适应季节性氨需求的可再生能源合成氨系统优化设计

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200936

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

可再生能源合成氨技术不但有利于解决传统合成氨工业高能耗高排放的问题，还为可再生能源的存储和消纳提供新途径。从氨的季节性需求特性出发，构建了可再生能源合成氨系统的优化设计模型，确定了系统的最优配置及其操作方案，阐明了氨的季节性需求对可再生能源合成氨系统设计和操作的影响特性。研究表明：与将氨作为储能介质的场景相比，在将氨作为氮肥原料，考虑其季节性需求时，所需可再生能源合成氨系统的规模显著增大，使得单位合成氨的成本增加约21%；化工生产单元和储罐的负荷也随着氨的季节性需求变化呈现出不同程度的淡季和旺季；在两种应用场景下，系统中电池储能单元的操作都主要由下游的化工生产单元决定，且储能电池单元的主要作用在于平抑可再生能源波动以保证化工生产单元在可再生能源不足时的持续稳定运行并维持其低负荷运行。

关键词: 合成氨, 可再生能源, 优化设计, 季节性需求, 储能系统

Abstract:

Renewable energy synthetic ammonia technology not only helps solve the problem of high energy consumption and high emissions in the traditional synthetic ammonia industry, but also provides a new way for the storage and consumption of renewable energy. In this work, an optimal design model of renewable energy synthetic ammonia system was established to address the seasonal demand of ammonia. The optimal configuration and operation scheme were determined, and the influences of seasonal ammonia demand on the design and operation characteristics of the system were analyzed. The results show that, compared with the case where ammonia is used as energy storage medium, the scale of the required synthetic ammonia production system powered by renewable energy increases significantly, and the cost of ammonia increases by 21% when ammonia is used as the raw material of nitrogen fertilizers. The loads of chemical production units and storage units present distinct performances of off-season and peak-season with the seasonal shift of the ammonia demands. Besides, in both of the above-mentioned two cases, the operation of the battery energy storage unit will be mainly determined by the downstream chemical production units, and the role of the energy storage battery unit is to smoothen the fluctuation of renewable energy so as to ensure the continuous and stable operation with low-load of chemical production units when the deficit of renewable energy is presented.

Key words: ammonia synthesis, renewable energy, optimal design, seasonal demands, energy storage

中图分类号:

安广禄, 刘永忠, 康丽霞. 适应季节性氨需求的可再生能源合成氨系统优化设计[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(3): 1595-1605.

AN Guanglu, LIU Yongzhong, KANG Lixia. Optimal design of synthetic ammonia production system powered by renewable energy for seasonal demands of ammonia[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(3): 1595-1605.

图/表 6

图1 可再生能源合成氨系统

Fig.1 A synthetic ammonia production system powered by renewable energy

图2 风力发电容量因子及两种场景下氨的需求特性

Fig.2 The capacity factor of wind turbine and the characteristics of ammonia demand in the two cases

表1 各单元的投资成本和操作成本

Table 1 The capital cost and operational cost of units

组成单元		计算公式	操作费用因子
可再生能源发电单元	风机/(USD·kW^-1)	2000^[24]	0.02^[24]
化工生产单元	PSA/(USD·kmol^-1·h^-1)	$c P S A c a p = 6.0 × 104 × Q P S A 0.43$ ^[11]	0.05^[17]
	PEM/(USD·kW^-1)	1500^[24]	0.05^[17]
	HB/(USD·kmol^-1·h^-1)	$c H B c a p = 2.0 × 106 × Q H B 0.50$ ^[17,23]	0.05^[17]
储能单元	氢气储罐/(USD·kmol^-1)	1600^[11]	—
	氮气储罐/(USD·kmol^-1)	4480^[11]	—
	氨储罐/(USD·kmol^-1)	116^[11]	—
	锂电池/(USD·kW·h^-1)	500^[32]	—

表1 各单元的投资成本和操作成本

Table 1 The capital cost and operational cost of units

组成单元		计算公式	操作费用因子
可再生能源发电单元	风机/(USD·kW^-1)	2000^[24]	0.02^[24]
化工生产单元	PSA/(USD·kmol^-1·h^-1)	$c P S A c a p = 6.0 × 104 × Q P S A 0.43$ ^[11]	0.05^[17]
	PEM/(USD·kW^-1)	1500^[24]	0.05^[17]
	HB/(USD·kmol^-1·h^-1)	$c H B c a p = 2.0 × 106 × Q H B 0.50$ ^[17,23]	0.05^[17]
储能单元	氢气储罐/(USD·kmol^-1)	1600^[11]	—
	氮气储罐/(USD·kmol^-1)	4480^[11]	—
	氨储罐/(USD·kmol^-1)	116^[11]	—
	锂电池/(USD·kW·h^-1)	500^[32]	—

