光热-跨临界二氧化碳储能循环动态特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231153

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了改善新能源发电波动对电网的影响，本文提出了一种光热-跨临界二氧化碳储能循环（Transcritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage，TC-CCES）集成热力系统，采用模块化机理建模方法，基于能质平衡关系分别建立TC-CCES系统与光热系统的动态数学模型，获取TC-CCES系统在储释能阶段关键参数的动态响应曲线。研究结果表明，系统的储能密度达到28.43kW·h/m³，储能效率与循环效率分别为58.01%，60.85%，动态数学模型的最大误差均小于5%；此外，太阳直射辐射变化促使系统热源温度变化，而系统负荷对热源温度变化非常敏感，热源温度升高2.29%，换热器负荷升高3.36%；且在某地区四季典型日，冬季比秋季机组负荷低了23.9%。本文提出的动态数学模型可用于分析太阳能发电的动态特性，并为控制系统的设计奠定了理论基础。

关键词: 光热, T-CO₂储能循环, 模型, 动态特性, 建模仿真

Abstract:

In order to improve the impact of fluctuations in new energy generation on the power grid, this paper proposes an integrated thermal system called the photothermal transcritical carbon dioxide energy storage cycle, The dynamic mathematical models of TC-CCES system and photothermal system were established based on the energy and mass balance relationship, and the dynamic response curves of key parameters of TC-CCES system in energy storage and release stage were obtained. The research results show that the energy storage density of the system reaches 28.43kW·h/m³, the energy storage efficiency and cycle efficiency are 58.01% and 60.85% respectively, and the maximum error of the dynamic mathematical model is less than 5%, In addition, the change of direct solar radiation induced the change of heat source temperature, and the system load was very sensitive to the change of heat source temperature, heat source temperature increased by 2.29%, heat exchanger load increased by 3.36%; In a typical day of four seasons in a certain area, the unit load in winter is 23.9% lower than that in autumn. The dynamic mathematical model presented in this paper can be used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of solar power generation, and lays a theoretical foundation for the design of the control system.

Key words: light and heat, T-CO₂ energy storage cycle, model, dynamic characteristic, modeling and simulation

中图分类号:

TK 227

王迪, 陈伟倩, 孙灵芳, 周云龙. 光热-跨临界二氧化碳储能循环动态特性研究[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20231153.

Di WANG, Weiqian CHEN, Lingfang SUN, Yunlong ZHOU. Research of dynamic characteristics of photothermal coupled transcritical carbon dioxide energy storage cycle[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20231153.

图/表 25

图1 系统结构图

Fig. 1 System structure drawing

图2 光热-T-CO2储能循环系统的T-s图

Fig. 2 T-s diagram of photothermal coupled T-CO2 energy storage circulation system

图3 压缩机性能图

Fig. 3 Compressor performance diagram

图4 理想径向透平效率随速度比的函数

Fig. 4 Efficiency of an ideal radial turbine as a function of velocity ratio

图5 泵的性能图

Fig. 5 Pump performance diagram

表1 接收器系统参数

Table 1 Receiver system parameter

参数	数值
辐射峰值/ kW/m²	800
平均辐射值/kW/m²	430
接收板数/块	24
每块接收板上的吸热管数/根	32
吸热管管道直径/cm	2.1
吸热管管壁厚度/mm	1.2
接收器高度/m	6.2
接收器直径/m	5.1
接收器离地面高度/m	76.2

表2 TC-CCES模型稳态验证

Table 2 Steady-state verification of TC-CCES model

参数	仿真值	文献[32]	相对误差
压缩机出口温度/℃	327.10	324	0.96%
压缩机出口压力/kPa	13827.90	13840	0.09%
透平出口温度/℃	740.20	750	1.31%
透平出口压力/kPa	7890.20	7890	0.003%
换热器冷端出口温度/℃	808.80	810	0.15%
换热器冷端出口压力/kPa	13498.40	13500	0.01%
预冷器热端出口温度/℃	305.10	305	0.03%
预冷器热端出口压力/kPa	7684	7690	0.08%

图6 换热设备出口温度动态验证

Fig. 6 Dynamic verification of outlet temperature of heat exchange equipment

表3 光热模型稳态验证

Table 3 Steady-state verification of photothermal model

参数	仿真值	文献[34]	相对误差
熔盐入口温度/℃	302	302	/
熔盐流量/kg/s	70.90	70.90	/
DNI/W/m²	897.50	897.50	/
风速/m/s	1.2	1.2	/
定日镜场镜面总面积/m²	82980	82980	/
熔盐出口温度/℃	561.42	561.90	0.09%

图7 太阳辐射能阶跃扰动对太阳能接收器出口的影响

Fig. 7 Variation in the solar radiation energy step perturbation on the solar receiver outlet.

