugation with dextran strengthened the molecular structure of laccase and, consequently, enhanced its catalytic capability at a high temperature and in the presence of organic solvent.

Exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (exo-THDCPD) is an important high-energy density fuel that can significantly enhance the performance of aircrafts. It is generally produced from the isomerization of endo-THDCPD with environmentally unsafe AlCl₃ as catalyst. In this work, zeolites were used as catalyst to develop a green process for the production of exo-THDCPD. Among the zeolites tested, Y type zeolites with larger pores were most active. HUSY was more efficient than HSSY due to the abundance of weak acidic sites. Loading of fluorine could suppress the medium acid and increase the weak acid, promoting the selectivity to exo-THDCPD. The optimal reaction conditions were as following: 6. 6% F/HSSY as catalyst, temperature 195℃, catalyst percentage 20%. In this case, the conversion of endo-THDCPD was 94. 0% and the selectivity to exo-THDCPD was 98. 4%. The deactivated catalyst could be effectively regenerated via calcination at 550℃.

The optimal conditions of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) reverse micellar system, and the most suitable reaction conditions of synthesis of ethyl oleate by Lipex lipase were determined. The influences of organic solvent, ratio of substrates, pH value, water content W₀, concentration of oleic acid and reaction time were investigated. As a result, a more stable reverse micellar system was obtained, which led to a better activity of Lipex lipase. The parameters in this condition were optimized as follows: reaction temperature 25 ℃, buffer pH value 7. 0, W₀ 10, ratio of acid to ethanol 1∶4, oleic acid concentration 0. 01 mol·L^-1, agitation speed 150 r·min^-1 and reaction time 36 h, and the yield of ethyl oleate was 79%. The kinetic model of the reverse micellar system influenced by double substrates was established. The simulated result agreed well with the experimental result.

Propanediol phenyl ether was synthesized from phenol and propylene oxide (PO) in the presence of a series of solid-based catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds. The effects of the composition and structure of the catalysts, and the reaction conditions on the synthesis of propanediol phenyl ether were studied. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows:the amount of ZnMgAl catalyst was 1. 1%，the molar ratio of C₆H₅OH to PO was 1∶1，reaction temperature was 413 K，and reaction time was 5 h. The conversion of PO was 97. 2%，the selectivity of propanediol phenyl ether was 93. 4%.

Sugar was selected for protecting Candida antarctic lipase B entrapped in sol-gel glass matrix. The activities of immobilized CALB influenced by sucrose, glucose, trehalose, xylose and maltose were investigated. The result showed that trehalose,glucose and xylose were the best protector for lipase CALB. By means of infrared spectrometry and differential scanning calorimeter，the protection mechanism of immobilized CALB by xylose was studied. The results showed that xylose bonded with lipase provided significant improvement in the stability of entrapped CALB.

Lactide, the important intermediate for synthesis of poly lactic acid, was prepared from D,L-lactic acid with ionic liquid as catalyst. High purity lactide was obtained by recrystallization, and identified with melting point measurement and infrared ray spectroscopy. The influence factors, such as the type and dosage of ionic liquid on the yield of lactide were discussed in the preparation of lactide. The results showed that ionic liquid as catalyst was feasible and could lower the viscosity of the reaction system for preparation of lactide under mild reaction conditions, and the optimum conditions for using ［NH (C₂H₅)₃］［HSO₄］ catalyst were that the dosage of catalyst was 5%(mass), oligomerization and depolymerization temperature were in the range of 110—140℃ and 190—250℃ respectively.

In order to predict and simulate the course of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction process, a mathematical model was developed by using the lumped parameter method to describe supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO₂) extraction of clove oil based on the mass balances of essential oil in particle and SC-CO₂. The model was simplified according to experimental results at various temperatures, pressures, particle sizes and CO₂ flow rates. The coefficients of carbon dioxide density, particle size and CO₂ flow rate in the model were calculated and tested experimentally. The simulated results showed that the model gave a good fit to the experimental data with average relative error of 6. 88%—57. 78%.