表2 可再生能源合成氨系统的最优设计方案

Table 2 The optimal design of synthetic ammonia production system powered by renewable energy

场景	风机功率/MW	PSA/(kmol·h^-1)	PEM/kW	HB/(kmol·h^-1)	电池/(kW·h)	氮气储罐/kmol	氢气储罐/kmol	氨储罐/kmol
Case 1	18	9	5079	16	6335	6	681	160
Case 2	22	20	5971	23	7789	60	627	2342
Case 2/Case 1比率	1.22	2.22	1.18	1.44	1.23	10	0.92	14.64

图3 两种场景下PSA/PEM/HB单元的负荷变化曲线

Fig.3 The load curves of PSA/PEM/HB unit in the two cases

图4 氮气、氢气和氨储罐以及储能电池的运行特性

Fig.4 The operating characteristics of nitrogen tank, hydrogen tank, ammonia tank and battery energy storage unit

参考文献 32

1	Zhang H, Wang L, van Herle J, et al. Techno-economic comparison of green ammonia production processes[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 259: 114135.
2	Sánchez A, Gil L M, Martín M. Sustainable DMC production from CO₂ and renewable ammonia and methanol[J]. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2019, 33: 521-531.
3	Araújo A, Skogestad S. Control structure design for the ammonia synthesis process[J]. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2008, 32(12): 2920-2932.
4	Xiang D, Zhou Y. Concept design and techno-economic performance of hydrogen and ammonia co-generation by coke-oven gas-pressure swing adsorption integrated with chemical looping hydrogen process[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 229: 1024-1034.
5	Cheema I I, Krewer U. Operating envelope of Haber-Bosch process design for power-to-ammonia[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(61): 34926-34936.
6	Reese M, Marquart C, Malmali M, et al. Performance of a small scale Haber process[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2016, 55(13): 3742-3750.
7	Palys M J, Daoutidis P. Using hydrogen and ammonia for renewable energy storage: a geographically comprehensive techno-economic study[J]. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2020, 136: 106785.
8	Service R F. Liquid sunshine[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6398): 120-123.
9	MacFarlane D R, Cherepanov P V, Choi J, et al. A roadmap to the ammonia economy[J]. Joule, 2020, 4(6): 1186-1205.
10	Verleysen K, Coppitters D, Parente A, et al. How can power-to-ammonia be robust? Optimization of an ammonia synthesis plant powered by a wind turbine considering operational uncertainties[J]. Fuel, 2020, 266: 117049.
11	Palys M J, Kuznetsov A, Tallaksen J, et al. A novel system for ammonia-based sustainable energy and agriculture: concept and design optimization[J]. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 2019, 140: 11-21.
12	Miura D, Tezuka T. A comparative study of ammonia energy systems as a future energy carrier, with particular reference to vehicle use in Japan[J]. Energy, 2014, 68: 428-436.
13	Mesfun S, Sanchez D L, Leduc S, et al. Power-to-gas and power-to-liquid for managing renewable electricity intermittency in the Alpine Region[J]. Renewable Energy, 2017, 107: 361-372.
14	Rouwenhorst K H R, van der Ham A G J, Mul G, et al. Islanded ammonia power systems: technology review & conceptual process design[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, 114: 109339.
15	Buttler A, Spliethoff H. Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to-gas and power-to-liquids: a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 82: 2440-2454.
16	Smith A R, Klosek J. A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 70(2): 115-134.
17	Nayak-Luke R, Bañares-Alcántara R, Wilkinson I. “Green” ammonia: impact of renewable energy intermittency on plant sizing and levelized cost of ammonia[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57(43): 14607-14616.
18	Demirhan C D, Tso W W, Powell J B, et al. Sustainable ammonia production through process synthesis and global optimization[J]. AIChE Journal, 2019, 65(7): e16498.
19	Sánchez A, Martín M. Optimal renewable production of ammonia from water and air[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 178: 325-342.
20	Allman A, Daoutidis P. Optimal scheduling for wind-powered ammonia generation: effects of key design parameters[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2018, 131: 5-15.
21	Allman A, Palys M J, Daoutidis P. Scheduling-informed optimal design of systems with time-varying operation: a wind-powered ammonia case study[J]. AIChE Journal, 2019, 65(7): e16434.
22	王靖, 康丽霞, 刘永忠. 化工系统消纳可再生能源的电-氢协调储能系统优化设计[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(3): 1131-1142.
	Wang J, Kang L X, Liu Y Z. Optimal design of electricity-hydrogen energy storage systems for renewable energy penetrating into chemical process systems[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(3): 1131-1142.
23	Palys M J, McCormick A, Cussler E L, et al. Modeling and optimal design of absorbent enhanced ammonia synthesis[J]. Processes, 2018, 6(7): 91.
24	Gökçek M, Kale C. Optimal design of a hydrogen refuelling station (HRFS) powered by hybrid power system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 161: 215-224.
25	Schmidt O, Gambhir A, Staffell I, et al. Future cost and performance of water electrolysis: an expert elicitation study[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(52): 30470-30492.
26	Sarrias-Mena R, Fernández-Ramírez L M, García-Vázquez C A, et al. Electrolyzer models for hydrogen production from wind energy systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(7): 2927-2938.
27	Papadopoulos V, Desmet J, Knockaert J, et al. Improving the utilization factor of a PEM electrolyzer powered by a 15 MW PV park by combining wind power and battery storage — feasibility study[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(34): 16468-16478.
28	Deng Z, Jiang Y. Optimal sizing of wind-hydrogen system considering hydrogen demand and trading modes[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(20): 11527-11537.
29	Grüger F, Hoch O, Hartmann J, et al. Optimized electrolyzer operation: employing forecasts of wind energy availability, hydrogen demand, and electricity prices[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(9): 4387-4397.
30	Xu X, Hu W H, Cao D, et al. Optimal operational strategy for an offgrid hybrid hydrogen/electricity refueling station powered by solar photovoltaics[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 451: 227810.
31	韩晓娟, 张婳, 修晓青, 等. 配置梯次电池储能系统的快速充电站经济性评估[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2016, 5(4): 514-521.
	Han X J, Zhang H, Xiu X Q, et al. Economic evaluation of fast charging electric vehicle station with second-use batteries energy storage system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2016, 5(4): 514-521.
32	Jiang Y, Kang L, Liu Y. Impacts of supply-demand characteristics on optimal configuration of energy storage system with multiple types of batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2019, 76: 1117-1122.