图8 流量阶跃扰动对太阳能接收器出口的影响

Fig. 8 Effect of flow step perturbation on the solar receiver outlet

表4 系统设计参数

Table 4 System design parameter

参数	数值
环境温度T_a/K	298.15
压缩机入口温度/K	304.1
透平入口温度/K	469.0
压缩机入口压力/MPa	7.39
压缩机出口压力/MPa	38.43
压缩机等熵效率/%	89
透平等熵效率/%	88
压缩机转子直径/mm	99
透平转子直径/mm	80
压缩机/透平转速/rpm	60000
压缩机耗功/MW	4.37
透平做功/MW	2.85
预冷器换热面积/m²	1833
加热器换热面积/m²	131.8
储能压力/MPa	38.43

表5 系统性能指标计算结果

Table 5 Calculation result of system performance indicators

参数	数值
储能效率/%	58.01
循环效率/%	60.85
储能密度/kW·h/m³	28.43

图9 单日太阳直射辐射量

Fig. 9 Direct solar radiation in a single day

图10 接收器-换热器出口参数变化曲线

Fig. 10 Receiver - heat exchanger outlet parameter change curve

图11 不同工况下DNI特性曲线

Fig. 11 DNI characteristic curves under different working conditions

图12 不同工况下DNI变化

Fig. 12 DNI changes under different working conditions

图13 不同工况下接收器-换热器出口参数变化曲线

Fig. 13 Change curve of outlet parameters of receiver and heat exchanger under different working conditions

图14 DNI四季变化曲线

Fig. 14 DNI variation curve in four seasons

图15 换热器负荷变化曲线

Fig. 15 Heat exchanger load change curve

图16 不同DNI透平出口参数变化曲线

Fig. 16 Variation curves of outlet parameters of different DNI turbines

表6 不同工况下（四季）系统性能指标

Table 6 System performance index under different working conditions （four seasons）

季节	储能效率/%	储能密度/ kW·h/m³
春季	39.51	19.06
夏季	39.83	19.19
秋季	41.56	20.02
冬季	34.75	16.93

