There are many liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction systems involved in the chemical industry production process. Since the reaction process occurs at the two-phase interface, the reaction effect usually depends on the mass transfer efficiency between phases and the degree of mixing. Due to the complexity of most liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction system, the mass transfer and mixing performance of the used reactors has great effects on the reaction processes. Recently, the research and development of reactors for liquid-liquid heterogeneous system has attracted much attention in order to intensify the liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction and improve the product quality. In this paper, the research progress of traditional reactors and process-intensified reactors for liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction systems is reviewed. By comparing the characteristics of traditional reactors and process-intensified reactors, the application scope and optimization strategy are summarized towards reactors for liquid-liquid heterogeneous system. A practicable route is proposed to improve the safety of liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction systems, which should combine process intensification technology with traditional reactors.

All-solid-state lithium-ion battery (ASSLB) with sulfide electrolyte is regarded as the most effective solution to the safety problems and energy density improvement of traditional liquid lithium-ion batteries. The cathode material largely determines the basic performance of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries, as one of the main part of lithium-ion batteries. The NCM cathode material has attracted widespread attention due to its advantages of higher energy density, lower cost, and compatibility with sulfide electrolytes. However, NCM cathode materials have some imperfections, such as low safety and poor cycle stability, and there are still many problems to be solved at its contact interface with sulfide electrolyte. Therefore, the research on the structure and interface optimization of NCM cathode material is of great significance to improve the energy density and stability of lithium-ion batteries. This paper focuses on the research of the current mainstream NCM cathode materials and the matching research of interface problems with sulfide-based solid electrolytes, expounding the challenges, solutions and development opportunities of NCM cathode materials. Prospects are proposed for the further development and application of NCM cathodes.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commercially available synthetic biodegradable material at present, with good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Stannous catalysts have been widely used in the industrial production of PLA because of their high catalytic activity, low price and low racemization reaction. Although the usage of stannous catalysts is tiny, the trace residue of the catalyst still promotes the thermal degradation of PLA products, and then greatly affects the performance and service life of the products. Therefore, this paper initially reviewed the mechanism of promoting thermal degradation of PLA by stannous catalysts, and then summarized the research progress on improving the thermal stability of PLA in detail from three aspects, such as stannous ion chelation, oxidation of stannous ion and chain end-group modification. It is expected that this review can provide a guideline for extending the service life of PLA products and expanding the application range of PLA products.

The horizontal kneading reactor with large effective reaction volume possesses excellent mixing, surface renewal, heat transfer and self-cleaning performance. Hence, the kneading reactor has broad application prospects in fields such as bulk polymerization, polymerization condensation and polymer devolatilization. This article reviews several types of kneading reactors, research on stirring characteristics and their application in the polymerization industry. The experimental measurement techniques have significant limitations due to the complex geometry and the CFD simulation is the main research method. The kneading reactor with self-cleaning characteristics is the main direction for the development of agitated equipment for polymer. The efficient, intensive, green and environmentally friendly advanced processes and devices are the key to promoting the development of polymer industry.

The accurate thermophysical properties of the working fluid are the basis for industrial process calculations and equipment usage optimization. However, the lack of data on the viscosity of air below 190 K affects the engineering design and process optimization of industrial applications. In this work, the viscosity measurements of high purity air in gas, liquid, supercritical states were performed by using a low-temperature vibrating-wire viscometer at temperatures from 85 K to 190 K and pressures from 0.2 MPa to 5 MPa. The standard uncertainty of the viscosity measurements was estimated to be 2.64% over all the ranges of temperature and pressure. Measurement results can provide basic data for the optimization design of related technologies in industrial liquid air applications.