The shifts of stretching vibration frequency of the radicals in salicylic acid and the interaction of entrainer and solute in supercritical CO₂ with the addition of entrainer by using infrared spectroscopy were studied. The stretching vibration frequency of both radicals C=Oand O—Hshifted towards a lower frequency with ethanol as entrainer, while the stretching vibration frequency of radical C=Oshifted towards a higher frequency with acetone as entrainer. The results showed that the solubility of salicylic acid in supercritical CO₂ with ethanol as entrainer was much higher than that with acetone as entrainer. The influence of the action of hydrogen bond was much stronger than the action of solvent polarity on the increase of solute solubility.

The microstructure，swelling ratio and protein concentration and separation behavior of dextran bulk hydrogels with microstructure（BHMs）were studied with scanning electron microscopy（SEM），visible ultra-violet spectrophotometry（UV）and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）.The experimental results indicated that the bovine serum albumin concentration and separation efficiency and swelling ratio increased with increasing microgels content or decreasing temperature. Comparing with the cross-linked dextran hydrogels，dextran BHMs realized baseline separation for multi-component proteins including bovine serum albumin，lysozyme and ovalbumin; additionally，the separation time was reduced from 24 h to 9 h. The excellent concentration and separation performance of dextran BHMs were ascribed to its loose and porous microstructure.

Multiway kernel partial least squares(MKPLS) can be used for modeling and optimal control of batch processes. But the calculated optimal control policy based on the model may no longer be optimal, when applied to the actual process due to model-plant mismatches and unknown disturbances. Based on the similar idea between repetitive batch runs and iterations during numerical optimization, a batch-to-batch optimization correction strategy coupled with MKPLS model and sequential quadratic programming(SQP) was proposed. During gradient calculation, the plant data, in place of the predictions of MKPLS model, were used to correct the iterative searching direction. The proposed strategy was illustrated by simulations of bulk polymerization of styrene and fed-batch ethanol fermentation.

A contaminated Gaussian distribution based method is robust for data rectification for its ability of taking probability distributions of random errors and gross errors into account simultaneously. But its application is limited because the precision of estimation depends on the selection of priori model parameters, which is difficult to obtain in practice. To avoid providing these parameters, a robust adaptive data rectification approach is proposed in this paper. First, a robust adaptive probability distribution model of errors is constructed. Adaptive factors, obtained from observations, are added to adjust the variances of the outlying observations. Then, Lagrange method is used to obtain the iterative algebraic solution. The correlation of measurements is also considered in this paper. Application to bilinear constraints process shows that the least square estimation based on the new approach can compensate the effect of gross errors effectively and give a robust estimation.

A hierarchical roughness was fabricated on brass surface by chemical etching with a FeCl₃-HCl-H₂O solution. The roughness consisted of irregular pieces and fine papilla. After fluorination treating，the brass surface exhibited super-hydrophobic properties，with a water contact angle of about 157° and contact angle hysteresis of about 5°. The effect of etching time on the hydrophobicity of the surfaces was investigated. The results indicated that the etching time played an important role in the formation of hierarchical roughness and of a high contact angle. With the increase of etching time，the hierarchical structure gradually formed on the surface and the contact angle gradually increased until a constant value was reached. The contact angle hysteresis decreased as the contact angle increased. The possible mechanism of the formation of hierarchical roughness was proposed. Also，the wettability of brass surface was discussed on the basis of the Cassie theory.

The test of slagging on water cooled wall was performed in a lab-scale entrained-flow gasifier. The gasifier’s slag surface morphology at different temperatures was studied and analyzed quantitatively. The equivalent temperature (T) was proposed, which was the ratio of slag real temperature and ash fusion temperature. The slag surface roughness was obtained by using ImageJ image analysis software. The slag surface was smoother when T>1. 0 than that of T<1. 0. Using fractal theory, the geometric characteristics of slag surface were quantitatively shown by fractal dimensions, and the relationship between equivalent temperature and fractal dimensions was found. The results showed that the whole spread of molten slag particles required T be greater than 1. 0 too.

