粉煤灰多元复杂体系锂资源提取的研究及发展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200424

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着锂资源供需关系的紧张和需求量日益增大，从海水、废旧锂电池以及粉煤灰等低品位或者二次资源中回收锂受到重视。综述了煤及粉煤灰中锂资源的含量及分布、粉煤灰多元复杂体系中锂资源提取的技术现状，回顾了当前国内外从其他低品位资源中提锂的技术方法、材料和反应机制，分别从碱性、中性、酸性三种不同的提锂环境进行总结和阐述，对其用于粉煤灰提锂的可行性进行了评估，并对其存在问题和发展方向进行了分析和讨论，从其他低品位资源中提锂的方法可为粉煤灰提锂提供借鉴和参考。文章结尾对粉煤灰中锂资源的提取进行了展望，提出了粉煤灰中伴生资源协同提取的重要性和发展方向。

关键词: 粉煤灰, 锂, 离子筛吸附, 离子印迹, 膜, 溶剂萃取

Abstract:

With the tight supply and demand of lithium resources and the increasing demand, the recovery of lithium from low-grade or secondary resources such as seawater, waste lithium batteries and fly ash has attracted attention. This review summarized the concentration and distribution of lithium resources in coal and coal fly ash, the technological progress of recovering lithium from multi-component complex system of coal fly ash. This paper also summarized the current methods, materials and reaction mechanisms for recovering lithium from other low-grade resources, which we elaborated from alkaline, neutral and acidic systems. Their feasibility for extracting lithium from coal fly ash was evaluated. The problems and development directions were also analyzed and discussed. The above methods can provide technological reference for recovering lithium from coal fly ash. Finally, we gave a prospect on the recovery of lithium resources from coal fly ash. The synergetic recovery of multi elements from coal fly ash has been highlighted.

Key words: coal fly ash, lithium, ion sieve adsorption, ion imprinting method, membrane, solvent extraction

中图分类号:

TF 826.3

崔莉,李莎莎,郭彦霞,张学里,程芳琴. 粉煤灰多元复杂体系锂资源提取的研究及发展[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(12): 5388-5399.

CUI Li,LI Shasha,GUO Yanxia,ZHANG Xueli,CHENG Fangqin. Research and development of lithium recovery from multi-component complex system of coal fly ash[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(12): 5388-5399.

图/表 11

表1 山西北部电厂飞灰的化学组成及含量

Table 1 Chemical composition and content of fly ash from power plants in northern Shanxi

电厂	SiO₂/ %	Al₂O₃/ %	Fe₂O₃/ %	CaO/ %	MgO/ %	Li/ (μg/g)	Ga/ (μg/g)
国投塔山电厂	36.70	35.70	1.95	8.21	0.21	271.0	68.0
山阴昱光电厂	42.10	34.70	5.10	4.54	0.71	99.7	48.6
保德电厂	38.50	43.00	2.06	4.25	0.72	364.1	77.5
太钢电厂	39.20	31.10	4.06	3.84	0.45	269.1	69.0
同煤热电厂	36.80	33.40	2.30	14.27	0.93	118.6	77.9
古交电厂	42.80	28.10	5.85	2.35	0.47	169.4	53.9
太原二电厂	45.60	31.00	6.15	3.13	0.44	210.9	39.5

图1 从粉煤灰提取铝锂的工艺流程[14]

Fig.1 Flow sheet of recovering aluminum and lithium from coal fly ash[14]

图2 从粉煤灰中协同提取铝硅锂镓的工艺流程[16]

Fig.2 Flow sheet of synergistic extraction of aluminum, silicon， lithium and gallium from coal fly ash[16]

图3 粉煤灰酸性结晶母液制取碳酸锂的工艺流程[18]

Fig.3 Flow sheet of preparing lithium carbonate from the acidic mother liquor of coal fly ash[18]

图4 TBP-FeCl3萃取体系从粉煤灰酸化浸出液选择提锂的工艺流程[19]

Fig.4 Flow sheet of extracting lithium from acidic solution of coal fly ash using TBP-FeCl3[19]

图5 锂离子筛提锂示意图[20]

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of lithium extraction by lithium ion sieve[20]

图6 质子化基团冠醚的结构[43-44]

Fig.6 The structure of crown ether with ionizable group[43-44]

图7 Li-TTA-TOPO协同反应机制[55]

Fig.7 Synergistic reaction mechanism for Li-TTA-TOPO [55]

图8 太阳能锂提取装置的示意图[4]

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of the solar-powered lithium extraction device[4]

图9 功能化离子液体的结构[65-66]

Fig.9 Structure of functional ionic liquids[65-66]

图10 螺吡喃冠醚结构在乙腈溶液中的光致变色效应[68]

Fig.10 Photochromic effect of spiropyran crown ether in acetonitrile solution[68]

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