图17 系统循环效率变化曲线

Fig. 17 Variation curves of System cycle efficiency

图18 压缩机出口参数响应曲线

Fig. 18 Response curve of compressor outlet parameters

图19 透平出口参数响应曲线

Fig. 19 Turbine outlet parameter response curve

参考文献 35

1	刘佳, 夏红德, 陈海生, 等. 新型液化空气储能技术及其在风电领域的应用[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2010, 31(12): 1993-1996.
	Liu J, Xia H D, Chen H S, et al. A novel energy storage technology based on liquid air and its application in wind power[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2010, 31(12): 1993-1996.
2	国家能源局. 国家能源局2021年二季度网上新闻发布会文字实录[EB/OL]. [2021-04-29]. .
	National Energy Administration. Transcript of the National Energy Administration's online press conference in the second quarter of 2021[EB/OL]. [2021-04-29]. .
3	王世杰, 胡威, 高鑫, 等. 新能源并网发电对配电网电能质量的影响研究[J]. 计算技术与自动化, 2021, 40(2): 47-52.
	Wang S J, Hu W, Gao X, et al. Influence of new energy generation connected on power quality of distribution network[J]. Computing Technology and Automation, 2021, 40(2): 47-52.
4	Wang H R, Wang L Q, Wang X B, et al. A novel pumped hydro combined with compressed air energy storage system[J]. Energies, 2013, 6(3): 1554-1567.
5	Nayak D S, Shivarudraswamy R, Drossard F. The new control scheme for the PV and wind hybrid system connected to the single phase grid[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 2020, 15(5): 1929-1936.
6	Ahn Y, Bae S J, Kim M, et al. Review of supercritical CO₂ power cycle technology and current status of research and development[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2015, 47(6): 647-661.
7	Ahmadi M H, Mehrpooya M, Pourfayaz F. Thermodynamic and exergy analysis and optimization of a transcritical CO₂ power cycle driven by geothermal energy with liquefied natural gas as its heat sink[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 109: 640-652.
8	Kim Y M, Shin D G, Lee S Y, et al. Isothermal transcritical CO₂ cycles with TES (thermal energy storage) for electricity storage[J]. Energy, 2013, 49: 484-501.
9	Hao Y P, He Q, Liu W Y, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of a novel fossil-fuel–free energy storage system with a trans-critical carbon dioxide cycle and heat pump[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(10): 7924-7937.
10	Zhang X R, Wang G B. Thermodynamic analysis of a novel energy storage system based on compressed CO₂ fluid[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2017, 41: 1487-1503.
11	Liu H, He Q, Borgia A, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of a compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system using two saline aquifers at different depths as storage reservoirs[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 127: 149-159.
12	Zhang Y, Yang K, Hong H, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of a novel energy storage system with carbon dioxide as working fluid[J]. Renewable Energy, 2016, 99: 682-697.
13	吴毅, 胡东帅, 王明坤, 等. 一种新型的跨临界CO₂储能系统[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2016, 50(3): 45-49, 100.
	Wu Y, Hu D S, Wang M K, et al. A novel transcritical CO₂ energy storage system[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2016, 50(3): 45-49, 100.
14	Liu X, Yan X W, Liu X L, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of a novel liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system with cold recuperator: energy, conventional exergy and advanced exergy analysis[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 250: 114909.
15	Manikumar R, Arasu A V. A feasibility study of carbon-dioxide based Rankine cycle powered by the linear Fresnel reflector solar concentrator system[J]. Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, 2018, 33(2): 58-80.
16	Yamaguchi H, Yamasaki H, Kizilkan O. Experimental investigation of solar-assisted transcritical CO₂ Rankine cycle for summer and winter conditions from exergetic point of view[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(2): 1089-1102.
17	AlZahrani A A, Dincer I. Thermodynamic analysis of an integrated transcritical carbon dioxide power cycle for concentrated solar power systems[J]. Solar Energy, 2018, 170: 557-567.
18	Zhang Q, Jiang K J, Ge Z H, et al. Control strategy of molten salt solar power tower plant function as peak load regulation in grid[J]. Applied Energy, 2021, 294: 116967.
19	Singh R, Miller S A, Rowlands A S, et al. Dynamic characteristics of a direct-heated supercritical carbon-dioxide Brayton cycle in a solar thermal power plant[J]. Energy, 2013, 50: 194-204.
20	Dyreby J J, Klein S A, Nellis G F, et al. Modeling off-design and part-load performance of supercritical carbon dioxide power cycles[C]//Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2013. Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. Texas, USA: San Antonio, 2013, 8: 95824.
21	Olumayegun O, Wang M H. Dynamic modelling and control of supercritical CO₂ power cycle using waste heat from industrial processes[J]. Fuel, 2019, 249: 89-102.
22	Hu H M, Guo C H, Cai H F, et al. Dynamic characteristics of the recuperator thermal performance in a S–CO₂ Brayton cycle[J]. Energy, 2021, 214: 119017.
23	Chu W, Li X H, Ma T, et al. Experimental investigation on SCO₂-water heat transfer characteristics in a printed circuit heat exchanger with straight channels[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 113: 184-194.
24	Ibarra M, Rovira A, Alarcón-Padilla D C, et al. Performance of a 5kWe Organic Rankine Cycle at part-load operation[J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 120: 147-158.
25	刘春尧. 槽式太阳能低温热发电过程建模与控制[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2019.
	Liu C Y. Modeling and control of low temperature parabolic trough solar thermal power generation processes[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2019.
26	Guo H, Xu Y J, Zhang X H, et al. Dynamic characteristics and control of supercritical compressed air energy storage systems[J]. Applied Energy, 2021, 283: 116294.
27	Wang K, He Y L, Zhu H H. Integration between supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycles and molten salt solar power towers: a review and a comprehensive comparison of different cycle layouts[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 195: 819-836.
28	Yang J Z, Yang Z, Duan Y Y. Off-design performance of a supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle integrated with a solar power tower system[J]. Energy, 2020, 201: 117676.
29	任涛.基于联立方程的塔式太阳能热电系统模拟与运行优化[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2015.
	Ren T. Simulation and operation optimization of solar tower power system based on simultaneous equations[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2015.
30	孙嘉. 超临界二氧化碳循环发电系统动态特性及控制应用分析[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2018.
	Sun J. Characteristic simulation and control of supercritical carbon dioxide cycle power generation system[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2018.
31	何青, 郝银萍, 刘文毅. 一种新型跨临界压缩二氧化碳储能系统热力分析与改进[J]. 华北电力大学学报 (自然科学版), 2020, 47(5): 93-101.
	He Q, Hao Y P, Liu W Y. Thermodynamic analysis and improvement of novel trans-critical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system[J]. Journal of North China Electric Power University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 47(5): 93-101.
32	Liu Z, Liu B, Guo J Z, et al. Conventional and advanced exergy analysis of a novel transcritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 198: 111807.
33	Deng T R, Li X H, Wang Q W, et al. Dynamic modelling and transient characteristics of supercritical CO₂ recompression Brayton cycle[J]. Energy, 2019, 180: 292-302.
34	Bradshaw R W, Dawson D B, De La Rosa W, et al. Final test and evaluation results from the solar two project[R]. Livermore, CA (United States): Sandia National Lab, 2002.
35	李佳燕.太阳能热发电系统接收器的建模仿真及控制算法研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2015.
	Li J Y. Research on modeling, simulation and control algorithm of the receiver in a solar power station[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2015.