Well flow materials in oil and gas development mostly exist in the form of oil, gas and water miscibility. For sour oil and gas fields, acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide are often present. In order to avoid hydrate formation and blockage of pipelines, the injection of the alcohol inhibitor is a common method, which will make the fluid composition more complex, presenting a multiphase mixed flow of acid/alcohol hydrocarbon and water. Accurate calculation of the phase equilibrium of hydrocarbon and water system containing acid/alcohol is the basis of predicting phase behavior, and the key to support the simulation of multiphase transport flow in this complex system. The phase equilibrium calculation of this systems based on the classical cubic equation of state is widely used, but there is the problem of low accuracy in calculating the distribution of oil-water two-phase components. Therefore, a stability testing method suitable for acid/alcohol hydrocarbon and water system is proposed by introducing stability analysis method. With the SRK-HV equation of state and stability analysis, a multi-phase and multi-component flash calculation model for acid/alcohol hydrocarbon and water is established. After multiple perspectives verification, the model proposed in this research has high accuracy and stability.

A numerical simulation investigation was performed on the gas-liquid two-phase flow and gas-liquid mass transfer characteristics within a bubbling column reactor with various numbers of horizontally placed porous plates using the Euler-Euler dual-fluid model. Furthermore, the research investigated the impact of horizontal porous plates situated at different positions and various superficial gas velocities on gas holdup, bubble diameter, and gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient in the bubbling column reactor. The results indicate that the distribution of gas holdup was affected by the quantity and location of the porous plates. As the number of porous plates increased, the gas holdup in the upper part of the liquid phase of the bubbling column reactor increased; after installing the porous plate, the average gas holdup at the inner diameter of the reactor changed significantly, resulting in an M-shaped distribution; at various superficial gas velocities, the proportion of small bubbles with a diameter of 1—2 mm accounted for over 30% in the bubbling column reactor without the installation of a porous plate. Conversely, the proportion of small bubbles increased significantly after the installation of a porous plate. The gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient is relatively gentle in the central area (radial dimensionless between -0.5 and 0.5), with little fluctuation. Finally, the volume mass transfer coefficient obtained from the simulation calculation was compared with the calculated value of Akita’s correlation equation. The calculation result was slightly higher.

The mixing and clarifying tank is an important extraction and separation equipment. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to study the fluid flow and shear force in a new type of axial flow pump type mixer (AFPM). The impact of the impeller type on average shear rate, spatial distribution of shear rate, and probability distribution of shear rate in the mixing chamber was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the combination of the conical pump and double blade yields significantly improved suction and shear force compared to traditional mixers. Furthermore, the six-bladed semi-closed turbine (SBSCT) blade can increase suction force by 87% and average shear rate by 90%. The axial flow pump also provides a more evenly distributed shear force within the mixing chamber.

The structure topology optimization of the heat exchanger transforms the design problem of enhancing heat transfer into a mathematical optimization problem, which is important in finding novel design for high performance heat exchanger. However, it is difficult for the topology optimization mathematical model to directly explain the geometric characteristics of the optimization results and the corresponding strengthening mechanism. The topology optimization design is conducted for the heat transfer enhancement of microchannel heat exchanger. The impacts of different factors on the optimized structures and heat transfer performance are investigated. The optimization results show that the channels of the topology-optimized heat exchanger present a “hierarchical bifurcation” configuration, and the number of bifurcations increases with the increase of the inlet Reynolds number, the vertical heat transfer of fins, and the Prandtl number of liquid. Based on these findings, entransy dissipation theory and boundary layer theory are applied to reveal the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement, which provided new ideas for the structural strengthening design of the heat exchanger.

Two-phase mixing in a stirrer is a common phenomenon in chemical production. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technology mainly visually reconstructs the distribution of the two phases for monitoring purposes. Inspired by sparse Bayesian learning, a non-convex and nonseparable regularization (NNR) algorithm is proposed to reconstruct ECT images. The low-rank characteristics of the matrix are introduced on the basis of the sparse prior, and a new optimization problem is proposed in the latent space by using the maximum posterior estimation. Dual variables are used to map the objective function of the latent space to the original space for an iterative solution, which is used to restore the simultaneous sparse and low-rank matrices. Compared with the convex approximation L¹ norm, the NNR algorithm can obtain more accurate reconstruction images, and it is easier to converge to the global optimal solution than the non-convex separable method. To verify the reconstruction effect of the NNR algorithm, the reconstruction was compared with the other five algorithms through numerical simulation and static experiments. The results show that the NNR algorithm can effectively reduce reconstruction artifacts, improve the reconstruction quality of the central object, and provide a high-quality reconstruction algorithm for the two-phase distribution in the stirrer.

