二维MXene材料在太阳能电池和金属离子电池中的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231082

化工学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 75 ›› Issue (2): 412-428.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20231082

二维MXene材料在太阳能电池和金属离子电池中的研究进展

曹宇¹^,²(), 张国辉¹^,², 高昂¹^,², 杜心宇¹^,², 周静¹^,³, 蔡永茂⁴(), 余璇⁵, 于晓明⁵()

^1.现代电力系统仿真控制与绿色电能新技术教育部重点实验室（东北电力大学），吉林吉林 132012
^2.东北电力大学电气工程学院，吉林吉林 132012
^3.东北电力大学化学工程学院，吉林吉林 132012
^4.东北电力大学理学院，吉林吉林 132012
^5.浙江海洋大学海洋工程装备学院，浙江舟山 316022

收稿日期:2023-10-24 修回日期:2024-02-20 出版日期:2024-02-25 发布日期:2024-04-10
通讯作者: 蔡永茂,于晓明
作者简介:曹宇（1986—），男，博士，教授，ycao@neepu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(52172185);吉林市科技创新发展计划项目(20230103006);吉林省创新创业人才资助项目(2022QN15)

Research progress of two-dimensional MXene materials in solar cells and metal-ion batteries

Yu CAO¹^,²(), Guohui ZHANG¹^,², Ang GAO¹^,², Xinyu DU¹^,², Jing ZHOU¹^,³, Yongmao CAI⁴(), Xuan YU⁵, Xiaoming YU⁵()

^1.Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin 132012, Jilin, China
^2.School of Electrical Engineering，Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, China
^3.School of Chemical Engineering，Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, China
^4.School of Science, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, China
^5.School of Marine Engineering Equipment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang, China

Received:2023-10-24 Revised:2024-02-20 Online:2024-02-25 Published:2024-04-10
Contact: Yongmao CAI, Xiaoming YU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

MXene是一种新型二维材料，具有导电性髙、表面官能团丰富、层间距和能带结构可调等特点，从而在新能源器件中拥有重要的研究价值。综述了MXene在太阳能电池和金属离子电池中应用的相关进展。在太阳能电池中，基于MXene高电导率、高透明度和功函数灵活可调的特点，讨论了其在电极和载流子传输层中的相关应用研究，并对MXene功函数调整的策略进行了总结。在金属离子电池中，基于MXene独特的二维层状结构、优异的力学性能和良好的导电性，讨论了MXene作为负极材料以及与碳纳米材料、金属氧化物和硅组成的复合材料对电化学性能的提升作用，并对MXene在正极材料、集流体以及隔膜中应用也进行了介绍。最后对MXene的下一步发展进行了展望。

关键词: MXene, 太阳能电池, 金属离子电池, 纳米材料, 器件性能

Abstract:

MXene is a new two-dimensional material with the characteristics of high conductivity, rich surface functional groups, adjustable layer spacing and energy band structure, and thus has important research value in new energy devices. This review discusses the progress of MXene applications in solar cells and metal-ion batteries. In solar cells, based on the high electrical conductivity, high transparency, and flexible tunability of the work function of MXene, the progress in its application in electrodes and carrier transport layers is discussed, along with a summary of strategies for adjusting the work function of MXene. In metal-ion batteries, based on Mxene's unique two-dimensional layered structure, excellent mechanical properties, and good electrical conductivity, the enhancement of electrochemical performance through MXene as an anode material as well as its composite with carbon nanomaterials, metal oxides, and silicon is discussed. The application of MXene in cathode materials, current collectors, and separators is also introduced. Finally, the future development of MXene is envisioned.

Key words: MXene, solar cells, metal-ion batteries, nanomaterials, device performance

中图分类号:

O 646

曹宇, 张国辉, 高昂, 杜心宇, 周静, 蔡永茂, 余璇, 于晓明. 二维MXene材料在太阳能电池和金属离子电池中的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(2): 412-428.

Yu CAO, Guohui ZHANG, Ang GAO, Xinyu DU, Jing ZHOU, Yongmao CAI, Xuan YU, Xiaoming YU. Research progress of two-dimensional MXene materials in solar cells and metal-ion batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(2): 412-428.