The theory of metabolic engineering was applied to a fed batch culture of animal cells. Through the construction of metabolic network model, the time distribution of mass and energy metabolic fluxes was studied for hybridoma cells from dynamic to pseudo-steady state. The distribution partition of mass metabolic flux of high-level glucose between lactate production pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was 90% and 10%, with the ratio of ATP production 20% and 60%, respectively. When glucose concentration decreased below the growth-limiting extent, the percentage of glucose entering into TCA cycle was gradually increased to 100%, the oxidative extent of glucose was improved from 0. 6 mmol·mmol^-1 to 4. 52 mmol·mmol^-1. It suggested that glucose metabolism was drifted from anaerobic lactate production pathway to aerobic TCA cycle.

In order to obtain lactic acid bacteria using molasses wastewater to produce lactic acid，an activated sludge was sampled from bioreactor with molasses wastewater，and strain MD-9 was isolated by an anaerobic Hungate technique. The morphology，physic-biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence analysis of strain MD-9 were investigated. The results indicated that 16S rRNA gene homology of strain MD-9 with Lactobacillus fermentum was 99. 6%.Strain MD-9 is facultative anaerobe bacillus. Glucose fermentation is heterologous. Strain MD-9 can use molasses wastewater to produce lactic acid.

The wastewater discharged from a highly-intensive chemical industrial park area has the characteristics of strong concentration, high colourity, frequent variability and difficulty of biodegradation. A novel anaerobic reactor—jet biogas inter-loop anaerobic fluidized bed (JBILAFB) was self-designed and fabricated for the pre-treatment of complex chemical organic wastewater. The designed capacity of the reactor was 24 m³·d-1. Zero-valent iron was used as biological catalyst in the reactor. During the wastewater pre-treatment, the mechanism of the catalytic deoxidation process was discussed and the technological parameter of the JBILAFB was obtained. The results showed that the active circulation of biogas and wastewater in the JBILAFB with the jet mode could maintain good contact and mass transfer of biological catalyst, active carbon, anaerobic sludge and wastewater. Anaerobic biological pre-treatment effect was enhanced with hydrogen generation, flocculating deposition and nourishment supply during the catalytic deoxidation process of zero-valent iron granules. When the volume loading rate (VLR) and influent colourity were 0. 874—2. 996 kg COD·m^-3·d^-1and 250—2000 times respectively, the colourity and COD average removal rate of the JBILAFB could reach about 26. 2% and 70. 8% with the recycle ratio in the JBILAFB, environmental temperature and hydraulic retain time (HRT) being 2, 23—34℃ and 12—24 h respectively. Moreover, the effluent pH was maintained at 6—8 and the average BOD/COD of wastewater increased from 0. 26±0. 04 to 0. 43±0. 03. Organic pollutant was partially removed and biodegradation of wastewater was improved obviously during the catalysis deoxidation process. The JBILAFB reactor and process offered a highly efficient technology for the pre-treatment of complex chemical organic wastewater.

To construct the new cycle system is one of the basic studies for increasing the power output and electric efficiency in energy utilization and transformation fields. Therefore, a new ambient pressure gas turbine cycle (APGC) is presented in this paper. The engineering applications of APGC in the fields of the hybrid system with solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), biogas power generation system and power recovery system of iron and steel works, etc. were simulated based on the APGC and/or SOFC analytical models established with software Aspen Plus. The results showed that APGC would get wide application in prospect for its advantages.

Deinking technology of old newsprint (ONP) by cellulase or hemicellulase combined with laccase/mediator system (LMS) was investigated. The effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) of the deinked pulp was lower than that of the pulp deinked with each individual enzyme, which suggested that ONP could be deinked by these enzymes synergistically. Brightness after H₂O₂ bleaching and physical properties of the pulps were better than those of the pulp obtained by pulping with each individual enzyme. Fiber morphology changes during the deinking were studied by fiber average length and coarseness, specific surface area, specific volume determination and environmental scanning electronic microscopy (ESEM) observations. Comparing with the control pulp, fiber average length and coarseness of LMS-cellulase and LMS-hemicellulase synergistic deinking pulp decreased. Specific surface area and specific volume of synergistic deinked pulp fibers were higher than those of the control pulp fibers. ESEM images indicated that fibrils were present on the fiber surface after synergistic treatment.