In two-phase flow measurements, the accurate identification of the flow pattern is the basis for the measurement of pressure drop, heat transfer and other thermal parameters. Traditional two-phase flow methods have limited applicability under different operating conditions due to the limitations of test conditions and data. Artificial intelligence algorithms can take into account both efficiency and accuracy, but the feature extraction method is still the difficulty in its identification. The accurate identification of flow patterns is of great significance for interpreting data, improving models, and improving application effects. Therefore, this paper proposes a feature extraction method based on unsupervised learning of convolutional autoencoder, which inputs the extracted features into random forest, support vector machine, and back propagation neural network classifiers for classification, respectively. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy for all four stream types reaches more than 99%, which indicates that the convolutional autoencoder feature extraction method can significantly improve the accuracy of the classification algorithm, has good compatibility with different classifiers, and also provides help for the feature extraction method for subsequent popular recognition.

The intra-cavity mixing behavior under the action of a triangular rotor represents a typical mixing problem and has broad engineering application potential. In order to further improve distributive mixing, three enhancement ways were proposed in this paper, including increasing the edge length of the cams, changing cam shapes by perturbation method, and changing the cam topology. Allowing for the rotation periodicity of cams, using the mesh superposition technique, the numerical simulation models of the highly viscous fluid flow under the actions of different cam pairs were established and the instantaneous velocity fields were then solved. The investigations on the mixing dynamics were performed by using the self-developed Runge-Kutta scheme with fourth-order precession. The mixing behaviors were characterized in terms of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS), interface stretch of tracer lines, and Poincaré cross section. When the edge length equals to 40 mm, two independent Komogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) islands turn up surrounding the left and right cams; when the cam edge length is increased up to 45 mm, the mixing mechanism inside the cavity is completely changed where single one KAM island wanders around the left and right sub-cavities along the quasi-periodic orbit of double loop connection orbit, consequently resulting in the best distributive mixing. Compared with changing cam shape, changing cam topology can achieve better mixing with lower power consumption, however, as the edge length of 40 mm does, the mixing mechanism where two independent KAM islands surround the left and right cams remains unchanged.

In order to realize the safe and efficient production of dinitrotoluene (DNT), the behavior of toluene dinitration process was investigated by using microreaction technology with mixed acid as nitrating agent and toluene as raw material. Increasing the reaction temperature, elevating the molar ratio of nitric acid to toluene, reducing the water content of the mixed acid and decreasing N/S and integrating stirring were all conducive to the generation of DNT. Lowering the reaction temperature and increasing the water content of the mixed acid and the molar ratio of nitrate to sulfur are beneficial to reducing the 2,4-/2,6-DNT ratio. The nitrification process has been optimized for 80/20DNT products. At a reaction temperature of 75℃, a water content of mixed acid of 14%, N/S of 1/4 or 1/3, and a stirring time of 5 min, the product composition demonstrated desirable characteristics, i.e., the content of MNT in the product was less than 0.2%, 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT greater than 96% and other DNT less than 4%. More importantly, the ratio of 2,4-/2,6-DNT was less than 4.25. Under the conditions of adiabatic and room temperature feeding, a mixed acid water content of 14%, N/S of 1/4, and stirring time of 10 min, the product also complied with the industry standards. The study outcomes offer valuable technical insights for the continuous dinitration process of toluene and the continuous preparation of 80/20DNT products.