图/表 10

图1 MAX相的晶体结构及其衍生的2D MXene[4]

Fig.1 Crystal structures of MAX phases and the derived 2D MXene[4]

图2 MXene结构和其在太阳能电池、金属离子电池中的应用

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of MXene structure and its application in solar cells and metal-ion batteries

图3 （a）使用混合碳电极的钙钛矿太阳能电池器件结构和混合碳电极截面SEM图像[19]；（b）热压法制备Ti3C2T x 电极的工艺流程图；（c）基于Ti3C2T x 电极的钙钛矿太阳能电池截面SEM图像[20]；（d）Ti3C2T x 柔性透明电极的结构示意图[21]；（e）柔性光伏超级电容器的结构示意图[23]；（f）大规模沉积Ti3C2T x 作为硅异质结太阳能电池背电极的自动喷涂设备的示意图（左下角插图为硅异质结太阳能电池的器件结构图，右下角为覆盖硅异质结太阳能电池的ITO涂覆的金字塔纹理表面的Ti3C2T x 薄片的倾斜俯视SEM图像）[24]

Fig.3 (a) Device structure of the perovskite solar cells using the mixed carbon electrode and cross-sectional SEM images of the mixed carbon electrode[19]; (b) Process flow diagram of Ti3C2T x electrode prepared by hot pressing method; (c) Cross section SEM images of the perovskite solar cells based on Ti3C2T x electrode[20]; (d) Structural schematic diagram of Ti3C2T x flexible transparent electrode[21]; (e) Structure of flexible photovoltaic supercapacitors[23]; (f) Schematic diagram of the automated spraying apparatus of large-scale deposition of Ti3C2T x flakes as the back electrode for silicon heterojunctions solar cells[Insets: (Bottom-left) Structure of the silicon heterojunctions solar cell; (Bottom-right) Tilted top-view SEM image of the Ti3C2T x flakes covering the ITO-coated pyramidal textured surface of silicon heterojunctions solar cells][24]

图4 （a）SnO2-Ti3C2作为电子传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池器件结构[27]；（b）MXene诱导钙钛矿垂直生长示意图；（c）SnO2/钙钛矿的截面和顶部SEM图像；（d）MXene桥接SnO2和钙钛矿的结构示意图;（e）SnO2-MXene/钙钛矿的截面和顶部SEM图像[29]

Fig.4 (a) Structure of perovskite solar cell device with SnO2-Ti3C2 ETL[27]; (b) Schematic diagram of MXene induced perovskite growth; (c) SEM images of cross-sections and top for SnO2/perovskite; (d) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of MXene bridging SnO2 and perovskite; (e) SEM images of cross-sections and top for SnO2-MXene/perovskite[29]

图5 Ti3C2T x 改性SnO2 ETL的太阳能电池器件结构（a）和能级图（b）；（c）有无MXene改性的钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳态效率和JSC[31];（d）Au@Nb2CT x 修饰的钙钛矿太阳能电池器件结构；（e）Nb2CT x 修饰的钙钛矿太阳能电池能级图；（f）反向扫描模式下测量的对照组和Au@Nb2CT x -MXene修饰器件的J-V曲线[32]；（g）Nb2CT x 作为载流子传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构示意图；（h）Nb2C 作为载流子传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池的能级图；（i）优化前后钙钛矿太阳能电池的J-V曲线[33]

Fig.5 Device structure (a) and energy level diagram (b) of the PSCs with Ti3C2T x -modified SnO2 ETL; (c) Steady-state efficiencies and JSC of control and MXene-modified perovskite solar cell at their maximum power points[31]; (d) Structure of perovskite solar cells modified by Au@Nb2CT x; (e) Energy level diagram of Nb2CT x modified perovskite solar cells; (f) J-V curves measured under the reverse scan mode for the control and Au@Nb2CT x -MXene modified devices[32]; (g) Schematic diagram of the perovskite solar cell device structure incorporating Nb2C as charge transporting layers; (h) Schematic energy band diagram of the planar perovskite solar cell, showing the use of Nb2C MXene as charge transport layers whose optoelectrical properties can be tuned by surface terminal groups; (i) J-V curves of perovskite solar cells before and after optimization[33]