[1]	麻雪怡, 刘克勤, 胡激江, 姚臻. POE溶液聚合反应器内混合与反应过程的CFD研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 322-337.
[2]	钟东霖, 介素云, 杜淼, 潘鹏举, 单国荣. 聚苯基甲基硅氧烷分子量-折射率模型研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 190-196.
[3]	谈莹莹, 刘晓庆, 王林, 黄鲤生, 李修真, 王占伟. R1150/R600a自复叠制冷循环开机动态特性实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 213-222.
[4]	宋嘉豪, 王文. 斯特林发动机与高温热管耦合运行特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 287-294.
[5]	连梦雅, 谈莹莹, 王林, 陈枫, 曹艺飞. 地下水预热新风一体化热泵空调系统制热性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 311-319.
[6]	金正浩, 封立杰, 李舒宏. 氨水溶液交叉型再吸收式热泵的能量及分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 53-63.
[7]	王浩, 王振雷. 基于自适应谱方法的裂解炉烧焦模型化简策略[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3855-3864.
[8]	李科, 文键, 忻碧平. 耦合蒸气冷却屏的真空多层绝热结构对液氢储罐自增压过程的影响机制研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3786-3796.
[9]	李锦潼, 邱顺, 孙文寿. 煤浆法烟气脱硫中草酸和紫外线强化煤砷浸出过程[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3522-3532.
[10]	于旭东, 李琪, 陈念粗, 杜理, 任思颖, 曾英. 三元体系KCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O 298.2、323.2及348.2 K相平衡研究及计算[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3256-3265.
[11]	诸程瑛, 王振雷. 基于改进深度强化学习的乙烯裂解炉操作优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3429-3437.
[12]	闫琳琦, 王振雷. 基于STA-BiLSTM-LightGBM组合模型的多步预测软测量建模[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3407-3418.
[13]	郭雨莹, 敬加强, 黄婉妮, 张平, 孙杰, 朱宇, 冯君炫, 陆洪江. 稠油管道水润滑减阻及压降预测模型修正[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 2898-2907.
[14]	刘春雨, 周桓宇, 马跃, 岳长涛. CaO调质含油污泥干燥特性及数学模型[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(7): 3018-3027.
[15]	李艳辉, 丁邵明, 白周央, 张一楠, 于智红, 邢利梅, 高鹏飞, 王永贞. 非常规服役超临界锅炉的微纳尺度腐蚀动力学模型建立及应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(6): 2436-2446.