It has a good application potential for coal gasification slag by modifying and regulating the physicochemical properties of it, which can be used to the catalytic removal of organic pollutants, especially electron rich organics. This study focuses on the catalytic application of coal gasification fine slag of space furnace for the removal of bisphenol A by activating persulfate (PMS). Specifically, the coal gasification slag was modified with various concentrations of acid (HCl), alkali (NaOH), and metal salt (ZnCl₂) and used it in the BPA degradation process. The effect of modifier concentration on its catalytic performance was investigated. Besides, the performance of alkali modified coal gasification slag in the degradation of BPA by activating PMS under different reaction conditions was investigated with the active substances that play a dominant role in the catalytic degradation of BPA were further explored through XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, BET characterization and free radical quenching experiments. It was shown that all three modification methods can enhance the catalytic performance of coal gasification slag in degrading BPA, with NaOH modification shown the best performance. For the 5.5NaOH-FS/PMS system, 15 mg/L BPA can be achieved complete removal within 60 minutes under the conditions of 30℃, catalyst dosage of 2 g/L, and PMS dosage of 10 mmol/L. XRF/XRD/SEM-EDS/FTIR analysis showed that the active Fe₂O₃ component was retained in the structure of NaOH modified coal gasification slag, as well as the carbon content reached to 52.7% after NaOH modification. It promoted the BPA degradation. The free radical quenching experiment proved that ·O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-} and ¹O₂ were the main reactive oxygen species during the degradation of BPA by 5.5NaOH-FS/PMS. Moreover, the presence of carbon defects can directly participate in the oxidative degradation of BPA by forming intermediate complexes with PMS through non-free radical pathways. The research results provide a basis for the resource utilization of coal gasification slag, especially for its application as a catalyst in the field of organic pollutant removal.

The salt-containing wastewater discharged from the production of the dye weak acid blue AS (AS) is spray-dried to make waste salt, and then the organic pollutants are calcined to prepare a quasi-activated carbon adsorbent (LAC). It was utilized for the adsorption and decolorization of wash wastewater from AS dye production. Additionally, the crude salt (NaCl) recovery from the above calcination technology could be reused in the salting-out process in AS industrial production. This research was conducted to determine the optimal temperature for calcining LAC, and calcination in a muffle furnace at 450℃ yielded the best results. Furthermore, the impact of initial dye wastewater concentration, temperature, and pH on the adsorption performance of LAC was investigated. The findings revealed that, in AS dye wastewater with an initial concentration of 40 mg/L, the adsorption at 318 K was more effective than at 298 K and 278 K. At 318 K, the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 29.22 mg/g, and acidic conditions favored the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics study on LAC indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better fitted the adsorption results. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the Langmuir isotherm equation provided a better fit for the adsorption experimental results.Moreover, investigations into the cyclic regeneration performance of LAC demonstrated its good regenerative capabilities, and could be reused several times. Even after four cycles, the adsorption rate for AS dye remained above 80%. Additionally, a modification using a one-pot mixed approach with addition of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate improved the surface area of adsorbent LACMg0.75 by nearly 5 times compared to LAC, achieving a saturation adsorption capacity of 550.02 mg/g, nearly 20 times higher than that of LAC.

To address challenges in efficient gas-liquid separation under high gas-liquid ratio conditions, a novel cyclone-gravity coupled downhole gas-liquid separator is proposed. Combining experimental research, numerical simulation and experimental design methods, the significance analysis and optimal design of the gas-liquid separator structural parameters were carried out, a mathematical relationship model between the significant structural parameters and the gas-liquid separation efficiency was established. The best matching scheme for structural parameters was established. The combined design of gravity sedimentation and hydrocyclone separation proves effective in achieving liquid phase deposition under high gas-liquid ratios, leading to high-efficiency gas-liquid separation. The results indicate that separation efficiency rises with liquid intake, stabilizing within a range. Within certain working conditions, the gas-liquid ratio initially enhances separation efficiency, then decreases. The optimal liquid intake is 42 m³/d, the optimum inlet pressure is 2 MPa, and the optimal gas-liquid ratio is 700∶1, 97% efficiency is achieved under optimal conditions. The simulation and experimental results align well, offering novel insights and references for the research and development of gas-liquid separation equipment.