图6 （a）TBAB分子向Ti3C2T x 的Bader电荷转移及在z轴方向上的偶极矩(黄色等值面表示电荷增加，青色等值面表示电量损失)[34]；D-Ti3C2T x （b）和R-Ti3C2T x （c）中功函数变化机制示意图[35]；（d）原始Nb2CT x 、LiOH处理6 h后的Nb2CT x 和进一步退火处理4 h后的Nb2CT x 的能级图[33]；（e）偶极层的形成（由—OH、—F和—O引起）和界面偶极引起Nb2C的EF位移（Evac表示真空能级；EF表示费米能级；Φ表示功函数）[39]

Fig.6 (a) Bader charge transfer from TBAB molecular to Ti3C2T x and the dipole moment in the direction of z-axis(The yellow isosurfaces indicate gaining of charge and the cyan isosurfaces indicate loss of charge)[34]; Schematic of work function changes mechanism in D-Ti3C2T x (b) and R-Ti3C2T x (c)[35]; (d) Energy-levels diagrams of pristine Nb2CT x, Nb2CT x with LiOH treatment for 6 h and Nb2CT x with further annealed treatment for 4 h[33]; (e) Formation of the dipole layer (induced by—OH, —F, and —O) and the interfacial dipole-induced EF shift of Nb2C (Evac indicates the vacuum level; EF indicates the Fermi level; Φ indicates the work function) [39]

图7 （a）少层V2CT x /CNT的制备示意图[53]；（b）Nb2C/rGO气凝胶的合成示意图[55]；（c）Ti3C2T x /GDYO异质结构的合成示意图[56]；（d）边缘褶皱的Ti2NbC2T x @CDs纳米片示意图[58]

Fig.7 (a) Schematic diagram for the preparation of few-layer V2CT x /CNT[53]; (b) Schematic diagram for the synthesis of Nb2C/rGO aerogel[55]; (c) Schematic synthesis of Ti3C2T x /GDYO heterostructure[56]; (d) Schematic diagram of the edge-crumpled Ti2NbC2T x @CDs nanosheets[58]

图8 （a）Ti3C2T x /FeVO4复合薄膜的合成过程示意图；（b）Ti3C2T x /FeVO4柔性薄膜；（c）Ti3C2T x /FeVO4的截面SEM图像；（d）Ti3C2T x /FeVO4负极在5 A/g下的长循环测试[68]

Fig.8 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation method of Ti3C2T x /FeVO4 films composites; (b) Ti3C2T x /FeVO4 flexible film; (c) Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images of Ti3C2T x /FeVO4; (d) Long cycling test of Ti3C2T x /FeVO4 at 5 A/g[68]

图9 （a）Si纳米球/MXene薄膜制备示意图[77]；（b）pSi/MXene薄膜制备示意图；（c）不同质量比的pSi/MXene负极在0.5 A/g下的循环性能；pSi负极（d）和pSi/MXene负极（e）200次循环后的SEM图像[78]

Fig.9 (a) Schematic diagram for the preparation of Si nanospheres/MXene thin films[77]; (b) Schematic illustration for the preparation of pSi/MXene film; (c) Cycling performance at 0.5 A/g of pSi/MXene films with different mass ratios; SEM images of pSi (d) and pSi/MXene (e) anode after 200 cycles[78]

图10 （a）MXene/LFP@C复合材料制备过程示意图；（b）MXene/LFP@C纳米片的SEM图像[84]；（c）MXene-Al集流体结构示意图；Al（d）和MXene-Al（e）集流体在CV测试后的SEM图像[90]；（f）MXene/PP增强LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)正极性能的机理示意图[93]

Fig.10 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process for the MXene/LFP@C composites; (b) SEM images of MXene/LFP@C nanoplates[84]; (c) Schematic diagram of MXene-Al current collector for LIB；SEM images of Al (d) and MXene-Al (e) after CV measurements[90]; (f) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of MXene/PP to enhance the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode performances[93]

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二维MXene材料在太阳能电池和金属离子电池中的研究进展

Research progress of two-dimensional MXene materials in solar cells and metal-ion batteries

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