The introduction of vibration force field changes the mode of movement and state of polymer melt molecule. The research of the polymer melt molecule movement under the impact of vibration force field can serve as the basis for determining those physical parameters during polymer material processing. To analyze the polymer melt molecule dynamics，a bead-spring model is presented，which can describe the movement process of polymer melt molecule under the impact of vibration force field，and the model is solved by using the statistical mechanics method. In the end，the expression of laxity time and frequency is obtained，which indicates that，laxity time is related to frequency，when other parameters are invariable，laxity time will decrease as frequency increases. The model will serve as the theoretical base for polymer processing and equipment design.

With the help of physical and analytical models of polymer molecule movement described in Part(Ⅰ)，the expression of vibration frequency and polymer melt dynamic apparent viscidity is obtained. The theory is supplemented by a numerical sample and experiments which show that the dynamic apparent viscidity of polymer melt is related to vibration frequency，and it decreases as frequency increases; when the amplitude is longer than the length of polymer molecule chain，it does not affect the apparent viscidity. The theoretical result agrees with that of experiment，which proves that the physical model and the analytical model are valid. This research will serve as the basis for polymer processing and equipment design.

Sulfonated poly（pathalazinone ether ketone）（SPPEK）is an alternative membrane material for direct methanol fuel cells because of its reasonable conductivity and methanol resistance. However，its conductivity depends much on the water content. At a temperature higher than 100℃，the conductivity of SPPEK membrane drops sharply due to the evaporation of water. The present paper focuses on improving the water holding ability of SPPEK membrane by embedding a hygroscopic proton conductor. Zirconium tricarboxybutyl phosphonate［Zr（PBTC）］was chosen as the hygroscopic additive for its relatively high conductivity. Zr（PBTC）/SPPEK composite membrane was obtained by casting a homogeneous mixture of Zr（PBTC）and SPPEK in N，N-dimethylacetamide onto glass plate and then evaporating the solvent at 60℃. The conductivity of membranes at different relative humidities at 120℃ and the water content at different temperatures were measured. The results showed that incorporating Zr（PBTC）improved the water holding capacity of composite membranes at a low humidity，thereby improving their conductivity. At 120℃，when relative humidity varied from 100% to 20%，the conductivity of SPPEK membrane dropped sharply from 10^-1 S·cm^-1 to 10^-5 S·cm^-1 while that of 30%（mass） Zr（PBTC）/SPPEK composite membrane dropped to 10^-3 S·cm^-1.

The PVA nanofibers with diameter about 200 nm were prepared by electrospinning,and the hybridized membrane was prepared with the PVA nanofibers and tetraethyl orthosiliconte (TEOS) by the sol-gel method. Different membranes were made by controlling the hybridization reaction time. FTIR showed that the hydroxyl goup in PVA condensed with the hydrolysate of TEOS. FESEM result indicated that the diameter of the hybrid fibers increased and the interspace of hybrid fibers were gradually filled in by SiO₂ with increasing reaction time. Mechanical testing result indicated that the tensile strength of the hybrid membrane could be increased by filling in a little SiO₂. The moisture-retaining property of the hybrid membrane became better with longer hybridization reaction time.

SiO₂-g-PS, nano-microspheres，were prepared by grafted styrene monomer on the surface of nano-SiO₂ particles with the emulsion polymerization method, and its surface and morphology were studied by TEM, FTIR, TG and XPS. The results showed that the SiO₂-g-PS nano-microsphere had a structure of sphericity composed of PS and SiO₂ as core and shell respectively. A composite material of SiO₂-g-PS nano-microsphere and polypropylene (PP) was prepared by the melt-blending process and the mechanical performance was investigated. The results showed that the impact and tensile strength of the composite material could be improved obviously when the loading of SiO2-g-PS nano-microsphere was as low as 4%—6%(mass), and a significant heterogeneous nucleation effect on the crystallization of PP was observed.