To solve the problems of low organic sulfur removal efficiency, long solvent development cycle and high cost in the traditional amine elution desulfurization process, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSPR) model for ethanethiol solubility was established by using seven machine learning algorithms. Besides, the absorption mechanism of ethanethiol was elucidated by using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method and the virtual screening for candidate molecules was conducted to identify efficient solvents for the absorption removal of ethanethiol. Molar solubilities of ethanethiol in 14732 solvents, which cover a wide range of chemical space, were calculated by using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS). XGBoost was identified as the optimal algorithm for predicting the molar solubility of ethanethiol, having R_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{2}} of 0.66, RMSE of 1.22, and MAE of 0.84. The complexity of molecular structure, covalent bonding, and electron distribution in molecules were identified as the key factors for the molar solubility of ethanethiol. Four solvents, including 3-ethoxypropylamine, 3-diethylaminopropylamine, 1,4-dimethylpiperazine, and 3-butoxypropylamine were identified as potential solvents. The results of the equilibrium solubility determination experiments show that 3-butoxypropylamine has the best ethanethiol dissolution with Henry’s law constant of 37.34 kPa.

A data-driven predictive control method with laser radar material level measurement was proposed for the combustion process of a power station boiler. This control strategy uses laser radar to monitor the amount of biomass fed into the furnace online in real time, and uses the maximum mutual information coefficient (MIC) method to analyze its effect on key parameters such as main steam pressure, combustion chamber temperature, and outlet flue gas oxygen content. Combined with the characteristic parameters of distributed control system (DCS) after screening, the model data set was constructed. Based on the model data set, an auto-regressive with extra inputs model optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm was established. Based on the boiler key parameter model, the proposed control method attempts to minimize the flue gas oxygen content deviation under the constraints of main steam pressure and combustion chamber temperature. Taking 700 t/d biomass combustion power generation boiler as the test object, the experimental results based on the actual production data, as well as the comparative analysis demonstrate: (1) The predictive model can accurately predict the boiler key parameters and meet the demands of boiler combustion process control and optimization; (2) Compared with PID control and fuzzy control, the model predictive control algorithm shows higher control performance, and the average deviation of oxygen content from its set value in the simulation results can be controlled within ±25%. The proposed model predictive control method has good practical significance in theory, and can provide reference for the optimization and transformation of biomass boiler combustion in the future.

Based on Aspen Plus platform and combined with the dynamic subroutine of acid decomposition reaction and crystallization kinetics of phosphate rock written by Fortran, the rigorous mechanism modeling of the whole hemi-dihydrate wet phosphoric acid process was completed, and the model was calibrated with industrial data. Quasi-Monte Carlo stochastic simulation was then used to generate a high-quality sample data set, and a machine learning algorithm was used to establish an agent model of the phosphoric acid production process. The results show that the surrogate model obtained by this method can accurately predict the key parameters of phosphoric acid production process. For example, the prediction accuracy of random forest agent model is the best in this case, most of the relative errors are controlled within 2.5%, and the maximum is not more than 10%. Based on this surrogate model, the operating parameters of the production process were optimized. The results showed that under the condition that the lower limit of P₂O₅ concentration in the finished phosphoric acid was 37%, and the upper limit of \mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-} concentration was 5%, the maximum phosphorus yield could be obtained by 98%, and the optimization effect was obvious, and the technical production index was met. It can provide solutions and data support for real-time optimization operation, design and transformation of production.

This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) based on Xception network optimized by an improved transient search optimization (TSO) algorithm. First, the fault data are normalized and dimensionally reduced by linear discriminant analysis, which reduces the computational complexity while preserving the main features. Secondly, the TSO algorithm is enhanced by introducing Tent chaotic mapping and reverse learning strategy, which improves its global search ability. The hyperparameters of the Xception neural network are optimized by the TSO algorithm in the training phase. Finally, the fully trained Xception network is used to classify and identify PEMFC faults, and compared with the classic classification model. On the experimental water management fault data and the simulated multi-class fault data, the Xception network achieves the highest classification accuracy, which is 100% and 98.08%, respectively. This indicates that the Xception network has a strong ability to extract data features and the proposed method can serve as a general diagnosis method for PEMFC faults.

