化工学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 73 ›› Issue (6): 2289-2305.doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20220062

• 综述与专论 • 上一篇    下一篇

介尺度视角下的电催化：从界面、隔膜到多孔电极

张文静(),李静(),魏子栋()   

  1. 重庆大学化学化工学院，重庆 401331
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-12 修回日期:2022-03-13 出版日期:2022-06-05 发布日期:2022-06-30
  • 通讯作者: 李静,魏子栋 E-mail:2892130627@qq.com;lijing@cqu.edu.cn;zdwei@cqu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:张文静（1996—），女，博士研究生，2892130627@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(91834301)

Electrocatalysis from a mesoscale perspective: interface, membrane and porous electrode

Wenjing ZHANG(),Jing LI(),Zidong WEI()   

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
  • Received:2022-01-12 Revised:2022-03-13 Published:2022-06-05 Online:2022-06-30
  • Contact: Jing LI,Zidong WEI E-mail:2892130627@qq.com;lijing@cqu.edu.cn;zdwei@cqu.edu.cn

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摘要：

电催化过程是时空多尺度的复杂系统，探究认识多孔电极电催化体系中不同层次和尺度下的介尺度行为，对进一步强化电催化反应以及物质扩散传递，提高效率减低能耗具有重要的意义。围绕多孔电极、电催化剂以及隔膜，对多级孔电极结构的构筑、电催化剂表界面活性位调控、介尺度结构可控制备策略和隔膜结构调控中存在的介尺度现象以及介尺度效应进行了详细的综述，发现电催化体系中各层次之间的介尺度行为可以用于优化、调控、指导多孔电极、电催化剂以及隔膜的设计与制备，为丰富和完善电化学催化体系提供了新思路和新角度。

关键词: 介尺度, 多孔电极, 电化学催化, 催化剂, 隔膜

Abstract:

The electrocatalytic process is a complex system engineering involving multiscale scientific problems. It is of great significance to explore and understand the mesoscale behavior of porous electrode electrocatalytic systems at different levels and scales, which is of great significance to further strengthen the electrocatalytic reaction and material diffusion and transfer, improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption. This paper gives a detailed review to the construction of hierarchically porous electrodes, tuning of the active sites located at the surfaces and interfaces, design and controlled preparation of mesoscale structures, the mesoscale characteristics and effects of the membrane materials. It is interesting to find that a deep understanding of the varied-level mesoscale mechanisms may lead to optimal and tunable design and preparation of porous electrodes, electrocatalysts, and membranes, and thus supply copious novel ideas and perspectives for forming a perfect and complete theory system for electrochemical catalysis.

Key words: mesoscale, porous electrode, electrochemical catalysis, catalysts, membrane

中图分类号: 

  • O 646.5

图1

电催化结构中的介尺度特征[10]"

图2

气体多孔电极“一、二、三、四”特征描述示意图"

图3

（a）基于Co - Co3O4嵌入空心氮掺杂碳催化剂的示意图；（b）Co3O4/HNCP-40催化剂的SEM, TEM, STEM和EDS mapping图像；（c）ORR极化曲线和5000圈老化前后对比[15];（d）Cu3P/MoP@C催化剂的合成示意图；（e）HR-TEM图像；（f）ORR极化曲线和半波电位以及在0.9 V下的动力学电流密度对比曲线[16]"

图4

（a）构造空心结构的应力诱导定向收缩机制示意图；（b）在O2饱和的0.1 mol/L KOH 溶液中的ORR极化曲线；（c）催化剂的BET比表面积对比[17]"

图5

（a）催化剂的SEM和TEM图像；（b）催化剂的比表面积和总孔体积比较；（c）MEA性能测试图;（d）自制“拨浪鼓”光学图片和工作示意图；（e）催化剂以10/15 mA/cm2电流密度恒电流放电时的计时电位曲线[22]"

图6

(a) Pt3Co/C-O 和Pt3Co/C-B催化剂的合成示意图; (b) ORR极化曲线以及质量活性（MA）和比活性（SA）比较；（c）催化剂以10/15 mA/cm2电流密度恒电流放电时的计时电位曲线；(d) 催化剂在H2-O2和（e）H2-Air燃料电池中的极化曲线和功率密度曲线[26]"

图7

(a) 高Pt (H-PtNi/C)(上图)和低Pt (L-PtNi/C)（下图）催化剂的TEM图像；（b）催化剂负载在碳(GDL为气体扩散层;CL为催化剂层) 催化剂上的膜电极（MEA）示意图；（c）催化剂在0.9 V（vs RHE）下的质量活性和比活性比较；（d）催化剂在H2-O2燃料电池中的极化曲线和功率密度曲线[27]"

图8

(a) 过电位为0.3 V时的电流密度对比[37]；（b）中性pH条件下，MoP700表面HER过程示意图；（c）HER极化曲线及Tafel斜率大小比较[38]"

图9

（a）IO-Ru-TiO2 /C、Ru-TiO2 /C和Ru/C催化剂的合成示意图[39]；（b）Ru@ TiO2的HAADF-STEM图像[40]；（c）Pt/O–TiO2 和 Pt/Ti–TiO2上H吸附能和H，OH，H2O的吸附自由能[41]"

图10

Ir/Mo-MoO2，Ir/O-MoO2和Ir/MoO2在H2饱和的0.1 mol/L KOH溶液中的(a)差分电荷密度；(b) pCOHP和PDOS曲线；（c）Ir 4f XPS高分辨光谱；（d）HOR极化曲线[42]"

图11

（a）NiO-Ni3S2异质结及其表面催化电解水过程示意图[48]；（b）Fe3O4/FeS2-x合成示意图；（c）OER极化曲线;（d）Fe3O4/FeS2-1和Fe3O4/FeS2-2.5的HRTEM图像[49]"

图12

电催化剂介尺度结构的可控制备"

图13

基于化学有序能和表面偏析能主导的催化剂结构演变机理[55]"

图14

（a）气凝胶结构FeNC材料制备示意图；（b）ORR极化曲线；（c）半波电位和动力学电流密度比较[59]"

图15

(a) FeNx-CNTs催化剂的制备示意图；（b）阴离子交换膜（AEMFC）和（c）质子膜（PEMFC）H2-O2燃料电池的极化曲线和功率密度曲线[64]"

图16

（a）低倍和高倍阴离子交换膜图像（IPN AEM）;（b）碱性膜（AEMFC）H2-空燃料电池的极化曲线和功率密度曲线[74]"

图17

（a）互穿聚合物网络阴离子交换膜（IPN AEM）；（b）IPN AEM的碱性稳定性测试[75]"

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