TiO₂ porous films were prepared by anodization with different patterns of applied voltage. The formation mechanism of TiO₂ porous films was discussed through experiment phenomena and SEM observation. The results showed that the formation of TiO₂ porous films by anodization was controlled by voltage, barrier thickness when one-step voltage method or continuous voltage method was applied.However, the formation was controlled by voltage, barrier thickness, and interface state of electrolyte/barrier when two-step voltage method was used. The range of nano-pore diameter and nano-pore density of the TiO₂ film could be extended with two-step voltage method in the same process condition.

The composites of polypropylene (PP)/ Kevlar pulp (PPTA-pulp) and PP/PPTA-pulp/ maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) were prepared by using twin-screw extruder. The mechanical properties and structure of PP/ PPTA-pulp and PP/PPTA-pulp/MAH-g-PP composites were investigated. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and parallel plate rheometer were used to measure the crystallization behavior and rheological properties, and the fracture of the composites were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that with increasing content of PPTA-pulp, the tensile strength and flexural modulus of the composites were increased, while the elongation and notch impact were decreased sharply. PPTA-pulp played a role as nucleating agent of polypropylene. Maleic anhydride-grafted-polypropylene (MAH-g-PP), a compatibilizer, can advance the affinity between PPTA-pulp and PP molecular and improve the interfacial action. It was found that the storage modulus, loss modulus and mechanical performance of PPTA-pulp/ MA-g-PP/PP composites were better than those of PPTA-pulp/PP composites.

The molt grafting reaction was employed to graft vinyl trimethoxysilane（VTMS）to polyethylene-wax（PEW），and the characteristic absorbance peaks at 1090 cm^-1，1030 cm^-1 and 960 cm^-1 in FTIR spectra proved the successful grafting. As a precursor，tetraethoxysilane（TEOS）was mixed with grafted PEW and then a PEW/SiO_² hybrid material could be prepared by the sol-gel process. The morphology and properties of the hybrid were studied with FTIR，TEM and TG/DTA. The study indicates that the hybrid containing 0. 98%—4. 12% of SiO₂ could be prepared via the sol-gel process and good compatibility of the molecules of grafted PEW and SiO₂ particles was observed. The study also showed that the thermostability of PEW was improved at the presence of nano-SiO₂ particles. The decomposing temperature of PEW was increased by 21. 34℃ when 3. 75% of SiO₂ was present.

In order to decrease the hygroscopicity of medium-density fiberboard (MDF)and improve the waterproofing and moistureproofing performance of the fiberboard, a reactive waterproofing agent composed of mainly organic-silicon was prepared. The paper discusses the influence of different concentrations of the reactive waterproofing agent on the waterproofing and mechanical properties of the fiberboard. The result of this examination showed that a suitable concentration range of the reactive waterproofing agent could largely decrease the thickness swelling rate and the water absorption rate of the fiberboard, and could also enhance the dimensional stability and quality of the fiberboard.

Cu₂O nanowires were successfully synthesized by an electrochemical method using alumina membrane as template. The composition and morphology of nanowires were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photo-potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments of Cu₂O/AAO were also performed. The results showed that the diameter of the Cu₂O nanowires was about 120 nm and their length was 2 μm. The photo-potential was about 25 mV and the electrochemical impedance of Cu₂O/AAO was much smaller under the light of 365 nm.

A novel process of three-column (pre-distillation, low-pressure, and high-pressure) distillation was proposed for the purification of synthetic methanol. In the new process with double-effect distillation, the reboiler duties of both pre-column and low-pressure column were provided by the vapor distillate of the high-pressure column, which achieved complete heat-integration of heating steam to reduce the total heat consumption of the whole distillation process. At the same time, the soft water from the bottom of the low-pressure column and part of the salt water from the bottom of the high-pressure column were recycled to the pre-column as the extracting water, which achieved complete integration of soft water in the process and eliminated the consumption of fresh soft water and reduced the amount of waste water. A comparative case study by steady-state simulation was carried out for the present Lurgi process, the W-C process in literature and this Z-W process. The result showed that the Z-W process reduced the heat consumption by 21. 4 % of the Lurgi process or by 11. 7 % of the W-C process，reduced the waster water by 81. 4 % of the Lurgi process or by 68. 5 % of the W-C process and eliminated the soft-water consumption by 100 % of both Lurgi process and W-C process.