Gas hydrate technology has broad application prospects in the seawater desalination, hydrate cold storage, carbon dioxide storage, etc. The rapid hydrate formation is considered to be one of the key issues restricting the application of hydrate technology. The self-built CO₂ hydrate visual generation experimental device was used to conduct experimental research on the CO₂ hydrate generation characteristics in nanofluids, and the impact of nanoparticles on the CO₂ hydrate generation characteristics was analyzed. The results show that in the nanofluidic system, the gas consumption is increased by 2.17 mmol/mol but the induction time is shortened by 277.5 min, comparing with pure water. A study on the characteristics of CO₂ hydrate formation in different types of nanofluids found that the induction time of hydrate formation in copper oxide nanofluids was the shortest, only 179 min. There is an optimal concentration of CO₂ hydrate promotion with copper oxide nanofluids. The gas consumption of CO₂ hydrate increases firstly and then decreases with the increment in the mass fraction of copper oxide nanofluids. There are great differences in the morphological images of CO₂ hydrate formation in different nanofluids.

Solar-driven methane reforming for hydrogen production is one of the main technological pathways for solar fuels. The introduction of concentrating heat collection technology can realize the full spectrum utilization of solar energy, effectively improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy to fuel chemical energy, and significantly reduce system energy consumption. In this study, a novel design for solar-driven membrane reactor was proposed for hydrogen production by combining porous silicon carbide absorber and La_1-x Sr _x Co_1-y Fe _y O_3-δ perovskite oxygen permeable membrane. The conceptual design of the reaction process was made, and a numerical model considering radiation heat transfer membrane separation reaction was established and simulated. The temperature uniformity of the membrane surface was evaluated, and the influence of temperature on the membrane reaction and outlet products was analyzed. The results demonstrate that this model can effectively and accurately describe the conceptual design process. The findings provide a theoretical basis and initial design approach for the design and scale-up of solar-driven high-temperature membrane reactors.

To study the effect of operating voltage on the degradation of membrane electrodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under long-term stable operation conditions, a coupled multi-physics field PEMFC model including carbon corrosion, Pt oxidation, dissolution and ionomer degradation is established for numerical simulation. The results show that as the operating voltage increases, the Pt dissolution and carbon corrosion rates in the cathode catalytic layer accelerate. After 500 h, the oxidized area of the Pt surface increases significantly. The radius of the agglomerates in CCL and the concentration of sulfonic acid groups in the proton exchange membrane decrease drastically, and the recession area is mainly concentrated in the cathode inlet and the degree of the recession is increased drastically at a high voltage. When the cell is operated at 0.8 V for 500 h, the thickness of CCL and membrane at the cathode inlet decreased significantly by 13.62% and 35.30%, respectively. The electrochemcial active surface area of CCL and the ionic conductivity of the membrane decreased by 59.9% and 6.9%, respectively, and the equivalent weight of the membrane increased by 7.4%, and the above indexes declined drastically in the first 100 h, and then gradually stabilized. The conclusion can provide a guideline for the optimization of membrane electrode material design and control strategy.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a representative pollutant in phenolic industrial wastewater. Zero valent iron (ZVI) was used to activate peroxyacetic acid (PAA) to remove BPA from water. The effects of ZVI and PAA dosage, pH value, and typical coexisting anions in industrial wastewater on PAA activation and BPA degradation were investigated, and the reaction mechanism of ZVI activation of PAA was analyzed by exploring the reactive species and active sites. Under the optimal process conditions of adding 50 mg/L ZVI, 1.00 mmol/L PAA and an initial pH of 3.4, the ZVI/PAA system can remove 99.24% of BPA in water for 30 minutes. HCO₃^- and SO₄^2- showed inhibitory effects on BPA degradation, while Cl^- (0—20.0 mmol/L) accelerated the degradation of BPA in ZVI/PAA system. Soluble Fe (Ⅱ) and Fe (Ⅲ) were released from ZVI and its surface oxide layer, respectively, during the reaction. The released Fe (Ⅱ) activation of PAA contributed 26.46% of BPA degradation, while heterogeneous ZVI activation of PAA played a major role in BPA degradation. Scavenging experiment showed that CH₃C(O)OO·, CH₃C(O)O·, ·OH and Fe^ⅣO²⁺ were produced in ZVI/PAA system, among which CH₃C(O)OO· and Fe^ⅣO²⁺ were the major reactive species contributing to BPA degradation. This study provided data and theoretical support for the effective removal of bisphenol A in industrial wastewater.