[1]	陈哲文, 魏俊杰, 张玉明. 超临界水煤气化耦合SOFC发电系统集成及其能量转化机制[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3888-3902.
[2]	齐聪, 丁子, 余杰, 汤茂清, 梁林. 基于选择吸收纳米薄膜的太阳能温差发电特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3921-3930.
[3]	文兆伦, 李沛睿, 张忠林, 杜晓, 侯起旺, 刘叶刚, 郝晓刚, 官国清. 基于自热再生的隔壁塔深冷空分工艺设计及优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2988-2998.
[4]	张谭, 刘光, 李晋平, 孙予罕. Ru基氮还原电催化剂性能调控策略[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2264-2280.
[5]	江锦波, 彭新, 许文烜, 门日秀, 刘畅, 彭旭东. 泵出型螺旋槽油气密封泄漏特性及参数影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2538-2554.
[6]	孙永尧, 高秋英, 曾文广, 王佳铭, 陈艺飞, 周永哲, 贺高红, 阮雪华. 面向含氮油田伴生气提质利用的膜耦合分离工艺设计优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 2034-2045.
[7]	刘尚豪, 贾胜坤, 罗祎青, 袁希钢. 基于梯度提升决策树的三组元精馏流程结构最优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 2075-2087.
[8]	周必茂, 许世森, 王肖肖, 刘刚, 李小宇, 任永强, 谭厚章. 烧嘴偏转角度对气化炉渣层分布特性的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 1939-1949.
[9]	王泽栋, 石至平, 刘丽艳. 考虑气泡非均匀耗散的矩形反应器声流场数值模拟及结构优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 1965-1973.
[10]	许文烜, 江锦波, 彭新, 门日秀, 刘畅, 彭旭东. 宽速域三种典型型槽油气密封泄漏与成膜特性对比研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(4): 1660-1679.
[11]	李纪元, 李金旺, 周刘伟. 不同扰流结构冷板传热性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(4): 1474-1488.
[12]	陈俊先, 姬忠礼, 赵瑜, 张倩, 周岩, 刘猛, 刘震. 基于微波技术的天然气管道内颗粒物在线检测方法研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(3): 1042-1053.
[13]	魏进家, 刘蕾, 杨小平. 面向高热流电子器件散热的环路热管研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(1): 60-73.
[14]	魏朋, 陈珺, 王志国, 刘飞. 基于双部分丢弃的模拟移动床产率提高策略[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(7): 3099-3108.
[15]	赵涛岩, 曹江涛, 李平, 冯琳, 商瑀. 区间二型模糊免疫PID在环己烷无催化氧化温度控制系统中的应用[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(7): 3166-3173.