Submerged combustion technology has the advantages of high heat transfer efficiency, resistance to crystallization and scaling, and wide treatment range in treating high salt and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) wastewater. An experimental platform used this technology was designed and constructed independently to study the heat transfer characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in the conventional submerged combustion process, and to analyze the ability of key operating parameters of submerged combustion in treating high salt and high COD wastewater with different concentrations. On this basis, in order to further improve the energy efficiency, the evaporation performance under different submerged tube structures was compared. The experimental results show that increasing gas flow rate and submergence depth is conducive to improving the temperature rise rate and shortening the evaporation time. The COD removal rate decreases with the increase of organic solution flow rate and initial COD value of organic solution, in which the organic solution flow rate has a more obvious effect on the COD removal efficiency. The use of flat plate porous plate and conical porous plate submerged tube structure can improve the distribution of high-temperature flue gas and improve evaporation efficiency and thermal efficiency, but it is not conducive to the stability of the back pressure of the submerged tube, resulting in increased liquid level fluctuations. Compared with the traditional single-effect evaporation and crystallization energy consumption, submerged combustion device operating energy consumption decreases, the total operating costs reduce by 28.3%, the economic performance has been improved.

Polyaluminum titanium based flocculant is a new type of composite polymer flocculant, its effect is better than that of aluminum salt flocculant and titanium salt coagulant. The preparation method of composite flocculants has always been slow dropping alkali method, and electrodialysis method is a new preparation method. Electrodialysis can precisely regulate the hydrolysis polymerization of Al³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ with OH^- microinterface process, so as to obtain hydroxyl polymers with flocculating effect. In order to further understand the preparation mechanism of flocculant and the differences between the two preparation methods. First, the hydrolytic morphology distribution and physicochemical properties of the two flocculants were compared by Ferron time by time complexation colorimetry, FTIR, SEM and Zeta potential. It was found that the medium and high polymer content of E-PATC prepared by electrodialysis method was 3.89% higher than that of S-PATC prepared by slow dropping alkali method, and the Zeta potential was 8.9 mV higher, which indicated that the electric neutralization and sweeping capacity of E-PATC were better than that of S-PATC. Second, the flocculation effect of two kinds of flocculants on Jiazi Lake water and secondary effluent was compared. It was found that the organic removal rate of E-PATC was higher than that of S-PATC in both Jiazi Lake water and secondary effluent. Finally, the floc dynamics of E-PATC was studied. E-PATC had a fast growth rate, a large floc particle size, and was easy to settle. In summary, the flocculation effects of E-PATC and S-PATC are similar, but the floc produced by E-PATC flocculation has a large particle size, is not easily broken, and has better settling properties.

As the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), hard carbon has been widely studied and focused on its controllable adjustment of morphology and structural optimization. Herein, a novel bifunctional activation strategy was developed to prepare the hard carbon materials with highly disordered structures as anode for SIBs by using coal tar pitch as precursors with the help of potassium citrate monohydrate (C₆H₅K₃O₇·H₂O). It is believed that the C₆H₅K₃O₇·H₂O has a dual role: (1) its gas decomposition products can consume excessive hydrogen and further realize solid pyrolysis of pitch precursors, preventing the formation of ordered microcrystals; (2) the solid decomposition products (potassium salt) act as activating agents to introduce rich closed nanopores into the carbon matrix during high-temperature carbonization. Interestingly, the microstructure of pitch-based hard carbon can be optimized by tuning the amount of activating agents. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance investigations revealed that the as-optimized hard carbon (HC-2-1300) delivers a reversible specific capacity of 214.2 mAh·g^-1 at 0.1 A·g^-1 with an initial coulombic efficiency of as high as 81.5%, which is superior to that of directly carbonized samples (DC-1300). In addition, there is still a high reversible specific capacity of 116.7 mAh·g^-1 at 5 A·g^-1 and good cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 75.1% over 2000 cycles, highlighting the great potential of pitch-based hard carbon anodes for SIBs.

The use of electricity-assisted solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is an effective way to increase fresh water production, but how to obtain fresh water in a green and efficient way remains a challenge. Therefore, in this paper we used an acrylic plate with holes as a support device, sprayed a mixed solution of CNT and ethanol on the carbon cloth as a photothermal electrothermal membrane and combined with water supply channels and thermal insulation devices to form an efficient evaporation system. The evaporation performance test results showed that the net evaporation rate of the designed evaporation system was up to 1.5 kg·m^-2·h^-1 under 1 standard sunlight irradiation, while the net evaporation rate rose to 5.08 kg·m^-2·h^-1 under the combination of the current of 2 A, the evaporation rate was 0.6 kg·m^-2·h^-1 higher than the sum of the two energy inputs. In addition, this evaporation system is simple, easy to scale up, providing a new idea for the green and efficient enhancement of the fresh water production.

Films with tunable gas permeation are important for the development of the packaging and preservation field, while designing films with pH-responsive permeation and high mechanical properties remains a challenge. In this paper, a two-step substitution reaction of succinic anhydride esterification and diethylenetriamine amidation was designed to achieve functionalized modification of amine group (A-CNC) and carboxyl group (S-CNC) on the surface of cellulose nanocrystals, which was further composited with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to prepare composite films with pH-responsive gas permeation. The results showed that the cellulose nanocrystals and their functionalisation were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance ¹³C spectroscopy (¹³C NMR), confirming the success of the modification. Characterisation of the composite film properties: in terms of mechanical properties, the tensile strength of S-CNC/PBAT (3/97) and A-CNC/PBAT (5/95) composite films reached the highest, which was 40.44% and 50.56% higher than PBAT respectively, whereas the elongation at break decreased and the fracture mode shifted from ductile to brittle fracture. In terms of gas permeability, the composite films showed mutual inverse pH response permeability characteristics. The permeability of S-CNC/PBAT (5/95) composite films showed a positive response to the trend of change, with the increase of buffer pH (3—12), CO₂ and O₂ permeability increased by 67.98% and 48.34%, respectively, and the water vapour permeability varied from 2.467×10^-13 to 3.039×10^-13 g·cm/(cm²·s·Pa), and A-CNC/PBAT (5/95) composite film permeation appeared pH negative responsive phenomenon, CO₂ and O₂ permeability decreased by 63.00% and 54.61%, respectively, and the water vapour permeability changed from 2.747×10^-13 to 2.043×10^-13 g·cm/(cm²·s·Pa). This composite film with pH-responsive permeability has a broad prospect in the field of smart packaging.

The concept of "green chemistry" and "sustainable development" as well as the mission of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" (dual carbon) have been put forward successively. Thereby, chemical industry has stepped into a new era of green, high-end and intelligent. In reaction-involved chemical processes, there exists very famous "momentum-heat-mass transfer" (classical "Three Transfers") theory, which takes reaction kinetics as the core and the momentum transfer, heat transfer and mass transfer as the fundamental basis, correlating the intensification principles of mass/energy transfer and chemical reaction. The classical "Three Transfers" is of important and far-reaching significance for the development of chemical industry. In recent years, due to the introduction of clean energy, such as solar energy and electric energy as well as new disciplines such as green biomanufacturing and photo-/electro- chemical engineering into the chemical processes, three types of transfer phenomena represented by electron transfer, proton transfer and molecule transfer have attracted tremendous attentions, injecting new vitality into classical "Three Transfers". In this context, we attempt to extensively analyze and introduce these three types of transfer phenomena. The strategies for individual or synergistic intensification of electron transfer, proton transfer and molecule transfer are summarized based on the characteristics of different chemical reactions, aiming to acquire a highly matched mass transfer-reaction processes and significantly improved chemical reaction efficiency.